Labour-based and equipment-based methods are two common approaches for rural road construction in Nepal. Labour-based methods rely primarily on human labor and hand tools, while equipment-based methods utilize heavy machinery. A review of literature found that labour-based construction is cheaper but slower, while equipment-based is faster but more expensive. Labour-based methods also provide more local employment opportunities. However, equipment-based may be necessary for large projects or difficult terrain. Overall, labour-based construction seems more suitable for Nepal due to its ability to create jobs and lower costs, though a hybrid approach utilizing some equipment may also be effective.
This document reviews labour-based construction technology for sustainable rural infrastructure development in Nepal. It discusses how labour-based and equipment-based methods are the two main approaches used for rural road construction. Labour-based construction relies on local labour and tools, is more environmentally friendly, generates local employment, and helps alleviate poverty. However, equipment-based construction can be more efficient on difficult terrain. A case study compares three rural roads constructed using labour-based and equipment-based methods, finding that labour-based roads provided more local jobs but were more expensive, while equipment-based roads had higher costs but less local employment. The document concludes that labour-based construction is generally more suitable for rural areas due to local resource availability and costs
Labor-based rural road construction is more appropriate and beneficial than equipment-based construction in Nepal. Labor-based approaches use more local resources, create more employment opportunities, especially for marginalized groups, and have greater poverty-reducing impacts. The Lamosangu-Jiri road, constructed in the 1980s using labor-based methods, brought long-term development benefits to the area and serves as a model for other mountain roads. While equipment-based construction may be faster, it has higher costs, less local economic benefits, and less sustainability. Overall, labor-based rural road construction is more sustainable and effective at creating local benefits.
IRJET- Review Paper on Considering Traffic Congestion Frame Work in Nagpur Me...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review paper on considering traffic congestion frameworks in Nagpur metro city. It discusses how metro rail systems can help reduce traffic congestion in cities by decreasing travel times, queue lengths, and delays at intersections. The paper reviews several other studies on traffic management approaches for reducing issues like congestion, pollution, and accidents in developing country megacities. It concludes that the Nagpur metro will significantly improve the level of public transportation service in the city and help move the transportation system toward sustainability by reducing vehicular emissions and fuel consumption.
IRJET- Construction of Flyover Bridge (Grade Separator) at Powai Naka on Maha...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the construction of a flyover bridge at Powai Naka on Mahabaleshwar Satara Rahimatpur Road in India. It discusses the need for grade separators to reduce traffic congestion. The study aims to assess the spatial impacts of the large infrastructure project, including changes to traffic patterns, urban development, and land use. Survey results show time savings for vehicles once completed. The conclusions discuss how accessibility impacts land values and use, and that local infrastructure demands will likely increase due to changes in land use patterns around the project site.
There are number of limitations for evaluating sustainability of any transportation
system. Huge research work and studies has been carried regarding sustainable
transportation and sustainability indicators. But the specific decision making
methodologies for sustainability evaluation aligned with sustainability of
transportation system is missing at present. Hence it is required to develop the
framework for assessment of sustainability in terms of performance measures
considering the prefixed goals for the purpose of planning. As a part of Multi Criteria
Decision Making process, the Multi Attribute Utility Technique based methodology is
adopted as the most suitable method. In this paper the sustainability index evaluation
is based on combination of individual performance measures is carried out using Multi
Attribute Utility Technique based methodology for emerging metropolitan city of
Nagpur. The results obtained can be conveniently used in sustainability evaluation
process for any corridor. It can also be utilized for comparing the results obtained
through the sustainability evaluation for different scenarios.
Generation of Emergy Consumption Indicator using Sustainable ApproachIRJET Journal
This document discusses using emergy analysis to assess the sustainability of the proposed Nagpur metro system in India. It begins with background on metro systems and discusses sustainability indicators and emergy analysis methodology. It then provides the specific equations for calculating emergy yield ratio (EmYR), environmental loading ratio (ELR), and emergy sustainability index (EmSI). Limiting values for these ratios are also presented to evaluate the sustainability. The methodology is proposed to assess the sustainability of the Nagpur metro as a case study using these emergy consumption indicators.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BRTS OF INDORE CITY FOR SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT SYSTEMIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing the performance of the Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) in Indore City, India. The BRTS corridor being studied is 12.046 km along a major highway. The study aims to evaluate how the BRTS has impacted traffic in Indore City and contributed to its development. Previous literature on BRTS systems in other cities is also reviewed to help analyze Indore's system and identify opportunities for improvement. The methodology examines traffic conditions and obtains user feedback along the BRTS corridor between two major stations.
Route optimization of solid waste transportation in part of Lucknow- Capital ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that optimized solid waste transportation routes in Lucknow, India using GIS. The study area was Zone 4 of Lucknow Municipal Corporation, which was divided into collection points and a disposal site. Using ArcGIS Network Analyst, the study generated two optimized routes - the shortest and quickest routes. The optimized routes reduced travel time by 0.2847 hours and distance by 0.2288 km compared to the original routes. GIS was an effective tool for analyzing factors like travel time and distance to identify more efficient solid waste collection routes.
