1. E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org
jrefrm
ESifh
Oa'gif;
apmrkHnif;

2. E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org
rif;wkef;rif;vufxufuvnf; a'gif;wHqdyf cyfESdyfokH;pGJcJhjyD; wkdif;wyg;om;
vufatmufusa&mufcJhpOfu jrefrmwkdYonf a'gif;tvH vTifhxlí ZmwdaoG; Zmwd
rmefudk jycJhMuonf/
Oa'gif;onf rGefjrefrmwkdYtwGuf txGwftjrwfxm;aom usufoa&aqmif
&wemwyg;jzpfonf/ acwftqufqufupí jrefrmwkdY b0iftonf;ü tjrpf
wG,f pGJvrf;cJhMuygonf/ jrefrmwkdYom r[kwf tdrfeD;csif; ta&SUawmiftm&SEkdifiHrsm;
üvnf; Oa'gif;udk tjrwfwEkd; wefzkd;xm;Muaom ykHjyiftqkdtursm;&SdonfudkawGU
&ygonf/ w&kwf AD,uferf ,Ofaus;rItzGJUrsm;wGif a'gif;tursm; tNrJygwwfyg
onf/ ,ckavmavmq,f ,lerfuZmwfrS Oa'gif;jynfa'gif;rif;orD;av;ckepf
az:taMumif;udk zwfvkduf&ygonf/ &lyg&kH o'´g&kHudk wG,fwmrdrSm;í ñTwfuGif;rS r
vGwfuif;Ekdifatmif trdcH&&Smaom Oa'gif;rif;ukd ykHjyKum a&TOa'gif;rif;ysKdUvnf;
a&;om;cJhMuonfhtjyif arm&pMumZmwfxkyfrsm;vnf; jrefrmwkdY ujycJhjyD;jzpfMuyg
onf/ 892-ckESpf eef;wufaom awmifilbk&if wyifa&TxD;vufxufüvnf; a'gif;
zkd a'gif;r tar;tjz&wkrsm; acwfpm;cJhygonf/ ]]iSufwumwGif igomvGefqef;xl;
csnfhav;}}[laom a&TOa'gif;rif; MudK;oDcsif;udkvnf; tif;0acwfwef;aqmif;wl t
rwfu a&;om;cJhbl;ygonf/ bmoma&;t&pGJvrf;rItjyif twGif;um;a&T? tyum;
zefjzifhjyD;aom ol&d,maerif; tv,fü a'gif;&kyf&Sdonfqkdum a'gif;zef0g[k wif
pm;cJhMuygonf/ odkY&mwGif rif;uGef;q&mawmfESifhrefvnfq&mawmfbk&m; tar;t
ajzürl ]]a&TAdrmef? ae0ef;ol&uefü? b,fyl&mPf b,fpma[mif;urS? a'gif;&SdrñTef;}
[lí qkdxm;ygonf/ &0defa'gif;,mOfysH [kywfysKd;rsm;a&;apumrl odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;
url a'gif;&kyfr&Sd[kom qkdaumif;qkdayvdrfhrnf/
&wemykHeef;wnf rif;wkef;rif;MuD;vufxuf (1228)ckESpfwGif a'gif;wHqdyf
cwfESdyfí wusyf? ig;rl;? wrl;? wyJ '*Fg;rsm;ay:wGif wHqdyfawmfpmwrf;ESifha'gif;
&kyfygí usefwzufwGif &wemykHaejynfawmfpmwrf; yef;acGrsm;yg&Sdonfudk awGU&
bl;ygonf/ a'gif;'*Fg;omru jcaohF'*Fg; ,kef'*Fg; wkd;e,m;'*Fg;rsm;yg oGef;vkyfcJh
onf[kvnf; rSwfom;cJhbl;ygonf/
wkdif;wyg;om; vufatmufusa&mufcJhpOfyif jrefrmwkdYonf a'gif;tvHvTifh
xlEkdifbdkY MudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ a'gif;tvHESifhZmwdrmefudk jycJhMuonf/ a'gif;y0gjcKHí
rsKd;cspfEkdifiHcspf jynfcspfpdwf"mwfrsm; vIHUaqmfay;cJhMuonf/

3. E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org
a'gif;*rkef;yifawGpkdufjyD; r*Fvm,lMuonf/ tdyfruf&m tdyfrufraumif;
vQif a'gif;jrD;uGuf(p"A0)udkMunfhjyD; arm&okwf&Gwfavh&SdMuonf/ a'gif;jrD;,yfrsm;
udk bk&m;rSmvSLMuonf/ rif;okH; pdk;okH; wefqmtjzpf a'gif;jrD;rsm;udk tcrf;tem;ü
udkifaqmifMuonfudk &Srf;apmfbGm;uefawmhyGJrsm;ü awGUbl;ygonf/
om;rzGm;Ekdifygu a'gif;OD;pGef;udk acgif;rSm yefqifavh&Sdonf/ a'gif;OD;pGef;udk
wrif&kdaopGm odrf;xm;avh&SdMuygonf/ a'gif;onf;ajcudk pm;rdvQifum; aowwf
onf[lí rSwfom;&ygonf/
a'gif;tvHudk jrefrmwkdY edrdwfaumif;,lcJhaom pmaytaxmuftxm;rsm;rSm
tvGefrsm;jym;ygonf/
]]a'gif;tkd;a0 toHom,mvSayoeJY t[H ig[&,fvkdY rmefygyg uaeMu?
