This document provides information about behavior modification and some of its key concepts. It defines behavior as anything a person says or does, including overt visible behaviors and covert internal behaviors like thinking and feeling. Behavior modification aims to systematically apply learning principles to assess and improve individuals' behaviors. Some common myths about behavior modification are addressed, such as the idea that it only deals with observable behaviors or is outdated. Basic behavioral principles like reinforcement, extinction, shaping, and stimulus control are explained. Reinforcement increases a behavior's likelihood by rewarding it, while extinction decreases a behavior by withholding reinforcement. Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a target behavior until it is fully exhibited.
It covers a lot of aspects of psychology like what is learning, definition of learning classical conditioning, operant conditioning, Ivon Pavlov experiment on dogs and a lot of other aspects.
It covers a lot of aspects of psychology like what is learning, definition of learning classical conditioning, operant conditioning, Ivon Pavlov experiment on dogs and a lot of other aspects.
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CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
2. WHAT IS BEHAVIOR ?
Essentially behavior is anything that a person says or
does..
Technically is any muscular, glandular, or electrical
activity of an organism..
3. Behavior can be :
#Overt(visible) behavior.
E.G. Walking, talking…
#Covert (private, internal)
behavior. E.G. Thinking,
feeling..
5. Involves the systematic application of learning principles and
techniques to assess and improve individuals' covert and overt
behaviors in order to enhance their functioning..
Behavior Modification
6. Misconception about behavior modification:
Myth 1: use of rewards by behavior modification to change
behavior is bribery.
Myth2: behavior modification involves the use of drugs,
psychosurgery, and electro-convulsive therapy.
Myth3:behavior modification only changes symptoms, it doesn't get
at the underlying problems.
Myth4: behavior modification can be applied to deal with simple
problems, such as toilet training children or overcoming fear of
heights, but it is not applicable for changing complex problems such
as low self esteem or depression.
7. myth5: behavior modification workers are cold and
unfeeling and don't develop empathy with their clients.
myth6: behavior modification deal only with observable
behavior, they don't deal with thoughts or feelings of
clients.
myth7: behavior modification is outdated.
10. Definitions
Reinforcement :
An event, or a condition that increases the
likelihood that a given response will recur in a
situation like that in which the reinforcing
condition originally occurred.
Reinforcer :
A stimulus, such as a reward, that maintains or
strengthens a desired response.
Ex: gift - money
11. Getting A behavior to occur more often
with positive reinforcement
#Positive reinforcer : is an event that,
when presented immediately
following a behavior, causes the
behavior to increase in frequency (or
likelihood of occurrence)…
13. Factors influencing the effectiveness
of positive reinforcement
1-Selecting the behavior to be increased.
2-Choosing reinforces.
3-Reinforcer size.
4-Reinforce immediacy.
5- Contingent versus non-contingent Reinforcement
14. 1-Selecting a behavior to be increased :
-Behavior to be reinforced must be identified
specifically.
Ex: if you start with general behavior such as(being
friendly) you should then identify specific behavior
such as(smiling)
15. 2- Choosing reinforces..
•Different individuals are frequently turned on by
different things.
•The important thing is to use a reinforce that is
effective with the individual with whom you are
working…
Negative Reinforcement or Escape Conditioning:
The removal of an event following a response.
16. Positive reinforcement can be classified
under 5 categories:
1-consumable :
Reinforcer that can be consumed (food or
drink)
Ex: cookies, fruits ,Pepsi ?.
2-Activity:
Ex: watching TV.
17. 3-Manipulative:
Ex: play with favorite toy ,color, paint, surf the
internet.
4-Possetional:
Ex: have a private room.
5-Social:
Ex: hugs, smiles, nods.
18.
19. 3- Reinforcer size:
The size(magnitude)of reinforcer is an
important determinant of its effectiveness.
Ex:
Many of teenagers would likely be
unwilling to eat fruits for 10 SR but many
will eagerly do so for 50SR.