This document reviews labour-based construction technology for sustainable rural infrastructure development in Nepal. It discusses how labour-based and equipment-based methods are the two main approaches used for rural road construction. Labour-based construction relies on local labour and tools, is more environmentally friendly, generates local employment, and helps alleviate poverty. However, equipment-based construction can be more efficient on difficult terrain. A case study compares three rural roads constructed using labour-based and equipment-based methods, finding that labour-based roads provided more local jobs but were more expensive, while equipment-based roads had higher costs but less local employment. The document concludes that labour-based construction is generally more suitable for rural areas due to local resource availability and costs
Labor-based rural road construction is more appropriate and beneficial than equipment-based construction in Nepal. Labor-based approaches use more local resources, create more employment opportunities, especially for marginalized groups, and have greater poverty-reducing impacts. The Lamosangu-Jiri road, constructed in the 1980s using labor-based methods, brought long-term development benefits to the area and serves as a model for other mountain roads. While equipment-based construction may be faster, it has higher costs, less local economic benefits, and less sustainability. Overall, labor-based rural road construction is more sustainable and effective at creating local benefits.
IRJET- Review Paper on Considering Traffic Congestion Frame Work in Nagpur Me...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review paper on considering traffic congestion frameworks in Nagpur metro city. It discusses how metro rail systems can help reduce traffic congestion in cities by decreasing travel times, queue lengths, and delays at intersections. The paper reviews several other studies on traffic management approaches for reducing issues like congestion, pollution, and accidents in developing country megacities. It concludes that the Nagpur metro will significantly improve the level of public transportation service in the city and help move the transportation system toward sustainability by reducing vehicular emissions and fuel consumption.
IRJET- Construction of Flyover Bridge (Grade Separator) at Powai Naka on Maha...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the construction of a flyover bridge at Powai Naka on Mahabaleshwar Satara Rahimatpur Road in India. It discusses the need for grade separators to reduce traffic congestion. The study aims to assess the spatial impacts of the large infrastructure project, including changes to traffic patterns, urban development, and land use. Survey results show time savings for vehicles once completed. The conclusions discuss how accessibility impacts land values and use, and that local infrastructure demands will likely increase due to changes in land use patterns around the project site.
There are number of limitations for evaluating sustainability of any transportation
system. Huge research work and studies has been carried regarding sustainable
transportation and sustainability indicators. But the specific decision making
methodologies for sustainability evaluation aligned with sustainability of
transportation system is missing at present. Hence it is required to develop the
framework for assessment of sustainability in terms of performance measures
considering the prefixed goals for the purpose of planning. As a part of Multi Criteria
Decision Making process, the Multi Attribute Utility Technique based methodology is
adopted as the most suitable method. In this paper the sustainability index evaluation
is based on combination of individual performance measures is carried out using Multi
Attribute Utility Technique based methodology for emerging metropolitan city of
Nagpur. The results obtained can be conveniently used in sustainability evaluation
process for any corridor. It can also be utilized for comparing the results obtained
through the sustainability evaluation for different scenarios.
Generation of Emergy Consumption Indicator using Sustainable ApproachIRJET Journal
This document discusses using emergy analysis to assess the sustainability of the proposed Nagpur metro system in India. It begins with background on metro systems and discusses sustainability indicators and emergy analysis methodology. It then provides the specific equations for calculating emergy yield ratio (EmYR), environmental loading ratio (ELR), and emergy sustainability index (EmSI). Limiting values for these ratios are also presented to evaluate the sustainability. The methodology is proposed to assess the sustainability of the Nagpur metro as a case study using these emergy consumption indicators.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BRTS OF INDORE CITY FOR SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT SYSTEMIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing the performance of the Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) in Indore City, India. The BRTS corridor being studied is 12.046 km along a major highway. The study aims to evaluate how the BRTS has impacted traffic in Indore City and contributed to its development. Previous literature on BRTS systems in other cities is also reviewed to help analyze Indore's system and identify opportunities for improvement. The methodology examines traffic conditions and obtains user feedback along the BRTS corridor between two major stations.
Route optimization of solid waste transportation in part of Lucknow- Capital ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that optimized solid waste transportation routes in Lucknow, India using GIS. The study area was Zone 4 of Lucknow Municipal Corporation, which was divided into collection points and a disposal site. Using ArcGIS Network Analyst, the study generated two optimized routes - the shortest and quickest routes. The optimized routes reduced travel time by 0.2847 hours and distance by 0.2288 km compared to the original routes. GIS was an effective tool for analyzing factors like travel time and distance to identify more efficient solid waste collection routes.
IRJET- Critical Assessment of Road Capacitiesand Solutions for Traffic Proble...IRJET Journal
The document presents a case study analyzing road capacities and traffic issues in Belagavi, India. Traffic surveys were conducted at a major intersection to collect volume data during peak hours. The existing traffic volumes per lane exceeded the maximum road capacities specified in Indian road design standards. However, no major congestion was observed. Some factors contributing to the higher observed capacities are improvements in vehicle technology, road infrastructure, familiarity with roads, and a higher proportion of lighter vehicles. Solutions proposed to address the capacity issues include updating road capacity standards, adding lanes, and constructing overpasses or underpasses at intersections.