urÇmhawmifjrefoajy rEÅvmusumrS? &efb,mrc&SmwJh ArmhatmifvHay}}[lí &SdcJh
ygonf/
a'gif;jrD;uGufwkdif;wGif p"A0(prMuD;av;vkH;)r&SdEkdifyg/ tawmf&Sm;yg;ygonf/
iSufwumwkdYtxJwGif OD;aoQmiftxGwftjrwfjzpfí (O)tu©&mxnfhum a'gif;[k
rac:yJ Oa'gif;[k ac:jcif;jzpfygonf/
iSufrsm;teuf (O)xnfhí ac:aomtjcm;iSufwrsKd;rSm OAsKdif;yifjzpfygonf/
tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHrsm;üvnf; AsKdif; (Crane) udk tjrwfwEkd;xm;aomykHjyifrsm;? aus;
vufoDcsif;rsm; &SdaMumif; awGUygonf/
0HomEkacwf tm0ga'; (Our Day) yGJrsm;ü a'gif;wHqdyfvufudkify0grsm; t
vGefvSyí wxnfvQif wq,fESpfq,fESifhay;0,fjyD; &HykHaiGtjzpf csD;jrifhMuonf[k
qkdygonf/
'geokctrsKd;orD; toif;olrsm; 0HomEk&HykHaiGudk twk,lMuonf[k qkdyg
onf/ a'gif;'*Fg;acwfjzpfí aiGudk a'gif;[kyif ac:Muonf/ ]]ysKdwkdYarmif 0g0g0wf
udk a'gif;cGyfcsnfav;}}qkdaom wabmifü tcsKdU&[ef;rsm; aiG'*Fg;okH;í tmywf
oifhrnfhtaMumif; pyfqkdcJhMuygonf/
q&mMuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;onf a'gif;#Dum? a'gif;*P²dudk rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf
t[kefjrifhrm;pGmjzifh a&;om;vmcJh&m wtkyfvkH;wGif a'gif;av;csKd;? a'gif;a'G;csKd;csnf;

4. E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org
om pyfqkdcJhonfudk awGU&ygonf/ a'gif;udk trsKd;rsKd;wifpm;cJhonf/ 'ufvDudwf
acgif;aqmifMuD; OD;xGef;&Sdef uG,fvGefpOfu-
]]a'gif;tar aqGwrdrSmjzifh? raumif;ap ajzrcsdEkdifbk? aerxdxkdifrom/
awG;MunfhvQif arG;rdcif igtarrjzifh? Mumavav pdwfraumif;atmifvkdY? cyfjref
jref ewfxHudk ajymif;a&mhovm;? aorif; wrefwkdY tarcGifhyefvkdYawmif;csif&JU?
