BrainCranialNerves [Autosaved].ppt
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The document summarizes key aspects of brain anatomy and function. It describes the meninges that cover and protect the brain, as well as the cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the brain and transports nutrients. It then details the major regions and structures of the brain including the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and ventricles. It discusses some functions localized to different brain regions and hemispheres. The document also briefly outlines cranial nerves, common brain injuries, diseases, and imaging techniques used to study the brain.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the nervous system, including its main components and functions. It describes the main parts of neurons and how they transmit electrical signals. It also outlines the main divisions and structures of the central and peripheral nervous systems, including the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and reflex arcs. The central nervous system is responsible for processing sensory input and coordinating motor responses, while the peripheral nervous system connects to sensory receptors and muscles.
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An educational presentation on basics of neuroanatomy.
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2. The embryonic development of the vertebrate brain reflects its evolution from three anterior bulges of the neural tube forming the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
3. The human brain is divided into conscious and unconscious regions. The conscious regions include the cerebrum which is divided into four lobes. The unconscious regions include the brainstem and cerebellum which regulate vital functions and coordinate movement.
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The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls bodily functions through different lobes and structures like the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and diencephalon. The cerebrum controls voluntary actions through four lobes, while the cerebellum coordinates movement. The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and contains the medulla, pons, and midbrain. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body and coordinates reflexes.
1 GNM anatomy Unit -11 Central Nervous System CNS.pptx
By: M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 11:
Types of nerves- structure and functions
Brain and cranial nerves.
Spinal cord and motor and sensory pathways of the spinal cord, autonomic nervous system.
Nervous system:
Nervous system is one of vital system in our body which control and coordinate all the functions of body parts.
Classification:
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
1. Central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord
2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Somatic nervous System & Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Central Nervous System (CNS):
The central nervous system (CNS) controls most functions of the body and mind.
It consists of two parts: the brain and the spinal cord.
The brain is the center of our thoughts, the interpreter of our external environment, and the origin of control over body movement.
It interprets information from our special senses, as well as from internal organs
Meninges:
The coverings of brain and spinal cord are called meninge.
There are 3 layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Dura (outer layer)
Arachnoid (middle layer)
Pia matter (inner layer)
Dura mater: The tough outer layer is called the dura mater. protect the central nervous system.
Arachnoid: The middle layer is the arachnoid, It contains cerebrospinal fluid, which acts to cushion the brain
Pia matter: the innermost layer of the meninges, the pia mater closely covers the brain.
Brain:
Introduction:
The brain is a complex organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our body.
the brain and spinal cord Together make up the central nervous system, or CNS
The brain receives information through our five senses: sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing - often many at one time
Diagram:
Structure:
The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem
Cerebrum (telencephalon or endbrain): is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres. It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement.
Cerebellum (little brain): is located under the cerebrum. Its function is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance.
Brainstem: consist midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord.
Functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.
Lobes of the brain:
Each hemisphere has 4 lobes:
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Each lobe may be divided, once again, into areas that serve very specific functions
The cerebral cortex has many folds, called the gyrus (plural: "gyri") and its trough is called a sulcus (plural: sulci)
Deep structure of Brain:
Hypothalamus: is located in the floor of the third ventricle and
Anatomy and physiology of nervous system
Nervous system is the main system of our body and without the nervous system body will not function. it is control the all over body parts , organ function and body movements. Nervous system contain brain and spinal cord both are work with with each other as a coordinator. nervous system is divided in to two parts central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
Grade 9 INTRA - The Human Nervous System (reference)
The human nervous system consists of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, and controls movement, processing of sensory information, and other critical functions. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to sensory receptors and effectors throughout the body via sensory and motor neurons, allowing information to travel to and from the brain and spinal cord.
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The human nervous system consists of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, and controls movement, processing of sensory information, and complex functions like thinking. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to sensory receptors and effectors throughout the body via sensory and motor neurons, allowing information to travel to and from the brain and spinal cord.