IRJET- Development of a Neural Network based Model for Construction Proje...IRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a neural network model to predict construction project management effectiveness. 12 factors that influence effectiveness were identified, including factors related to the project manager, project team, and planning/control efforts. A questionnaire was used to collect historical project data on these factors. A neural network model was developed and trained using the data to establish relationships between the input factors and output of project cost variation, which measures management effectiveness. The model can be used as a decision support tool to evaluate management strategies and optimize resource allocation to improve effectiveness.
IRJET- Bus Route Optimization in Jyothi Engineering College using ARC- GISIRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing bus routes in Jyothi Engineering College using ArcGIS. It involves collecting data on the existing bus routes, digitizing the routes and roads on a map of Thrissur district. Attributes like distance, time and passenger demand at stops are added. Network analysis using ArcGIS Network Analyst is then used to analyze if the current routes are optimal in terms of distance and time or if alternative optimized routes can be suggested. The analysis found the existing routes to be optimal given the demand. Fully optimizing each route would require separate analysis using vehicle routing problems, but potential alternative routes had less demand, so would not be profitable.
Conceptual Cost Estimate of Libyan Highway Projects Using Artificial Neural N...IJERA Editor
It is well known that decisions at early stages of a construction project have great impact on subsequent project performance. Conceptual cost estimate is a challenging task that is done with limited information at the early stages of a project life where many factors affecting the project costs are still unknown. The objective of this paper is to support decision makers in predicting the conceptual cost of highway construction projects in Libya. Initially, the factors that significantly influence highway construction are identified. Then, an artificial neural network model is developed for predicting the cost. The network is trained and tested with a total of 67 projects historical data. Training of the model is administered via back-propagation algorithm. The model is coded ad implemented using MATLAB® to facilitate its use. An optimization module is also added to the Neural Network model with the objective of minimizing the error of the predicted cost. The model is then validated and the results show better predictions of conceptual cost of highway projects in Libya.
Fuel assessment and design of public transportation model by using movement b...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that assessed fuel usage and designed a public transportation model using movement-based approach for Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Polytechnic in Amravati, India. Data was collected through an online survey of students and staff regarding their origin and destination to analyze the carbon emissions, fuel consumption, and costs of private versus public transportation. The results showed that switching to public transportation could significantly reduce carbon emissions and costs while still meeting transportation needs. However, improving existing public transportation in terms of safety, comfort and connectivity would be needed to encourage more people to switch. The study concluded that transitioning to sustainable public transportation is important for environmental protection and future generations, though challenging.
The Development of Public Transportation Strategic Plan for Metro Cebu Volume...Emmanuel Mongaya
This document provides an executive summary of the final report on developing a public transportation strategic plan for Metro Cebu. It summarizes the methodology, existing public transport situation, identification of potential medium to high capacity transit corridors, selection of transit corridors, and key findings and recommendations. The study involved comprehensive data collection and transport modeling to analyze passenger demand and identify the most suitable transit backbone corridors to form the structure of an improved public transportation system for Metro Cebu. Seven alternative transit corridors were proposed and evaluated based on passenger volume forecasts to select the priority corridors for implementation.
Construction Management in Developing Countries, Lecture 6, Choice of technology, Labour based technology, Capital based technology and technology transfer
IRJET- A Review Paper on Movable Divider and Cost EfficiencyIRJET Journal
This document reviews a paper on movable dividers and their cost efficiency in reducing traffic congestion. It discusses how movable dividers can help reconstruct road capacity by changing traffic flow based on demand. The summary reviews literature on automatic movable dividers controlled by sensors that detect traffic and switch divider positions accordingly. It concludes movable dividers are an effective strategy for managing traffic and clearing roads for emergency vehicles.
DYNAMIC RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN ROAD TRANSPORT SECTOR USING MOBILE CLOUD COMPU...IAEME Publication
Literature review revealed application of various techniques for efficient use of existing resources in road transport sector vehicles, operators and related facilities. This issue assumes bigger dimensions in situations where there are multiple routes and the demand in the routes is highly fluctuating over the day. The application of the existing techniques as reported in literature addresses above issues to a considerable extent. However the main draw back in existing techniques is lack of
proper uninterrupted information about vehicles and demand available at a central place for allocation of vehicles in different roads and huge computational times required for processing. Cloud computing is a recently developed processing tool that is used in effective utilization of resources in transport sector under dynamic resource allocation.
ENHANCING URBAN ROAD NETWORK EFFICIENCY IN KERALA, INDIA: A COMPREHENSIVE ANA...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing traffic congestion and level of service on urban roads in Tirur, Kerala, India. Data was collected using the moving observer car method at 7 locations along a 13 km stretch of road between Rajiv Gandhi Stadium and Nariparambu Junction. Travel time reliability indices, level of service, and regression analysis were used to evaluate traffic conditions. Key findings included that road width impacted level of service and travel time was influenced by road length and vehicle speed. Recommendations were proposed to address congestion issues and improve traffic flow efficiency to enhance the urban road network and travel experiences.
