Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

1. Kyoto Protocol
to
The UNFCCC
Presentation by:
Md. Sohrab Hossain
Department of Fisheries
University of Chittagong
Contact: sohrabcu.007@gmail.com
www.fb.com/sohrabcu.007
www.linkedin.com/in/sohrab007

2. Outlines of This session
 1. Background information
 2. UNFCCC
 3. Kyoto Protocol
A. Main elements of the Kyoto Protocol
B. Ratification of the Kyoto protocol
C. Sectors concerned in the kyoto protocol
 4. Q&A Session.

3. 1. Background Information
 Human activities are releasing greenhouse gases (GHG)
into the atmosphere.
 Climate change is a global issue:
1 tCO2 emitted in India = 1 tCO2 emitted in USA.
 Rising levels of greenhouse gases are already changing the
climate.
 Climate models predict the global temperature will rise by
about 1.4 to 5.8 degrees by 2100.
 Climate change is likely to have a significant impact on the
global environment, economy and society.
A Few Basic Facts :

4. 1. Background Information.
Planets & atmospheres:

5. 1. Background Information
The greenhouse gas mechanism:

6. 1. Background Information.
Less visual but with major impacts:

7. 1. Background Information
Impacts on climate change on society:

8. 2. United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate
Change(UNFCCC).
1992

9.  A global legal instrument (international agreement) on the
control and management of greenhouse gases (GHG).
 Adopted in 1992, entered into force in 1994.
 Status of participation: 192 Parties.
 Contains 2 annexes:
 Annex 1: countries with obligations to take measures to mitigate
the effects of climate change .
 Annex 2: countries with obligations to provide financing to
developing countries for their obligations under UNFCCC
 Affiliated instruments: Kyoto Protocol.
2. United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change(UNFCCC).
Overview of UNFCCC:

10. 2. United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change(UNFCCC).
 Overall goal:
 To protect the climate system for the benefit of
present and future generations of mankind. ”
 Ultimate Objectives:
 To achieve stabilisation of greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that
would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system. ”
Overview of UNFCCC

11. 3. Kyoto Protocol
to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
 negotiated in 1997
 open for signature in 1998
 came into force February 16, 2005

12. 3. Kyoto Protocol
 In general, a protocol is an international agreement
that stands on its own but is linked to an existing
treaty.
 More specifically, the Kyoto Protocol can be seen as
an agreement, which supplements and strengthens
the Framework Convention.
What is Kyoto Protocol:

13. 3. Kyoto Protocol
 The Kyoto Protocol is a agreement under which industrialized
countries will reduce their collective emissions of greenhouse
gases by 5.2% compared to the year 1990
 Compared to the emissions levels that would be expected by
2010 without the Protocol, this target represents a 29% cut.
 The goal is to lower overall emissions from six greenhouse
gases
 National targets range from 8% reductions for the European
Union and some others to 7% for the US, 6% for Japan, 0% for
Russia, and permitted increases of 8% for Australia and 10%
for Iceland.“
 Sinks can be used to offset emission and emission credits can
be traded.
 IPPC analyses used in assessments of sources and sinks
Highlights:

14. 3. Kyoto Protocol.
 1. Commitments.
 A. Specific emissions commitments
 B. General commitments
 2. Implementation.
 A. Domestic policies and measures
 B. Land use, land-use change and forestry sector
 C. mechanism:
 a. Joint implementation
 b. Clean development mechanism
 c. Emissions trading
 3. Compliance
 A. Facilitative Branch
 B. Enforcement Branch
 4. Minimizing impacts on developing countries.
 A. Adaptation Fund
A. Main elements of the Kyoto Protocol:

15. 3. Kyoto Protocol.
 All Parties to the Protocol are subject to a set of general
commitments that mirror those of the Framework
Convention.
 These include:
 Taking steps to improve the quality of emissions data.
 Promoting environmentally-friendly technology transfer.
 Supporting climate change education, training and
public awareness.
 Cooperating on international climate observation.
A. Main Elements of the Kyoto protocol:
1. Commitments: General

16. 3. Kyoto Protocol.
 At the real heart of the Kyoto Protocol lies its set of legally-
binding emissions targets for industrialized countries. These
emissions targets amount to a total cut, among all Annex I
Parties, of at least 5% from 1990 levels by 2008-2012.
 The collective 5% reduction is shared out so that each
Annex I Party has its own individual emissions target.
 However, all individual emissions targets must be achieved
by the same commitment period of 2008-2012.
 *All individual targets are listed in Annex B of the Protocol.
A. Main Elements of the Kyoto protocol:
1. Commitments: Specific

17. 3. Kyoto Protocol
A. Main Elements of the Kyoto protocol:
1.Commitments:Annex-B
Country Target – 1990*
EU-15 -8%
US** -7%
Canada -6%
Japan -6%
Russian Federation 0
Norway +1%
Australia +8%
Iceland +10%
*Some EITs have baseline year other than 1990.
**US does not intend to ratify the Protocol.

