kyoto protocol

1. Guru Ghasidas University
Bilaspur , (C.G).
(A Central University established by the Central University Act.2009 No.25 of 2009)
Dept.of Forestry & Wildife and
Evnvironmental Sciences.
Subject: Environment and Global Climate Changes
Assignment Topic
Kyoto Protocol
Submitted to :- submitted by:-
Dr.Gunjan Patil P.Praveen nayak
Assitant professor Msc. Sem II
Dept. of forestry & wildlife and Evs. Roll no : 18412021.

2. KYOTO PROTOCOL:
 The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)21 march
1994.
 AIM:- To reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
 The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan on 11 December 1997 and
entered into force on 16 February 2005.
 1995: COP 1, Berlin, Germany - international climate action.
 1996: COP 2, Geneva, Switzerland - Accepted the scientific findings on
climate change.
 1997: COP 3, Kyoto, Japan - outlined the greenhouse gas emissions
reduction obligation for Annex I countries.
Greenhouse Gases:
 The Kyoto Protocol applies to the six greenhouse gases listed in Annex A:
o Carbon dioxide (CO2),
o Methane (CH4),
o Nitrous oxide (N2O),
o Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
o Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and
o Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6).

3. Kyoto protocol classified the countries into :-
 ANNEX- Developed Countries like US ,Europe, Japan (Industrialised Nations).
 NON ANNEX – Developing Countries like India , Indonesia, China.
 Kyoto Protocol 1 st commitment to reduce the greenhouse gases by around
5.2% of develoed nations from 2008 to 2012
 2nd
commitment is called as Doha Amendments from 2012 to 2020 which
37 countries have binding targets: Australia, the European Union (and its
28 member states), Belarus, Iceland, Kazakhstan, Liechtenstein, Norway,
Switzerland, and Ukraine.
 Canada (which withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol in 2012) and the United
States (which has not ratified). As of January 2019, 124 states have
accepted the Doha Amendment,
 The Protocol is based on the principle of common but differentiated
responsibilities to developed countries due to rapid industrialization in
these countries around 150 years.
Flexibility mechanisms:-The Protocol defines three "flexibility
mechanisms" that can be used by Annex I Parties in meeting their emission
limitation commitments. The flexibility mechanisms are
 International Emissions Trading (IET),/ Carbon Trading
 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM),and

4.  Joint Implementation (JI).
International Emissions Trading (IET),/ Carbon Trading:-
 It is in article 17 of the kyoto Protocol, allows countries that have emission
“units to spare “ emissions permitted to them but not used to sell this
excess capacity to countries that are over their targets .
Eg:- Canada given limit to 1000 units and Japan given 500
units so
o Country Limit Produce More / Less
 Canada 1000 1100 100
 Japan 500 400 100
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM):-
 The CMD is defined in article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol, allows a country
with an emission reduction / emission limitation commitment under kyoto
protocol to implement an emission reduction project in Developing
countries like India by Developed country
 Eg:- Solar Projects , Wind Energy projects etc,..

5. Joint Implementation (JI):-
 This mechanism defined in Article 6 of the kyoto protocol, allows a country
with an emission reduction by benefits from foreign investment and
technology transfer
Conclusion:- The protocol mainly works for the reduction of top Greenhouse
Gases