Dynamic resource allocation in road transport sector using mobile cloud compu...IAEME Publication
This document discusses dynamic resource allocation in the road transport sector using mobile cloud computing techniques. It provides an overview of existing literature on dynamic resource allocation methods and their limitations in addressing high vehicle and route demand fluctuations. The document then proposes using mobile cloud computing to allow for real-time vehicle-route allocation with minimal processing time by installing mobile devices at stations to communicate demand data to nearby clouds and a central traffic manager for computation and order distribution. Simulation case studies are developed and results are compared to real data to validate the mobile cloud computing approach for improved dynamic resource allocation under heavy demand fluctuations.
This document discusses planning and scheduling methods to optimize time and cost for the construction of a six-lane bridge with cast in situ and precast elements in Kolathur, Chennai. It reviews literature on scheduling techniques and identifies objectives like preparing a detailed schedule and cost estimate for both construction methods. The project methodology involves data collection, analysis, and comparing schedules and costs of cast in situ and precast construction to propose the best option. Schedules were prepared for both methods and costs were estimated using Excel. The research aims to minimize project duration and costs through optimized planning and use of advanced construction techniques.
Diagnose the causes of cost deviation in highway constructionFaiq M. S. Al-Zwainy
The aim of this study is identifying and diagnosing the causes of construction project failure by using different project management process groups. These groups were initiation process group, planning process group, design process group, contract process group, executing and monitoring process group, and close process group. Also, the relative importance of the causes of construction project failure was investigated. Three techniques were used in this study: Ishikawa diagrams, Pareto diagrams, and 5-why techniques. The results were generally identified and diagnosed thirty-five causes of the construction project failure; however, only twenty-three of the causes were the most important. The majority of causes (thirteen causes) were obtained by using executing and monitoring project management process group. Seven causes were obtained by using contract project management process group. In addition, fewer causes (only three causes) were obtained by using initiation project management process group.
IRJET-Impact on Employment via Public Transit SystemIRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on the impact of public transit systems on employment opportunities in Ahmedabad, India. It analyzes the accessibility to workplaces via public transportation and examines the relationship between transit accessibility and travel demand. The study aims to assess Ahmedabad's existing public transit conditions and employment accessibility to help inform future transportation policies.
1) The study analyzes and compares the costs and quality of road maintenance using the Standard Maintenance and Development Procedure (SMDP) and Performance-Based Maintenance Contracts (PBMC) on the Malekhu-Mugling road section in Nepal.
2) The annual costs of SMDP were found to be Rs. 1,30,21,605 compared to the equivalent uniform annual cost of Rs. 1,80,81,921 for PBMC based on a life cycle cost analysis.
3) A qualitative analysis found that PBMC resulted in better quality repairs by addressing potholes and structural defects more promptly, using trained crews, and providing flexibility, while SMDP resulted in delayed repairs and
“STUDY AND DESIGN OF DIGITAL TRAFFIC MAP USING GOOGLE EARTH FOR SCHOOL BUSES ...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the design of a digital traffic map using Google Earth to improve traffic conditions for school buses near Navle Bridge in Pune, India. Data on bus routes and stops was collected and mapped using Google Earth. This allowed visualization and analysis of high traffic and congested areas. The study found that Navale Bridge experiences the heaviest traffic, while Ambegaon has moderate traffic. Creating the digital map provided a way to locate buses, view passenger and vehicle details, and estimate arrival times according to traffic conditions. The map could help reduce traffic issues and diesel consumption over time.
Feasibility study of_metro_transport_case_study_maduraiDurga Rai
This document presents a feasibility study for a proposed metro rail network in Madurai, India. It begins with an introduction to feasibility studies and their importance in project development. It then proposes a methodology for conducting feasibility studies for rail projects that considers social, environmental, and economic factors.
The document applies this methodology to evaluate the feasibility of a metro system in Madurai. It analyzes the city's traffic scenario, identifies potential station locations, and forecasts population growth and demand. It also discusses technical considerations and evaluates costs, benefits, financial viability, and social and environmental impacts. Traffic surveys were conducted at key intersections to analyze existing conditions. The study aims to determine if a metro rail system would be a viable and beneficial transportation
Two design methods were used to quantify the improvements of using geotextiles in pavements. In this study, a comprehensive life cycle cost analysis framework was developed and used to quantify the initial and the future cost of 25 representative low volume road design alternatives. A 50 year analysis cycle was used to compute the cost-effectiveness ratio when geotextiled is used for the design methods. The effects of three flexible pavement design parameters were evaluated; and their impact on the results was investigated.
This Seminar presentation is made by Shrikrishna Kesharwani
1ST YEAR, Transportation engineering student
NIT WARANGAL
FOLLOW ME ON INSTAGRAM
@SHRIKRISHNAKESHARWANI
Procurement principle towards effective management of construction projectseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project entitled "Gas Agency" is done to make the manual process easier by making it a computerized system for billing and maintaining stock. The Gas Agencies get the order request through phone calls or by personal from their customers and deliver the gas cylinders to their address based on their demand and previous delivery date. This process is made computerized and the customer's name, address and stock details are stored in a database. Based on this the billing for a customer is made simple and easier, since a customer order for gas can be accepted only after completing a certain period from the previous delivery. This can be calculated and billed easily through this. There are two types of delivery like domestic purpose use delivery and commercial purpose use delivery. The bill rate and capacity differs for both. This can be easily maintained and charged accordingly.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
IRJET- Critical Assessment of Road Capacitiesand Solutions for Traffic Proble...IRJET Journal
The document presents a case study analyzing road capacities and traffic issues in Belagavi, India. Traffic surveys were conducted at a major intersection to collect volume data during peak hours. The existing traffic volumes per lane exceeded the maximum road capacities specified in Indian road design standards. However, no major congestion was observed. Some factors contributing to the higher observed capacities are improvements in vehicle technology, road infrastructure, familiarity with roads, and a higher proportion of lighter vehicles. Solutions proposed to address the capacity issues include updating road capacity standards, adding lanes, and constructing overpasses or underpasses at intersections.