18.  The Protocol’s emissions targets cover the six main
greenhouse gases:
 1. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
 2. Methane (CH4)
 3. Nitrous Oxide (N20)
 4. Hydroflourocarbons (HFCs)
 5. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) &
 6. Sulphur hexaflouride (SF6)
3. Kyoto Protocol
A. Main Elements of the Kyoto protocol:
1.Commitments: Six main GHGs

19.  A. Domestic policies and measures:
 To achieve the Protocol’s targets, Annex I Parties will need to implement
domestic climate change policies and measures.
 Possible policies/measures include:
 1. Enhancing energy efficiency
 2. Protecting/enhancing GHG sinks
 3. Promoting sustainable agriculture
 4. Promoting renewable energy and environmentally friendly technologies
 5. Tackling transport sector emissions
 B. Land use, land-use change and forestry sector
 The LULUCF sector can provide national governments with relatively low
cost opportunities to combat climate change, either by:
 1. Increasing the removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere through
carbon sinks, or by
 2. Reducing emissions from the LULUCF sector itself.
3. Kyoto Protocol
A. Main Elements of the Kyoto protocol:
2. Implementation.

20.  C. Mechanism:
 a. Joint implementation
Joint implementation (JI) allows Annex I Parties to
implement projects that reduce emissions, or
increase removals by sinks, in the territories of other
Annex I Parties.
 b. Clean development mechanism
The CDM allows Annex I Parties to implement
projects that reduce emissions in territories of non-
Annex I Parties.
 c. Emissions trading
Through emissions trading, Annex I Parties may
acquire assigned amount units (AAUs) from other
Annex I Parties that find it easier to meet their
emissions targets.
3. Kyoto Protocol
A. Main Elements of the Kyoto protocol:
2. Implementation:

21. 3. Kyoto Protocol.
 A. Facilitative Branch
 The facilitative branch aims to “provide advice and assistance to
Parties in order to promote compliance”.4
 The facilitative branch provides “early-warning” of cases cases
where a Party is in danger of non-compliance with its emission
targets.
 Furthermore, the facilitative branch can mobilize financial and
technical resources to help Parties comply.
 B. Enforcement Branch
 The enforcement branch has the power to apply certain
consequences on Parties not meeting their commitments.
 In cases of non-compliance with emission targets, Annex I Parties
are granted 100 days after the current commitment period to make
up any shortfall in compliance (e.g. by acquiring AAUs, CERs,
ERUs, etc.).
A. Main Elements of the Kyoto protocol:
3. Compliance

22.  A. Adaptation Fund:
 Lastly, the aforementioned Adaptation Fund is to funded not
only by the adaptation levy on CDM projects, but also by
additional contributions from Annex I Parties.
 The Adaptation Fund will finance concrete adaptation projects
and programs in developing countries; especially least
developed countries (LCDs).
3. Kyoto Protocol.
A. Main Elements of the Kyoto protocol:
4. Minimizing impacts on developing countries:

23. 3. Kyoto Protocol.
 The Protocol to the UNFCCC was adopted at the third
session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 3) in Kyoto,
Japan, on 11 December 1997.
 In accordance with Article 24, it was open for signature from
16 March 1998 to 15 March 1999 at United Nations
Headquarters, New York. By that date the Protocol had
received 84 signatures.
 Pursuant to Article 22, the Protocol is subject to ratification,
acceptance, approval or accession by Parties to the
UNFCCC. Parties to the UNFCCC that have not signed the
Protocol may accede to it at any time.
B. Ratification of the Kyoto protocol

24.  The Protocol entered into force on 16 February 2005 in
accordance with Article 23, that is the ninetieth day after the
date on which not less than 55 Parties to the UNFCCC,
incorporating Parties included in Annex I which accounted in
total for at least 55 % of the total carbon dioxide emissions
for 1990 of the Parties included in Annex I, have deposited
their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or
accession.
 Currently, there are 192 Parties (191 States and 1 regional
economic integration organization) to the Kyoto Protocol to
the UNFCCC.
3. Kyoto Protocol.
B. Ratification of the Kyoto protocol

25. 3. Kyoto Protocol.
B. Ratification of the Kyoto protocol

26. 3. Kyoto Protocol
 Energy supply (24 to 48% of total GHG):
 Fuel combustion (energy production, manufacturing, transport,
etc.)
 Fugitive emissions (oil and natural gas, solid fuels, etc.)
 Industrial processes (5 to 36% of total GHG):
 Production (metal production, mineral products, chemical
industry etc.)
 Consumption (halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride, solvents
etc.)
 Waste management (primarily CH4):
 Solid waste disposal on land, incineration, wastewater
handling etc.
 Land use (0,3 to 9% of total GHG):
 Agriculture (enteric fermentation, manure management, rice
cultivation, agricultural soils, prescribed burning of savannas,
field burning of agricultural residues, etc.)
 Forestry.
C. Sectors concerned:

27. THE END