20. 4-Reinforce immediately :
For maximum effectiveness , a reinforcer
should be giver immediately after the desired
response.
21. 5-Contingent versus non-contingent
Reinforcement :
Contingent reinforcement:
When a behavior must occur before a reinforcer will be present .
Ex: child doing his homework after that the mother reward him
with a chocolate.
Non-contingent reinforcement:
If a reinforcer is presented at a particular time , regardless of
preceding behavior.
Ex: The teacher told the student that he’s smart and he can do the
test ,after that the student confidently take the test.
22. Pitfalls of positive reinforcement:
Some of reinforcer unfortunately might
strengthen some undesired behavior
unknowingly.
Ex:
Long-term
effect
Immediate
consequences
response
Situation
Child is more
likely to whine
in similar
situations
Mother is
embarrassed
and leaves the
store
immediately .
Child begins to
whine ‘I want
home , I want
home”
Mother and
child are
shopping in a
supermarket.
24. Decreasing a behavior with extinction
If a response has been increased in frequency
through positive reinforcement, then completely
ceasing to reinforce the response will cause it to
decrease in frequency.
Example:
25. Stimulus Control
*When a particular behavior is more likely to occur in
the presence of a particular stimulus and not others,
we say that the behavior is under the control of that
stimulus.
*The term stimulus control refers to the degree of
the correlation between stimulus and subsequent
response.
stimulus response
26.
27. *Through experience, we learn to
refrain from performing certain
behaviors in the presence of certain
stimuli because we have learnt that
those behaviors will go
unreinforced.
28. Shaping
• Shaping is used to develop a
target behavior that a person
does not currently exhibit.
• Shaping is defined as: the
differential reinforcement of
successive approximations of
a target behavior until the
person exhibits the target
behavior.
29. Differential Reinforcement
• A procedure in which a reinforcer follows a
specific desirable behavior but other
undesirable behaviors are not reinforced
• The result is an increase in the desirable
behavior and extinction of the other behaviors
(Miltenberger, 2012)
30. Successive Approximation
• In the process of shaping, a successive
approximation is a behavior that more closely
resembles the target behavior.
(Miltenberger, 2012)
31. Target Behavior
• Is the behavior one want to see demonstrated;
the end goal.
Reinforcer
•Is a stimulus or event that increases the future
probability of a behavior when it occurs. It is
contingent on the occurrence of the behavior.
(Miltenberger, 2012)
32. What is shaping??
• having a target (goal) behavior in mind
• Establishing steps that work toward that
target behavior
• positively reinforcing only a specific behavior
at a time while ignoring all other behaviors
• once one step has been accomplished,
shaping requires moving on to the next step,
only ever reinforcing the current step until the
target behavior is reached
33. There are five aspects or dimensions of
behavior that can be shaped :
•topography,
•frequency,
•duration,
•latency,
•and intensity.
34. Example
Definition
Dimension
Walking
Physical movement
involved in the behavior
Topography (form)
Number of times to
exercise
Number of instances of
the behavior in given
time
Amount: frequency
Length of time of
exercise
Continuous amount of
time behavior lasts
Amount: duration
Time between time and
exercising
Time between the
controlling stimulus and
the behavior
(Reaction time)
Latency
Force of a punch in
boxing
Amount of energy
expended on the
behavior
Intensity (force)
DIMENSIONS OF BEHAVIOR THAT CAN BE SHAPED
35. Steps to shaping
1. Define the behavior
2. Determine whether shaping is the most
appropriate procedure
3. Identify the starting behavior
4. Choose the shaping steps
5. Choose the reinforcer
6. Differentially reinforce successive approximations
7. Move through the steps at a proper pace
36. 1. Define the behavior
•The first stage in shaping is to identify clearly the final desired
behavior, which is often referred to as the terminal behavior.
• A precise statement of the final desired behavior increases the
chances of consistent reinforcement of successive approximations
of that behavior.