IRJET- Development of a Neural Network based Model for Construction Proje...IRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a neural network model to predict construction project management effectiveness. 12 factors that influence effectiveness were identified, including factors related to the project manager, project team, and planning/control efforts. A questionnaire was used to collect historical project data on these factors. A neural network model was developed and trained using the data to establish relationships between the input factors and output of project cost variation, which measures management effectiveness. The model can be used as a decision support tool to evaluate management strategies and optimize resource allocation to improve effectiveness.
IRJET- Bus Route Optimization in Jyothi Engineering College using ARC- GISIRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing bus routes in Jyothi Engineering College using ArcGIS. It involves collecting data on the existing bus routes, digitizing the routes and roads on a map of Thrissur district. Attributes like distance, time and passenger demand at stops are added. Network analysis using ArcGIS Network Analyst is then used to analyze if the current routes are optimal in terms of distance and time or if alternative optimized routes can be suggested. The analysis found the existing routes to be optimal given the demand. Fully optimizing each route would require separate analysis using vehicle routing problems, but potential alternative routes had less demand, so would not be profitable.
Conceptual Cost Estimate of Libyan Highway Projects Using Artificial Neural N...IJERA Editor
It is well known that decisions at early stages of a construction project have great impact on subsequent project performance. Conceptual cost estimate is a challenging task that is done with limited information at the early stages of a project life where many factors affecting the project costs are still unknown. The objective of this paper is to support decision makers in predicting the conceptual cost of highway construction projects in Libya. Initially, the factors that significantly influence highway construction are identified. Then, an artificial neural network model is developed for predicting the cost. The network is trained and tested with a total of 67 projects historical data. Training of the model is administered via back-propagation algorithm. The model is coded ad implemented using MATLAB® to facilitate its use. An optimization module is also added to the Neural Network model with the objective of minimizing the error of the predicted cost. The model is then validated and the results show better predictions of conceptual cost of highway projects in Libya.
Fuel assessment and design of public transportation model by using movement b...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that assessed fuel usage and designed a public transportation model using movement-based approach for Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Polytechnic in Amravati, India. Data was collected through an online survey of students and staff regarding their origin and destination to analyze the carbon emissions, fuel consumption, and costs of private versus public transportation. The results showed that switching to public transportation could significantly reduce carbon emissions and costs while still meeting transportation needs. However, improving existing public transportation in terms of safety, comfort and connectivity would be needed to encourage more people to switch. The study concluded that transitioning to sustainable public transportation is important for environmental protection and future generations, though challenging.
The Development of Public Transportation Strategic Plan for Metro Cebu Volume...Emmanuel Mongaya
This document provides an executive summary of the final report on developing a public transportation strategic plan for Metro Cebu. It summarizes the methodology, existing public transport situation, identification of potential medium to high capacity transit corridors, selection of transit corridors, and key findings and recommendations. The study involved comprehensive data collection and transport modeling to analyze passenger demand and identify the most suitable transit backbone corridors to form the structure of an improved public transportation system for Metro Cebu. Seven alternative transit corridors were proposed and evaluated based on passenger volume forecasts to select the priority corridors for implementation.
Construction Management in Developing Countries, Lecture 6, Choice of technology, Labour based technology, Capital based technology and technology transfer
IRJET- A Review Paper on Movable Divider and Cost EfficiencyIRJET Journal
This document reviews a paper on movable dividers and their cost efficiency in reducing traffic congestion. It discusses how movable dividers can help reconstruct road capacity by changing traffic flow based on demand. The summary reviews literature on automatic movable dividers controlled by sensors that detect traffic and switch divider positions accordingly. It concludes movable dividers are an effective strategy for managing traffic and clearing roads for emergency vehicles.
DYNAMIC RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN ROAD TRANSPORT SECTOR USING MOBILE CLOUD COMPU...IAEME Publication
Literature review revealed application of various techniques for efficient use of existing resources in road transport sector vehicles, operators and related facilities. This issue assumes bigger dimensions in situations where there are multiple routes and the demand in the routes is highly fluctuating over the day. The application of the existing techniques as reported in literature addresses above issues to a considerable extent. However the main draw back in existing techniques is lack of
proper uninterrupted information about vehicles and demand available at a central place for allocation of vehicles in different roads and huge computational times required for processing. Cloud computing is a recently developed processing tool that is used in effective utilization of resources in transport sector under dynamic resource allocation.