a'gif;ajrhjynfzGm;ayayghuG,f aumif;ayarhom;}}
pojzifh trdjrefrmjynfu a'gif;tarmufudk aqmif;um idk,kdwrf;wykHjzifh
a&;om;cJhonf/ [laom (Sun) t*Fvdyfpum;udk nyfjyD;
]]aomif;cGif armif;ESif aumif;uif(qef;) a'gif;,mOf aeeef;ol&d,m? aumif;
uifabGvrf;? olvSnfh&m0,f? wl&SdruGm,SOfjydKifrSD;}}[lívnf;aumif; uif;0efrif;
MuD; t*Fvdyfpum;rsm; xnfhokH;jyD; a&;ouJhodkY q&mMuD;rIdif;uvnf; a&;cJhygonf/
wuúokdvftkd;a0r*¾Zif;jzifhvnf; vli,fwkdYZmwdrmefudk vIHYaqmfíay;cJhMu
onf/ cGyfa'gif; ua'gif; tjrD;csa'gif;&kyfrsm;ykHudk acgif;tkH;pGyf? uefYvefYum? rsufESm
usufrsm;wGifomru rif;om;ykqkd;&Snfrsm;wGif a&Tcsnfxkd;a'gif;&kyfrsm;jzifh r*Fvm
,lcJhMuonf/
usufoa&&Sdaom a'gif;b,uf? a&Ta'gif;cGufrsm;udk &ifrSmqGJMuonf/ a'gif;
y0gav;axmifhxGmt&SnfMuD;rsm;udk *kPf,ljyD;0wfqifcJhMuonf/
jrefrmh0HomEkociftrsKd;orD;toif;rsm; ay:aygufvmcJh&m a'gif;y0grsm;udk
qifjref;í wkdif;&if;jzpf yifeDESifha,mxbDudkom 0wfqifjyD; EkdifiHjcm;ukefrsm;udk
oydwfarSmufMuonf/ rsKd;zsuftrsKd;orD;rsm;udkrl ta&mw0if rjyKMu/ aq;az:
ausmzufyif rvkyfMu/ EkdifiHjcm;om;ESifhtaMumif;ygolrsm;udkvnf; &IHcs0dkif;y,fcJhMu
onf/
(1919)ckESpf ygvDreftrwfume,f0uf(cs)0k'fwkdY ZeD;armifESH a&mufvmpOfu
0HomEktrsKd;orD;toif;olrsm;onf a,mxbD? yifeDESifha'gif;y0g&Snfrsm;jcKHum jref
rmhZmwdaoG; Zmwdrmefudk xnf0gcefYnm;pGm az:jycJhMuonf/
ume,f0uf(cs)0k'farmifESHrSm yxrqkH;tMudrf bk&m;ay:odkY zdeyfcRwfíwuf
olrsm;jzpfonf/

5. E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org
]]a'gif;rdcif awmifyHuscsdefrkdY ysH<ubdkY cufw,f}}[laom tm;EGJUonfhpnfawmf
oHrsm;vnf; oDqkdcJhMuonf/ ]]jrefrmwcGif? jyKH;jyKH;csKdcsKdESifh? jrL;&atmif rMumcif[krf;
qkdbJ(&l;)&,fESifh okH;ovkd txl;omy? taMumif;tusKd;raoG? aumif;usKd;taxGaxG
&,fESifh cRefapjrapaom? a'gif;tkd;a0&,fvkdY wGefap uapaom}}qkdonfhtwkdif;
jidrf;csrf;om,m at;jra&;twGuf a'gif;edrdwfudk ,lcJhMujcif; jzpfygonf/
Oa'w,H? tayw,H arm&okwfudkvnf; tEÅ&m,fuif;atmif &Gwfavh&SdMu
onf/ a&Twd*kHapwDawmfpdefzl;ay:rS &wemckepfyg; a'gif;&kyfrsm;udk trsm;MunfndK
&ef jyoxm;pOfu tvGefqef;jym;wifhw,fonfudk awGUvkdufzl;ygonf/ jrefrmwkdY
a'gif;udk jrwfEkd;pGJvrf;wG,fwmjcif;rSm ya'o&mZfacwfukd wrf;wír[kwfyg/
bk&ifrsm; cwfESdyfcJhaom a'gif;'*Fg;rsm;twGuf bk&ifudk trSwf&jcif; r[kwf? bm
oma&;t& MunfndKrIvnf;ygonf/ EkdifiHa&;t& Zmwdrmef vIHYaqmfay;cJhaom
vufeufwyg;vnf;jzpfonf/
,if;udk trSeftwkdif;jzifh jrifMunfhMubkdY vkdtyfvSayonf/ a'gif;'*Fg;puf&kH
MuD; bk&ifu wnfaqmufcJhí a'gif;ESifhbk&if qufpyfonf rqkdEkdifay/ a'gif;tvH
rSm bMuD;awmfbk&m;vufxuf &EÅydkpmcsKyftjyD; t*FvdyfwHqdyfae&mwGif jrefrm
Oa'gif;wHqdyfcwfESdyfxm;aom tvHawmfudk wkdifxdyfwGif vTifhwifcJhaMumif;/ ydwf
jzL(9)awmif+(6)awmif&Sd teDay:wGif a&TtxGwfjc,fxm;aom a'gif;tvHjzpfonf
[k od&ygonf/
a'gif;tvSudk wG,fwmpdwfjzifh &Sifr[m&|om&u]]arsmufuMudK;acG? a'gif;