Anatomy and physiology of brain
the all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Overview ns
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS; brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is organized into the forebrain, brainstem, and cerebellum. It contains neurons and glial cells. The PNS connects the CNS to the body and is divided into somatic and autonomic divisions. It transmits signals between the CNS and peripheral organs.
UNIVERSITY OF SAHIWAL [Autosaved].pptx
The document summarizes the structure and function of the human nervous system. It discusses that the nervous system helps maintain homeostasis in the body through sensory receptors. It then describes the basic components of the nervous system including neurons, neuroglia, the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain contains four main parts - the cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum and diencephalon. The peripheral nervous system has two divisions - the somatic and autonomic nervous systems which connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
Cerebellum and basal ganglia
This document provides information on the cerebellum and basal ganglia. It begins with an overview of the anatomy and development of the cerebellum, describing its lobes, fissures, and histological structure. It then discusses the neuronal connections and blood supply of the cerebellum, along with its functional divisions and roles in motor control. The document also covers clinical aspects of cerebellar dysfunction. Finally, it provides details on the components, connections, and functions of the basal ganglia.
Nervous system
The document summarizes the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes that the nervous system is comprised of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, which act as the control center. The PNS includes nerves that connect the CNS to other parts of the body. Neurons are the basic working units that transmit signals through the nervous system. Communication occurs at synapses between neurons. The brain and spinal cord work together with the peripheral nerves to coordinate sensory input, integration of information, and motor output to control bodily functions.
独中高中生物Chapter 13 Part 2
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the central nervous system. It describes the major components including the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem), spinal cord, and diencephalon. The cerebrum is divided into four lobes which control different functions. The brainstem regulates basic functions essential for life. The cerebellum contributes to motor coordination. The diencephalon includes structures that relay sensory information and regulate homeostasis. Damage to different parts of the central nervous system leads to varying effects.
Central Nervous System
The Central Nervous system, its parts, functions, lobes, and regions. This presentation also identified common diseases that may affect the CNS.
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The document summarizes key structures and functions of the central nervous system. It describes how the cerebral cortex is lateralized, with different functions localized to each hemisphere. It then discusses the cerebral white matter tracts that connect different brain regions. Subcortical structures like the basal ganglia and diencephalon are also outlined, including their roles in motor control, attention, and regulating other functions. The brain stem and its midbrain, pons, and medulla sections are summarized in terms of controlling automatic behaviors and cranial nerves. Finally, the cerebellum is described as coordinating precise muscle timing and patterns through connections with other motor areas.
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This mortality audit summarizes the case of a 55-year-old male patient admitted to the emergency department with loss of consciousness. He had a history of diabetes and hypertension. Initial examination found him febrile and with reduced neurological function. Imaging and labs were performed. He was admitted to the high dependency unit but later suffered cardiorespiratory arrest and died. The discussion examines patient factors like comorbidities, systemic factors like policies and personnel factors like education. While death may not have been preventable, earlier specialty consultation and monitoring could have improved care.
Examinating the Resipiratory System.pptx
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crush-injury-and-crush-syndrome-191.pptx
This document discusses crush injury and crush syndrome, providing information on epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis. Crush syndrome results from prolonged compression of muscle and can cause systemic complications like renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria. Early IV fluid resuscitation is the main treatment and aims to prevent complications through alkalinizing urine and maintaining adequate urine output. Factors like delayed presentation, multiple limbs crushed, and insufficient fluids increase risk of renal failure.
Male Reproductive System ......... .pptx
The document summarizes the key components of the male reproductive system. It describes the main organs including the testes, duct system, accessory sex glands, scrotum, and penis. It provides details on the function of each organ such as sperm production in the testes, sperm transport through the ducts, and semen formation with secretions from glands. Temperature regulation of the testes by the scrotum is also summarized.
Antenatal Care -REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH.pptx
The document discusses antenatal care (ANC), including definitions, goals, objectives, and components. ANC aims to promote maternal and fetal health during pregnancy through activities like history taking, physical exams, tests, and health education. Over time, models of ANC have evolved from traditional irregular care to focused ANC with 4 visits, and now the WHO recommends 8 contacts. Key ANC components include registration, exams, screening tests, education, and monitoring progress throughout pregnancy.