ENHANCING URBAN ROAD NETWORK EFFICIENCY IN KERALA, INDIA: A COMPREHENSIVE ANA...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing traffic congestion and level of service on urban roads in Tirur, Kerala, India. Data was collected using the moving observer car method at 7 locations along a 13 km stretch of road between Rajiv Gandhi Stadium and Nariparambu Junction. Travel time reliability indices, level of service, and regression analysis were used to evaluate traffic conditions. Key findings included that road width impacted level of service and travel time was influenced by road length and vehicle speed. Recommendations were proposed to address congestion issues and improve traffic flow efficiency to enhance the urban road network and travel experiences.
Dynamic resource allocation in road transport sector using mobile cloud compu...IAEME Publication
This document discusses dynamic resource allocation in the road transport sector using mobile cloud computing techniques. It provides an overview of existing literature on dynamic resource allocation methods and their limitations in addressing high vehicle and route demand fluctuations. The document then proposes using mobile cloud computing to allow for real-time vehicle-route allocation with minimal processing time by installing mobile devices at stations to communicate demand data to nearby clouds and a central traffic manager for computation and order distribution. Simulation case studies are developed and results are compared to real data to validate the mobile cloud computing approach for improved dynamic resource allocation under heavy demand fluctuations.
This document discusses planning and scheduling methods to optimize time and cost for the construction of a six-lane bridge with cast in situ and precast elements in Kolathur, Chennai. It reviews literature on scheduling techniques and identifies objectives like preparing a detailed schedule and cost estimate for both construction methods. The project methodology involves data collection, analysis, and comparing schedules and costs of cast in situ and precast construction to propose the best option. Schedules were prepared for both methods and costs were estimated using Excel. The research aims to minimize project duration and costs through optimized planning and use of advanced construction techniques.
Diagnose the causes of cost deviation in highway constructionFaiq M. S. Al-Zwainy
The aim of this study is identifying and diagnosing the causes of construction project failure by using different project management process groups. These groups were initiation process group, planning process group, design process group, contract process group, executing and monitoring process group, and close process group. Also, the relative importance of the causes of construction project failure was investigated. Three techniques were used in this study: Ishikawa diagrams, Pareto diagrams, and 5-why techniques. The results were generally identified and diagnosed thirty-five causes of the construction project failure; however, only twenty-three of the causes were the most important. The majority of causes (thirteen causes) were obtained by using executing and monitoring project management process group. Seven causes were obtained by using contract project management process group. In addition, fewer causes (only three causes) were obtained by using initiation project management process group.
IRJET-Impact on Employment via Public Transit SystemIRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on the impact of public transit systems on employment opportunities in Ahmedabad, India. It analyzes the accessibility to workplaces via public transportation and examines the relationship between transit accessibility and travel demand. The study aims to assess Ahmedabad's existing public transit conditions and employment accessibility to help inform future transportation policies.
1) The study analyzes and compares the costs and quality of road maintenance using the Standard Maintenance and Development Procedure (SMDP) and Performance-Based Maintenance Contracts (PBMC) on the Malekhu-Mugling road section in Nepal.
2) The annual costs of SMDP were found to be Rs. 1,30,21,605 compared to the equivalent uniform annual cost of Rs. 1,80,81,921 for PBMC based on a life cycle cost analysis.
3) A qualitative analysis found that PBMC resulted in better quality repairs by addressing potholes and structural defects more promptly, using trained crews, and providing flexibility, while SMDP resulted in delayed repairs and
“STUDY AND DESIGN OF DIGITAL TRAFFIC MAP USING GOOGLE EARTH FOR SCHOOL BUSES ...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the design of a digital traffic map using Google Earth to improve traffic conditions for school buses near Navle Bridge in Pune, India. Data on bus routes and stops was collected and mapped using Google Earth. This allowed visualization and analysis of high traffic and congested areas. The study found that Navale Bridge experiences the heaviest traffic, while Ambegaon has moderate traffic. Creating the digital map provided a way to locate buses, view passenger and vehicle details, and estimate arrival times according to traffic conditions. The map could help reduce traffic issues and diesel consumption over time.
Feasibility study of_metro_transport_case_study_maduraiDurga Rai
This document presents a feasibility study for a proposed metro rail network in Madurai, India. It begins with an introduction to feasibility studies and their importance in project development. It then proposes a methodology for conducting feasibility studies for rail projects that considers social, environmental, and economic factors.
The document applies this methodology to evaluate the feasibility of a metro system in Madurai. It analyzes the city's traffic scenario, identifies potential station locations, and forecasts population growth and demand. It also discusses technical considerations and evaluates costs, benefits, financial viability, and social and environmental impacts. Traffic surveys were conducted at key intersections to analyze existing conditions. The study aims to determine if a metro rail system would be a viable and beneficial transportation
Two design methods were used to quantify the improvements of using geotextiles in pavements. In this study, a comprehensive life cycle cost analysis framework was developed and used to quantify the initial and the future cost of 25 representative low volume road design alternatives. A 50 year analysis cycle was used to compute the cost-effectiveness ratio when geotextiled is used for the design methods. The effects of three flexible pavement design parameters were evaluated; and their impact on the results was investigated.