tkd;a0ESifh}}[lívnf;aumif;? &Sifr[moDv0Hou ]]a'gif;waiG;rS? rai;Muzl;}}[lí
vnf;aumif;? ]]orifuawmuf? a'gif;uaiguf}}[k e0a';MuD;uvnf;aumif;? ]]O
a'gif;uaigif? aMumifu 0yfrnf}}[k wGif;oif;rif;MuD;vnf;aumif; a'gif;taMumif;
pmzGJUcJhMuygonf/ i,fpOfu rGJajcmufajcmufESifhMuD;vmrS tarG;tawmifpkHum tvS
<u,fvmaom a'gif;rsm;udk pmzGJUí rqkH;EkdifMuyg/
a'gif;wGefoHonf vnfacsmif;oHygí tvGefpl;&Sojzifh awmeufxJ wdwf
qdwfaeonfhtcg Mum;&vQif vefYpzG,f aumif;onf[k ykd;vTm&pfokdif; ta&SUwkdif;
(Silken East) pmtkyfwGif AGDpDtkdaumfemu az:jycJhonfudk zwfzl;ygonf/ zmyGefe,f
,Gef;pvif;acsmif; eHeufcif;aea&mifEkEkwGif a'gif;jrL;avh&SdaMumif;? a'gif;jrL;
acsmif;om,mykHtaMumif;rsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;zG,fa&;cJhzl;ygonf/ tNrJpdrf;vef;ae

6. E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org
aom opfawmopfyifrsm;ay:wGif a'gif;rsm;em;aewwfonfhtwGuf olpdrf;ndK
a&mif tarT;tawmifrsm;udk &efol&kwfw&uf rjrifEkdifatmif obm0u zefwD;ay;
onf[lívnf; qkdxkdufygonf/
a'gif;om;onf tvGefEl;nhH/ a'gif;udk tNrD;twGuf vkdcsifMuaomfvnf;
owf&ufp&mr&Sd/ uRefrwdkYi,fpOfu rkqkd;rsm;u rsufESmvkd tm;& vmykdYaoma'gif;
om;rsm;udk pm;cJhzl;ojzifh rduGJzuGJ w&yfwaus;rSm tajcpkduf&onf[k araru &if
empGmjzifh ajymjycJhzl;&m pdwfraumif;jzpf&ygonf/ [kwfyJ[kwfavrvm;/ a'gif;oD
csif;av;awGudk owd&wkdif; oem;rdygonf/
wkdYArmtpnf;t&kH;twGuf xkdacwfu a&;pyfcJhMuaoma'gif;oDcsif;rSm Zmwd
rmefjrihfrm;a&; taxmuftulrsm;pGm jyKcJhonf/
rcifatmifa&TOa'gif;oDcsif;? rMunfatmifa&Ta'gif;uGufoDcsif; a&TO
a'gif;oDcsif;? rMunfvIdifa'gif;oDcsif;? ppfukdif;jruav;a'gif;jyefEG,foDcsif;rsm;
rSm rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfudk vIYHaqmfay;cJhMuonf/
ikdufrsOf;awGa0 tm;avsmhaeaom jrefrmwkdYtwGuf xufjrufaom tm;aq;
MuD;jzpfonf/
]]a'gif;a&mifaearS;oukd tckdufwGifrS? acgif;aqmifawG a&S;e*kdrvkdufjyef
awmh? ta&;xdkxkdEIduf? tckduftcGifhr[ef? acG;vkdudkufcsifMuwJh p&kduftusifhwef}}[l
aomav;csKd;rSm q&mMuD;rIdif;u&kPma'gaomtzGJUav;yif jzpfygonf/
1931-ckESpfavmufwGif yJa&mufukrÜPDrS ]]wkdYa'gif;v}}HZmwfum;ukd a&Twkdif
ñTefYoDcsif;jzifh pnf;&kH;cJhonf/
]]a'gif;'*Fg;}}Zmwfum;wGifvnf; a*smh'*Fg;udk rokH;vkdaMumif; ay:vGifapcJh
onf/ at0rf;zvif]]a&Ta'gif;awmif}}Zmwfum;vnf; jycJhonf/ om;a&Ta'gif;
awmif[líyif &kduful;jyocJhao;onf/ q&ma&TwkdifñTefY? q,fhESpfvrf;q&mazgifESifh
'*kefq&mwifwkdYvuf&mrsm;rSm tvGefacwfpm;cJhygonf/
vlxka':trma&Ta'gif;awmifuAsmrsm;udkvnf; trSwf&Muygvdrfhrnf/ t
rsKd;om;aeY*kPfjyKa&;wGif wzufwvrf;rS Zmwdrmef wuf<uap&ef vIHYaqmfay;cJh

7. E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org
aom a'gif;tvHrsm; wvlvlvTifhcJhMuonfhacwfudk jrifa,mifum pdwfMunfEl;rdyg
onf/
apmrkHnif;
rSwfcsuf/ /1981-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dvxkwf ppfjyefr*¾Zif; pmrsufESm(113 rS 115)
xdvm&Sdaomaqmif;yg;udk jyifqifjcif;r&SdbJ &kdufESdyfxm;ygonf/