This document provides an introduction to basic first aid principles and guidelines. It outlines that first aid is immediate care for injured or ill individuals until further medical help arrives. The key objectives of first aid are to preserve life, prevent worsening conditions, promote recovery, and protect from further injury. First aid focuses on maintaining primary body functions like airway, breathing, and circulation. It also describes necessary first aid kit supplies and qualities of an effective first aider, such as being highly trained and up-to-date on skills. The document presents an action plan and guidelines for first aid assessment and care.
Chila Lipata EMT, So2 - First Aid & basic life support.pptxChila Lipata
The constellation of emergency procedures needed to ensure a person’s immediate survival, including CPR, control of bleeding, treatment of shock and poisoning, stabilisation of injuries and/or wounds, and basic first aid.
First aid is as easy as ABC – airway, breathing and CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation). In any situation, apply the DRSABCD Action Plan. DRSABCD stands for: Danger – always check the danger to you, any bystanders and then the injured or ill person.
Chila Lipata EMT, So2 - First Aid & basic life support.pptxChila Lipata
The constellation of emergency procedures needed to ensure a person’s immediate survival, including CPR, control of bleeding, treatment of shock and poisoning, stabilisation of injuries and/or wounds, and basic first aid.
First aid is as easy as ABC – airway, breathing and CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation). In any situation, apply the DRSABCD Action Plan. DRSABCD stands for: Danger – always check the danger to you, any bystanders and then the injured or ill person.
he culture media are classified in many different ways: Based on the physical state Liquid media Solid media Semisolid media Based on the presence or absence of oxygen Anaerobic media Aerobic media Based on nutritional factors Simple media Synthetic media Complex
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This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. What is first aid
It is the immediate assistance or care
given some one who has been injured
or suddenly become ill, from moment
of accident until availability of
specialized medical care.
3.
4. Main objectives
To preserve the life
To prevent the victim condition from
worsening
To promote recovery
To protect further injury
To restore and maintain vital function
To reassure the victim
5. Objectives of first aid/guiding
principle:
• The key guiding principles and
purpose of first aid, is often given in
the mnemonic "3 Ps". These three
points govern all the actions
undertaken by a first aider. •
Prevent further injury
• Preserve life
• Promote recovery
6. Philosophy of First Aid
• In the pre-hospital setting, the key
contributors to survival and recovery
from illness and injury are prompt and
effective maintenance of the body’s
primary functions:
1. Airway
2. Breathing
3. Circulation
4. Bleeding control (life threatening)
7.
8. First aid kit
Content of first aid kit
Cotton
tape
Bandage
Sterile dressing
Thermometer
Scissors
Gloves
Soap
Pain relief
ORS packets
11. Basic question for first
aider
Who will do first aid for causality who is in
emergency condition? Any first aider who is
equipped with principle of first aid
management
Why? To save life
When? At any time when injury occurs
Where? Any where or place
To whom it is applied? To all who needs
to be helped
12. Qualities of a First Aider
A First Aider must be:
• Highly Trained
• Tested and regularly re-tested to
maintain standard
• Up-to-date in knowledge and skills
14. Action plan
This action plan is a vital aid to the
first aider in assessing whether the
victim has any life threatening
condition and of any immediate first
aid is necessary. They are DRABC.
D-check for DANGER
To you
To others
To victim
15. Cont….
R- check RESPONSE
Is victim conscious?
Is victim un conscious?
A- Check the AIRWAY
Is air way clear of objective ?
Is air way open ?
B- check for BREATHING
Is check rising or falling ?
Can you hear victims breathing.
16.
17. Cont ….
C- check for CIRCULATION.
Can you feel a pulse?
Can you see any obvious signs of life
?.
18.
19. Responsibility of first aider
Assess the situation quickly and safely
and call for appropriate help.
identify the level of injury or the
nature of illness affecting the victim.
Give immediate and appropriate
treatment to the victim .
To make and pass on a report, give a
further help if its required.
20. Assessing the skills of a first
aider
Observer
Listen
Feel
Talk
Touch
Provide
Build trust
21. PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID
(4Cs)
Call for help
Calmly take charge
Check the scene& the victim
Carefully apply
Slide Show Notes
Just imagine:
A co-worker is hurt in an accident and blood is gushing from the wound.
One of your friends chokes on a piece of food and can’t breathe.
Someone goes into cardiac arrest right at his workstation.
Any one of these things is possible, and it could happen any time. If it did, you’d have to act fast. A few critical minutes one way or the other could make the difference between life and death. Would you be ready to act with speed and competence in a workplace medical emergency?
There are medical emergencies in workplaces across the country every day. Situations calling for first aid range from burns to cuts and amputations, eye injuries, chemical overexposures, and much more.
Do you know how to report a workplace medical emergency? Besides calling 911, you also need to notify a supervisor or manager and provide as much information as you can about the accident.
Describe the procedure for reporting workplace accidents and the information trainees should be prepared to provide about the incident.