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The student completed a clinical clerkship at Jinja Regional Referral Hospital (JRRH) in various departments including the outpatient department, accident and emergency, surgical wards, operating theatre, and postoperative care. The goals of the clerkship were to gain hands-on surgical experience, develop an understanding of workplace responsibilities, and apply theoretical knowledge to real patients. The student observed and assisted with over 100 surgeries, conducted patient examinations and clerking, presented cases, and provided postoperative care like stitch removal. The clerkship helped improve clinical skills and confidence while gaining exposure to the demands of a surgical workplace.
Intravenous Urography lecture detai.pptx
Intravenous urography (IVU) involves injecting iodine contrast media intravenously and imaging the urinary tract with x-rays. It was developed in 1929 to noninvasively examine the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. The procedure involves preparing the patient, administering low-osmolar contrast media intravenously, and taking x-ray images over time as the contrast passes through and outlines the urinary system. IVU is used to evaluate urinary obstruction, trauma, anatomy variations, and other conditions. Radiologists examine the images for abnormalities in kidney size and shape, the ureters, and bladder as well as signs of obstruction, tumors, stones,
IVU contrasted studies - lecture....pptx
This document provides information about an intravenous urogram (IVU) radiographic procedure. It defines an IVU, outlines its indications and contraindications. It describes the contrast media used, patient preparation, and filming sequence. An IVU involves injecting iodine-based contrast media intravenously and then taking a series of x-ray images to outline the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters and bladder. The document provides details on the procedure steps, potential for reactions to contrast media, and normal radiographic anatomy visualized.
Cranial nerves - esson presentation.pptx
This document discusses the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. It begins by defining cranial nerves as spinal nerves that originate from the brain instead of the spinal cord. It then lists and provides a brief overview of the function of each cranial nerve, including whether they are sensory, motor, or mixed nerves. The document also discusses common conditions that can affect individual cranial nerves like Bell's Palsy or Trigeminal Neuralgia. It notes that MRI is often the best imaging modality to evaluate cranial nerves due to their small size.
HEPATITIS IN Children a case study.pptx
1. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses like hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and others. Children can contract hepatitis through contact with infected bodily fluids or contaminated food or water.
2. Symptoms of hepatitis in children include flu-like symptoms, jaundice, fever, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and lab tests to detect liver enzymes and antibodies.
3. Treatment focuses on stopping liver damage, easing symptoms, and in severe cases may include medications, supportive care like nutrition and rest
children. palliative care.pptx
Children palliative care involves providing holistic care for the child's physical, emotional, and spiritual needs from diagnosis through bereavement while also supporting the family. It requires a multidisciplinary approach that can be delivered in both inpatient and community settings. Effective communication is important and must be tailored to the child's developmental level by observing their body language, understanding their expression through play, and developmentally-appropriate conversation. Key skills for professionals include active listening, empathy, confidentiality, and respecting the child and family's culture.
PALLIATIVE CARE (GROUP2) BME3 2023.pptx
Cough is an important reflex to clear the lungs. Chronic cough lasts more than 8 weeks and is common in advanced cancers, COPD, and other chronic diseases. Chronic cough profoundly impacts quality of life by interfering with sleep, eating, and social activities. A comprehensive assessment of cough considers cause, triggers, severity, and impact on quality of life to guide treatment, which may include non-pharmacological interventions, symptomatic therapies, and treating reversible underlying causes.
Group pharmacology uuuuu. .pptx
Iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid are essential nutrients that play important roles in red blood cell formation and oxygen transport. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia and can cause fatigue. Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies can lead to megaloblastic anemia and neurological issues if left untreated. These vitamins have important interactions and side effects that require monitoring, especially in high risk groups like pregnant women.