This Seminar presentation is made by Shrikrishna Kesharwani
1ST YEAR, Transportation engineering student
NIT WARANGAL
FOLLOW ME ON INSTAGRAM
@SHRIKRISHNAKESHARWANI
Procurement principle towards effective management of construction projectseSAT Publishing House
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LabourbasedEquipmentbasedNepal.pdf
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LABOUR BASED AND EQUIPMENT BASED SUITABILITY IN NEPAL
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2. LABOUR BASED AND EQUIPMENT
BASED SUITABILITY IN NEPAL
2021
Sushanta Nepal
hippedvirus58@gmail.com
Abstract
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LABOUR BASED
METHOD AND EQUIPMENT BASED METHOD OF ROAD
CONSTRUCTION AND THEIR SUITABILITY IN NEPAL
3. 1 | P a g e
LABOUR BASED AND EQUIPMENT BASED SUITABILITY IN NEPAL
Contents
Background............................................................................................................................2
Introduction............................................................................................................................2
Methodology..........................................................................................................................2
Literature Review...................................................................................................................3
Paper 1 Review ..................................................................................................................5
Paper 2 Review ..................................................................................................................6
Report Review ...................................................................................................................7
Conclusions............................................................................................................................7
Recommendations..................................................................................................................7
References.................................................................................................................................8
4. 2 | P a g e
LABOUR BASED AND EQUIPMENT BASED SUITABILITY IN NEPAL
Background
Road networks always have been a major backbone/support for development of country. In
landlocked and complex topographic country, like Nepal, water navigation and air transport is
not possible or not economic. For affordable and feasible transportation, road network function
as major route for movement.
Introduction
Rural road are the arterial network of road structure that function as linkage between urban
area and rural area. It also helps to connect villages/communities within a rural area or between
two rural. In Nepal, DoLIDAR1
sets the design standards for construction and maintenance of
the rural roads, while the local bodies and agencies are responsible for the funding of the roads
(ADB, 2004)2
. In Nepal, rural roads are classified into two categories as district Road and
village Road. District Roads, also known as Core Network, join VDC3
/Municipal Headquarter
area or economic centre with district headquarter or other major economic centre through
Strategic Road Network (SRN). On the other hand, village roads are internal/local roads within
a village and function as movement route within itself and also known as agricultural road
(DoLIDAR, 2014).
There are several methods of road construction in rural road network. They can be listed as:
a. Labour-Based Method (LBM)
b. Labour-Based, Equipment-Supported Method (LBESM)
c. Modified Equipment Based Method (MEBM)
d. Equipment-Based Method (EBM) (Makenya, 2018)
Methodology
In this review, the Labour-Based method and Equipment-Based method will be reviewed and
analysed based on its characteristics. Some related reports and papers will be studied and
examined whether the methods can be applied in case of Nepal or not. The advantages and
1
Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads
2
Asian Development Bank
3
Village Development Committee
5. 3 | P a g e
LABOUR BASED AND EQUIPMENT BASED SUITABILITY IN NEPAL
disadvantages of one method over the other will be discussed and one of them which will be
favourable in case of country like Nepal will be suitably recommended with conclusions.
Literature Review
Labour Based Method (LBM)
The labour based method of road construction is where the resource utilized is solely human
resource with hand tools and equipment. In places where the labour force is not effective,
simple and minimal use of mechanical equipment is carried out. It is widely known for its
sustainable and economic method.
Equipment Based Method (EBM)
The equipment based method of road construction is where there is extensive use of heavy
equipment and machinery, driven by skilled manpower and minimal use of labour force. There
is greater suitability of EBM for fast working rate and well maintained standards.
Comparison of LBM and EBM based on their characteristics was made based on their technical
potential, social effects and financial feasibility.
Characteristics Labour Based Method Equipment Based Method
Technical
Potential
a. Small scale
b. Abundant labour available
c. High quality work not
required
d. No time bound
a. Large scale works
b. Enough Machineries
c. High quality work is
required
d. Limited time bound
Social Effects a. Job creation
b. Both socio-economic
development
a. Economic benefits
Financial
Feasibility
a. Limited budget
a. Budget sufficient for
machineries
Table: Characteristics Comparison between LBM & EBM (Makenya, 2018).
6. 4 | P a g e
LABOUR BASED AND EQUIPMENT BASED SUITABILITY IN NEPAL
Comparison of LBM and EBM on the basis of their criteria and advantages and disadvantages
Criteria Labour Based Equipment Based
Time Taken Project requires more time to
complete
Project can be completed in
lesser time frame
Cost Incurred Low cost method High cost
Employment More number of unskilled
manpower
More number of skilled
manpower
Equipment Hand-tools Machineries
Environmental
Consideration Reqd.
Lesser consideration is sufficient Higher degree of consideration
is required
Sustainability* More Relatively Low
Environment
Degradation*
Lower Degree Higher Degree
Maintenance
Requirement*
Frequently Often during Rainy Season
Quality/Smoothness Less Higher
Social Responsibility
of Public on Roads
Public are more concerned about
the road development
Public are less responsible for
road development & maintain
Season favouring the
construction
Can be constructed in farming-
free duration only
Can be constructed in any
season.
Table: Criterial Difference between LBM and EBM.
