This document discusses various appropriate technologies across different sectors including renewable energy, water, housing, agriculture, infrastructure development, and education. Some key technologies mentioned include bagasse-based cogeneration, biomass gasifiers, rainwater harvesting, rat-trap brick wall construction, vibro-bailer tube well installation, labor-based infrastructure development, and utilizing ICT and mobile technologies for educational purposes. The document provides technical details on selected technologies and highlights their applications, advantages, and achievements in promoting sustainable development.

1. APPROPRIATE
TECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER 11

2. 1. RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
• Technologies in use include: wind generators, small hydro turbines,
bagasse-based cogeneration and biomass gasifiers.
Objectives of the RETs programme
To conduct technical research in adapting certain RETs to local
conditions
To innovate and implement mechanisms for disseminating RETs
To train entrepreneurs and technical personnel with a view to
disseminate RETs
To disseminate the results of the programme among policy makers

3. Activities
• Demonstration systems were installed to create awareness on the
technical and financial viability of renewable energy systems
• Construction, operation and maintenance manuals of the developed
devices were prepared
• Enhancement of research capacity through inter-institutional
collaboration, tailored research/study programmes, training and
fellowships
• Results of the adaptive research and demonstration were presented in
journals, magazines, conferences and seminars

4. Achievements
• Rural Electrification in Bangladesh using renewable energy sources
• Photovoltaics System
• Wind Energy Exploration
• A biomass-fired gasifier stove (IGS-2) for institutional cooking
• Biogas for cooking, lighting, shaft power and electricity generation.
• Biomass gasification used directly in a burner or in internal
combustion engines.
• Liquid Biofuels that is ethanol, methanol and vegetable oils

5. 2. WATER TECHNOLOGY
• Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is an option that has been adopted in
many areas of the world where conventional water supply systems
have failed to meet the people’s needs.
• The typical Domestic RWH systems comprise a collection surface, a
storage tank or cisterns, and guttering to transport the water from the
roof to the storage tank.
• The main design carried out is to size the water tank correctly to give
adequate storage capacity.

6. continuation
• The storage capacity depends on local rainfall data and weather
patterns, size of roof, runoff coefficient, user numbers and
consumption rates.
• Rainwater is often used for drinking and cooking therefore the water
quality and health should be taken into account.
• Human powered water- lifters have also been adopted to collect
water from underground and on surface
• For example Hydraulic ram pumps which utilize a small fall of water to
lift a fraction of the supply flow to a much greater height

7. 3. HOUSING TECHNOLOGY
• It provides for comprehensive oversight by government in promoting
the residential property market
• This includes the development of low-cost housing, medium- density
accommodation and rentals housing.
• There is need to increase capacity building which entails efficient
workforce and the installation of appropriate technology, equipment
and systems for monitoring, evaluation and reporting purposes

8. Technology features of brick wall with 'rat-trap bond'
• Strength is equal to standard 9" (229mm) brick wall, but consumes
20% less bricks.
• The air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good
thermal comfort inside the building.
• As the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally &
externally, plastering is not necessary.
• 100 square feet (9.3 sq m) of this wall will cost only rs. 6454/- as
against the traditional 9" wall that costs rs. 8759/-.
• The overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9"
wall is about 26%.

9. 4. AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY
• Conventional technologies for sustaining food production that is
farmer innovated agro-technologies like soil fertility management by
recycling organic waste, green manuring and crop rotations
• Harnessing Biotechnology to Enhance Food Security particularly in
systems with high inputs of fertilizer, water and pesticides.
• Other examples of appropriate technology include alternative uses of
crops through value addition, novel food products and industrial uses
of crops.
• Smallholder irrigated agriculture in order to to provide high value
vegetable crops in semi- arid areas.

10. continuation
• Groundwater development: A vibro-bailer technique has been
developed for the installation of tube well technologies.
• Constraints to sustainable agricultural production include political
conflicts, government policies, natural calamities, deforestation,
shifting cultivation, insufficient mechanization and rural infrastructure

11. 5. TECHNICAL BRIEF ON LABOUR
BASED TECHNOLOGY
• The concept of Sustainable Infrastructure Development is partially based on the
adoption of labour based technology.
• Equipment intensive technology: Most work is done by labour-replacing
equipment, supported by a small labour force.
• Labour Intensive Technology: maximize employment with a minimum use of
mechanized equipment, often at the expense of cost and quality.
• Labour Based Technology: maximize opportunities for the employment of labour
(skilled and unskilled), while supported by light equipment, under strict conditions
of cost competitiveness, acceptable engineering quality standards, and timely
implementation.

12. 6. EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY
• Utilization of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for education in
Africa
• Utilization of electronic and communication technology for example print- based
correspondence courses.
• Developing digital libraries in South Africa
• Combined use of ‘old’ and ‘new’ technologies to add value to educational
endeavors
• Use of mobile technology to develop prototype products and services, which will
deliver information and learning experience via technologies that are inexpensive,
portable and accessible to the majority.