need book pdf

1. Lab 1: External Anatomy
Claire Stoudemire
cstoudemir98142@med.lecom.edu

2. Outline
• Spinal Cord
• Brainstem
• Diencephalon
• Cerebellum
• Telencephalon
• Practice Quiz

3. Structures in MRI
• Cerebral cortex
• Corpus callosum
• Cerebellum
• Brain stem:
• Midbrain
• Pons
• Medulla
• Spinal cord

4. Anatomy
• Foramen magnum  L2
• Four parts:
• Cervical
• Thoracic
• Lumbar
• Sacral
• Consists of:
• White matter
• Gray matter
Spinal Cord

5. Regional
Changes
• Cervical enlargement
• Lumbar enlargement
Spinal Cord

6. Sulci
Spinal Cord

7. Cross Section
• Vertebral body
• Spinal cord
• White matter
• Gray matter
• Dorsal horn
• Ventral horn
Spinal Cord

8. Protective Layers
• Dura mater
• Arachnoid mater
• Pia mater (adhered)
• Denticulate ligaments
Spinal Cord

9. Protective Layers
• Dura mater
• Arachnoid mater
• Pia mater (adhered)
• Denticulate ligaments
Spinal Cord

10. Spinal Cord
• Cauda equina
• Conus medullaris (~L2)
• Filum terminale internum

11. Cauda Equina Syndrome
• Below L1-2 nerve roots
• Can produce:
• Weakness/sensory loss in LL
• Saddle paresthesia
• Urinary incontinence

12. Lumbar Puncture
• Needle inserted below conus
medullaris ~L4/5
• Into subarachnoid space
• What layers are traversed by the needle?

13. Dorsal rootlets
Ventral root
Spinal cord
Dorsal ramus
Ventral ramus
Spinal
nerve
Dorsal root DRG

14. Medulla Oblongata
• Anterior median fissure
• Pyramidal decussation
• Pyramids
• Olives
• Pre-olivary fissure
• CN XII
• Post-olivary fissure
• CN IX
• CN X
Anterior Brainstem

15. Pons
• “Basilar pons”
• Ponto-medullary junction
• CN VI
• CN VII
• CN VIII
• CN V
Anterior Brainstem

16. Midbrain
• Cerebral peduncles
• CN III
• Interpeduncular fossa
Anterior Brainstem

17. Medulla Oblongata
• Rhomboid fossa
• Floor of 4th ventricle
• Obex
• Posterior median fissure
• Posterior columns
• Gracile fasciculus
• Tubercle
• Cuneate fasciculus
• Tubercle
• CN XI
• Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Posterior Brainstem

18. Pons
• “Tegmentum”
• Floor of 4th ventricle
• Facial colliculus
• Middle cerebellar peduncle
Posterior Brainstem

19. Midbrain
• Tectum
• Superior colliculi
• Inferior colliculi
• Brachium of the inferior colliculus
• CN IV
• Superior cerebellar peduncle
• Anterior medullary velum
Posterior Brainstem

20. Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus
Diencephalon
1. Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus
3. Epithalamus
4. Subthalamus

21. Thalamus
• Pulvinar
• Medial geniculate body
• Lateral geniculate body
• Mass intermedia
• Hypothalamic sulcus
Diencephalon

22. Hypothalamus
• Mammillary bodies
• CN II
• Optic nerve
• Optic chiasm
• Optic tract
• Infundibulum
• Hypophysis
• Lamina terminalis
Diencephalon

23. Epithalamus & Subthalamus
• Epithalamus
• Pineal gland
• Habenula
• 3rd ventricle
• Habenular commissure
• Posterior commissure
• Subthalamus
• Many internal structures
Diencephalon

24. Cerebellum
Posterior View

25. Cerebellum
Anterior View

26. Cerebellum
Mid-Sagittal View
Arbor Vitae

27. Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Subthalamus
Epithalamus
Telencephalon
• Cerebrum
• Gyri
• Sulci
• Basal nuclei
Telencephalon

28. Lobes

29. Lobes
Insular lobe
Limbic lobe

30. Corpus Callosum
• Rostrum
• Genu
• Body
• Splenium

31. Superior View
• Longitudinal sulcus
• Right hemisphere
• Left hemisphere
• Central sulcus
• Precentral gyrus
• Postcentral gyrus
Gyri & Sulci

32. Lateral View
• Central sulcus
• Precentral gyrus
• Postcentral gyrus
• Lateral sulcus
• Temporal gyri
• Supramarginal gyrus
• Angular gyrus
Gyri & Sulci

33. Lateral View
• Frontal gyri:
• Superior
• Middle
• Inferior
• Pars orbitalis
• Pars triangularis
• Pars opercularis
• Orbital gyri
Gyri & Sulci

34. Mid-Sagittal View
• Central sulcus
• Cingulate gyrus
• Parieto-occipital sulcus
• Calcarine sulcus
• Cuneus
• Lingual gyrus
Gyri & Sulci

35. Inferior View
• Parahippocampal gyri
• Uncus
• Occipitotemporal gyri
• Olfactory bulb
• Olfactory tract
Gyri & Sulci

36. Quiz Yourself!
• Anterior or
posterior surface?

37. Answers
• Anterior
• CN II
• Basilar pons
• CN VI
• Olive
• CN III
• Pontomedullary
junction
• Anterior median
fissure

38. Quiz Yourself!
• Anterior or
posterior surface?
• What ventricle?

39. Answers
• Posterior
• Pulvinar
• Superior colliculus
• Anterior medullary
velum
• Pineal gland
• Brachium of the
inferior colliculus
• 4th
• Middle cerebellar
peduncle

40. Quiz Yourself!

41. Answers
• Lateral cerebellar
hemisphere
• Vermis
• Nodulus
• Flocculus
• Tonsil

42. Quiz Yourself!

43. Answers
• Precentral gyrus
• Lateral sulcus
• Superior temporal
gyrus
• Angular gyrus
• Orbital gyri
• Cerebellum

44. Quiz Yourself!

45. Answers
• Central sulcus
• Limbic
• Body of the corpus
callosum
• Massa intermedia
• Calcarine sulcus
• Infundibulum
• Arbor vitae
• Medulla

46. Quiz Yourself!
• Lobe?

47. Answers
• Olfactory tract
• Mamillary body
• Parahippocampal gyrus
• CN IV
• Longitudinal sulcus
• Occipital