7. 5 | P a g e
LABOUR BASED AND EQUIPMENT BASED SUITABILITY IN NEPAL
Paper 1 Review
Review on paper published on ‘Comparative Study of Labour-Based Method and Machine-
based Method at Rural Road Construction and Maintenance in Jimma Zone, Oromia Region,
Ethiopia’ by Anwar Kassahun Dunffa et.al. showed the following conclusions.
a. LBM cost 48% lesser than EBM of road construction which means cost of 1.9km LBM
equals 1 km EBM.
b. In LBM, unskilled labour cost, hand tools & equipment cost and fuel & material shared
66%, 22% and 12% of total cost. Whereas in EBM, unskilled labour cost, machinery
cost and fuel and material cost shared 0.27%, 60.28% and 39.45% of total cost.
This showed great reduction in unskilled labour cost from 66% to 0.27%.
c. LBM method employs more than 300 unskilled manpower for 30 days in 1km stretch
of road section.
d. It was found that there was delay in payment to the labours and no fixed rate of payment
was established which led to decrease in public interest towards LBM.
e. The labour based method was also not feasible for steep topography, extreme climates
and during the farming season (Dunffa, Quezon, & Agon, 2017 June).
LBM
Unskilled Labour Hand Tools and Equipments Fuel and Materials
EBM
Unskilled Labour Cost Machinery Cost Fuel & Materials
8. 6 | P a g e
LABOUR BASED AND EQUIPMENT BASED SUITABILITY IN NEPAL
Paper 2 Review
Review on paper published on ‘Labour-based Construction Technology for Sustainable Rural
Development Infrastructure’ by Diwat Kumar Shrestha showed the following results
a. 71% of the participants agreed upon communities’ ownership feeling towards the
project which mean that there was ownership feeling of the stakeholders on the project.
b. 86% of respondents favoured on selection of qualified and experienced contractor as
the quality of the work depend on the quality of contractors.
c. 70% of the respondents believed that projects emphasize labours more than the
machinery equipment and explosives as satisfactory input.
d. 81% of the respondents thought positive aspect towards labour based construction
technology.
The paper study suggested that labour based method can be achieved if following points are
considered:
a. Creating employment by orienting investments towards employment-intensive public and
community infrastructure in both urban and rural areas
b. Constructing, rehabilitating and maintaining infrastructure using local labour, local
resources and local capacities, thereby maximizing employment and income-generation for
the poor
c. Providing technical advisory and capacity-building services for the planning and
implementation of different types of employment-intensive infrastructure
The labour based technology was found to be main target and was in implementation in various
parts of Nepal (Shrestha, 2014 July).
9. 7 | P a g e
LABOUR BASED AND EQUIPMENT BASED SUITABILITY IN NEPAL
Report Review
Review on ‘Economic Analysis of Local Government Investment in Rural Roads in Nepal’ by
UNDP4
showed the following results and conclusions
a. It was found that all road development had positive progress and returns to
country/society, however, LB roads had higher returns, about 30% more, than EB roads.
b. It was found that EB technology had strong correlation with unsustainability of roads
due to poor design, absence of cross-water management, too steep slopes which resulted
in high environmental costs and greater risk/occurrence of failures like landslides.
c. EBM can be economical and faster during the construction phase but not necessarily
associated with high rate of return.
d. Current price hike on labour cost (300% in 10 years period) and reduction in equipment
cost (50% in 10 years period) increased the economic feasibility of EB technology.
e. Long delays in budget release and complex government processes made LBM
unfavourable while on the other hand, EBM was encouraged due to its fast speed of
road construction (UNDP, 2011).
Conclusions
In case of Nepal, where there is availability of labour in rural part and equipment seem to be
bit expensive in case of short section of roads, LBM was advantageous and sustainable to the
environment.
Recommendations
Following conditions should be made favourable to develop the habit of LBM in road
construction.
• Sufficient funding allocation ahead of beginning of projects.
• Trainings to local community and professionals about LBM implementation.
• Knowledge of LBM in contractors and its related flexible management systems should be
adopted.
4
United Nations Development Programme
10. 8 | P a g e
LABOUR BASED AND EQUIPMENT BASED SUITABILITY IN NEPAL
References
ADB. (2004). SSA Nepal. Retrieved 06 2021, from
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/38426-023-nep-ssa.pdf
DoLIDAR. (2014). Nepal Rural Road Standard (Revised 2071). Kathmandu: GoN.
Dunffa, A. K., Quezon, E. T., & Agon, E. D. (2017 June). Comparative Study of Labour-Based
Method and Machine-Based Method at Rural Road Construction and Maintainance in
Jimma Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. American Journal of Civil Engineering.
Makenya, A. &. (2018). Analysis of Participation of Labour Based Road Contractors in Rural
Road Works in Tanzania. Ardhi University, School of Architecture, Construction
Economics and Management. Tanzania: International Journal of Science and Research.
Retrieved 06 2021, from https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v7i2/ART20179739.pdf
Shrestha, D. K. (2014 July). Labour-based Construction Technology for Sustainable Rural
Development Infrastructure. Journal of Advanced Academic Research, 9-18.
UNDP. (2011). Economic Analysis of Local Government Investment in Rural Roads in Nepal.
Pulchowk, Lalitpur: Ministry of Local Development.
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