• The final desired behavior should be stated in such a way that all
the relevant characteristics of the behavior (its topography,
amount, latency, and intensity) are identified.
• The conditions under which behavior is or is not to occur should
be stated, and any other guidelines that appear to be necessary
for consistency should be provided.
37. •If the person already demonstrates the behavior on
occasion you can use other techniques to strengthen
that behavior.
•If you can tell the person to do the target behavior,
if you can physically assist the person in doing the
behavior, or if you can show the person the correct
behavior you do not need to use shaping
2. Determine whether shaping is the
most appropriate procedure
38. 3. Identify the starting behavior
•Because the final desired or terminal behavior does not occur
initially, and because it is necessary to reinforce some behavior
that approximates it, you must identify a starting point.
• This should be a behavior that occur often enough and it should
approximate the final desired behavior.
39. •It is helpful to outline the successive approximations through which the
person will be moved, in the attempt to approximate the final desired
behavior.
•There are no specific guidelines for identifying the ideal step size.
•Whatever guidelines or guesses are used, it is important to try to stick
to them and yet be flexible if the trainee does not proceed quickly
enough or is learning more quickly than had been expected.
4. Choose the shaping steps
40. 5. Choose the reinforcer
•Must be a strong reinforcer for the participant being
shaped.
•Must be able to be delivered immediately following
a behavior (i.e. clicker with animals)
41. •Reinforce each behavior until they happen on their
own.
•Once the participant masters a stage, you move on to
the next approximation and only reinforce that
behavior, putting the previous approximation on
extinction.
6. Differentially reinforce successive
approximations
42. •It is advisable not to move too fast from an approximation to
another; on the other hand, it is advisable not to move too
slowly.
•Need to master each approximation before moving on.
7. Move through the steps at a proper pace
43. Shaping is so common in everyday life that
often people are not even aware of it.
Sometimes the shaping proceeding is applied
systemically, sometimes no systemically, and
sometimes shaping occurs from
consequences in the natural environment.
44. Then he decided to try a new procedure.
- Frank’s goal was to jog a quarter of a mile each day.
- Frank decided that, at the very least, he would walk around his home (approximately 30
yards). Although this was along way from a quarter of a mile, it was at least a START.
- Frank decided to use the drinking of beer as a reinforcer. After the first approximation
had occurred on several successive afternoons, Frank increased the requirement to
walk around the home twice(60yards). Then the distance was increased to four
times(120yards), then six times(180yards), then more until the distance became a
quarter of a mile. By reinforcing successive approximations to his goal, Frank reached
the point!
After taking an early retirement at the age of 55, Frank decided to make some changes in his life.
On the advice of his doctor, he resolved to begin a regular exercise program. Frank had been a
“couch potato” all his life. Frank launched his exercise program with a pledge to his wife that he
would jog a quarter of a mile each day. But after a couple of attempts, he returned to his couch-
potato routine.
Examples
45. • In playing “Hot & Cold”, you reinforce any
movement that takes the player closer to the
prize.
• Each of those successive movements is a
closer approximation of the desired
behavior.
• If the prize is under the couch, and the
player is moving toward the couch, every
time the player takes a step toward the
couch, you are yelling “hotter”, and you are
reinforcing the behavior.
• If the player moves away from the couch,
you would yell, “colder” (non-reinforcing).
Examples
46. • Subject: 40 year old woman
• Final Desired Behavior: Workout in the gym 1 hour a day/3
days per week
• Response that could be used as a starting point in working
toward the final desired behavior: Driving directly to the gym
Monday after work and working out for 20 minutes. Although
this was a long way from her final desired goal, it’s a start.
• Reinforce the starting response; then reinforce closer and
closer approximations until eventually the desired response
occurs: She decided to use a small cup of non-fat yogurt as her
reinforcer. Instead of going home to eat ice cream after work,
she is going to have a lower calorie treat but not until she
works out.
Examples