Group 5_ Year 3 Pharmacology 2023.pptx
This document discusses acid secretion disorder drugs and anti-emetic drugs. It begins by explaining the physiology of gastric acid secretion, which is regulated by gastrin, histamine, and acetylcholine. It then discusses acid secretion disorders like GERD, gastritis, and ulcers. The main drugs used for acid secretion disorders are outlined, including antacids, H2 receptor antagonists like ranitidine, and proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses and side effects. The document also briefly discusses anti-emetic drugs and the physiology of vomiting before concluding.
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- 2. brain spine
- 6. Coverings of the Brain- Meninges skin skull dura mater arachnoid layer pia mater cerebral cortex
- 7. Menenges: 1.Covers and protects CNS 2.Protects blood vessels and encloses venus sinuses 3.Contains CSF 4.Forms partition within the skull
- 8. Cerebrospinal Fluid Brain Ventricles CSF Spinal Cord Anterior View Saggital View Rt. Ventricle Lf. Ventricle
- 9. Ventricles
- 10. CSF • 150 ml in adult • contains: glucose, proteins,lactic acid, urea, cations, anions, WBC Functions: 1.Reduces wt. of brain by 97% 2.Prevents head injury 3.Supplies brain with nutrition 4.Transports hormones along ventricular channels
- 11. The Brain The Cerebrum Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe Occipital Lobe Cerebellum Brainstem
- 13. Cerebrum • Involved with higher brain functions. • Processes sensory information. • Initiates motor functions. • Integrates information.
- 15. Motor, Sensory & Association Cortex
- 18. Right-Left Specialization of the Cerebrum left side –language development –mathematical & learning capabilities –sequential thought processes right side –visual spatial skills –musical and artistic activities –intuitive abilities
- 20. Diencephalon
- 21. Thalamus • Relay center for sensory tracts from the spinal cord to the cerebrum. • Contains centers for sensation of pain, temperature, and touch. • Involved with emotions and alerting or arousal mechanisms.
- 23. Hypothalamus • autonomic control center- blood pressure, rate and force of heart contraction, center for emotional response and behavior • body temperature • water balance and thirst • sleep/wake cycles • appetite • sexual arousal • control of endocrine functioning: Acts on the pituitary gland through the release of neurosecretions. Regulates:
- 24. Hypothalamus
- 25. The Limbic System The Limbic System
- 26. Midbrain • Contains ascending and descending tracts to the cerebrum and thalamus. • Reflex center for eye muscles. • Also involved with processing visual and auditory information (connects head movements with visual and auditory stimuli).
- 27. Pons • Connects the two halves of the cerebellum. • Regulates breathing.
- 28. Medulla Oblongata • Composed of nerve tracts to and from the brain (these tracts cross over left to right and right to left) • May be regarded as an extension of the spinal cord • Almost all of the cranial nerves arise from this region
- 29. Medulla Oblongata Contains control centers for many subconscious activities • Respiratory rate • Heart rate • Arteriole constriction • Swallowing • Hiccupping • Coughing • Sneezing
- 30. Cerebellum • Controls and coordinates muscular activity. • Important in equilibrium, posture and movement.
- 31. On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Fat Voracious German Viewed A Hop 1. Olfactory- smell 2. Optic- vision 3. Oculomotor- 4 of the 6 extrinsic eye muscles 4. Trochlear- extrinsic eye muscles 5. Trigeminal- sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to the chewing muscles 6. Abducens- controls eye muscles that turn the eye laterally 7. Facial- facial expression 8. Vestibulocochlear- hearing and balance 9. Glosopharyngeal- tongue and pharynx 10.Vagus- from medulla- acetylcholine slows heart & breathing 11.Accessory- accessory part of vagus nerve 12.Hypoglossal- moves muscles under tongue
- 33. Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Olfactory receptor cell Filaments of olfactory nerve
- 45. Traumatic Brain Injuries • Concussion • Contusion • Subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage • Contrecoup injury
- 46. Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVAs) • Ischemia • Thrombus • Embolism • Arteriosclerosis • Stroke
- 48. Degenerative brain diseases • Alzheimer’s • Down’s • Parkinson’s • Huntington’s Chorea • MS • Epilepsy • Schizophrenia