Kinds of vocabulary

2. Vocabulary
Vocabulary is the glue which holds
stories ,ideas and content together…
making comprehension accessible for
children” Clark 1993
Vocabulary difficulty strongly impacts
text difficulty (Klare, 1984)

3. Vocabulary instruction
Types of vocabulary:
• Listening- words needed to
understand what we hear
• Speaking- words used when speaking
• Reading- words needed to understand
what we read
• Writing- words used in writing

4. Cont…
Research says…
Most vocabulary is
learned indirectly,
but some must be
directly taught
Indirect
Learning
Direct
Learning
•Conversati
ons
•Being read
to
•Reading
independent
ly
•Explicitly
taught words
and word-
learning
strategies

5. Two Vocabulary
Dimensions
• Breadth
– The number of words that a student knows, at
least at a superficial level
• Depth
– How well the student knows a word, including
pronunciation, spelling, meaning, frequency, and
morphological and syntactic properties
• Morphology – The formation, internal structure, and
derivations of words
• Syntax – The arrangement of words within phrases,
clauses, and sentences

6. Strategies to Increase
Vocabulary Development
• Implicit
– Wide reading
• Readers learn new words by repeatedly encountering them in text
• Explicit
– Instruction
• Structural Analysis: The use of word parts
– Prefixes- word part added to beginning of a root or word: preheat
– Suffixes- word part added to the end of a word or root and usually
changes the word’s part of speech: cloud (n) Cloudy (adj)
– Roots-Word parts that carry the basic or core meaning of a word:
scrib/script = write
– Compounds-A new word formed by two words: paperwork
• Use of context clues
• Efficient use of the dictionary

7. Vocabulary Intervention
involves three tiers:
• Tier 1 – basic words (happy, clean, fast)
• Tier 2 – high frequency words; mature
language users; multiple meanings; used in
many settings (cluster, sympathy, estimate)
• Tier 3 – low frequency, specific to classes
such as: science/math/social studies (lathe,
chasm, warp)

8. Vocabulary in ContextVocabulary in Context
The words around an unfamiliar word
that give you clues about the unknown
word’s meaning

9. How Does Vocabulary in
Context work? Most writers leave
context clues as
they write. It is
our job as the
reader to hunt
them down!

10. Context CluesContext Clues
The 4 Types
• Rewording the word.
• Giving its Synonym.
• Giving its Antonym.
• Giving us Details about
the word.
There are 4 main types ofThere are 4 main types of
Context CluesContext Clues

11. Context Clues:Context Clues:
RewordingRewording
Rewording is when the
author says the word in
another way, that is
typically easier to
understand.

12. Now You Give It A Try!Now You Give It A Try!
The Cruise family moved from their
house, that was old and
run-down, into a brand new home.
dilapidated
What does the word
dilapidated mean here?
HINT: In REWORDINGREWORDING, the context
clues are often hidden between commas!
Context Clues:Context Clues: RewordingRewording

13. Context Clues:Context Clues: SynonymsSynonyms
A writer sometimes uses synonym context clues
to help with hard words. A synonym context
clue is one or two words that mean almost the
same as the one that the author does not
expect us to know.

14. Context Clues:Context Clues:
SynonymsSynonyms
Let’s Look at an Example:
What does the word aloof mean in this
sentence?
The young girl was very . She
always seemed unsociable,
unapproachable, and uninterested.
aloof

15. Context Clues:Context Clues:
SynonymsSynonyms

16. Context Clues:Context Clues:
SynonymsSynonyms
The young girl was very
aloof. She always seemed
unsociable, unapproachable,
and uninterested.
Our context clue is HERE!

17. unsociable, unapproachable,
and uninterested.
Context Clues:Context Clues:
SynonymsSynonyms
The young girl was very
aloof. She always seemed
All three of
these words
are synonyms
to help us
with the
original word
aloof
The word aloof means:

18. Context Clues:Context Clues:
SynonymsSynonyms
Now You Give It A Try!Now You Give It A Try!
The three brothers began to
over the game.
This was not the first time that they
had a dispute over it.
altercate
What does the word altercate mean here?
HINT: SYNONYMSYNONYM context clues are
often hidden in surrounding sentences!

19. Context Clues:Context Clues:
SynonymsSynonyms
The three brothers began to
altercate over the game.
This was not the first time that
they had a over it.
Did you find anyDid you find any Context Clues????Context Clues????
dispute
Altercate means the
same as

20. Context Clues:Context Clues: AntonymsAntonyms
A writer is using antonym context clues when
they use a word with opposite meaning to give
us hints about the word that they don’t think
we will know.

21. Context Clues:Context Clues: AntonymsAntonyms
Let’s Look at an Example:
Dianna appeared to be a very moral
and upstanding young lady, but
those who knew her knew that she
was iniquitous.
What does the word iniquitous mean in
this sentence?

22. Context Clues:Context Clues:
AntonymsAntonyms
Lets Go FindLets Go Find
Those Clues!Those Clues!
Antonym Context Clues often take a little
more detective work to understand.

23. Dianna appeared to be a very
moral and upstanding young
lady, those who knew her
knew that she was iniquitous.
Context Clues:Context Clues: AntonymsAntonyms
but
The word BUT
tells us that the
two parts of the
sentence
represent opposite
points of view
about Dianna
There is a special word in this sentenceThere is a special word in this sentence
that hints at the presence of anthat hints at the presence of an antonymantonym..

24. Context Clues:Context Clues: AntonymsAntonyms
Dianna appeared to be
a very
young lady, but those
who knew her knew
that she was
The two opposite
points of view
are:
1. That Dianna is
moral and
upstanding.
2. That she is
iniquitous
moral and upstanding
iniquitous
therefore means thetherefore means the oppositeopposite ofof
Iniquitous must mean evil and immoral

25. Context Clues:Context Clues: AntonymsAntonyms
Now You Give It A Try!Now You Give It A Try!
David was very outgoing as opposed to
his older sister.coy
What does the word coy mean here?
HINT: ANTONYMANTONYM context clues always have hint
words to tell us that there are opposites present!

26. Context Clues:Context Clues: AntonymsAntonyms
David was very outgoing
his coy older sister.
Did you find
the hint
words?
as opposed to
Coy must mean the
opposite of outgoing!

27. Context Clues:Context Clues: DetailsDetails
A writer is using details as context clues when
they give us explanations or examples as hints
about the word that they don’t think we will
know.

28. Context Clues:Context Clues: DetailsDetails
There are
several
different kinds
of Context
Clues that are
Details.
• Details that are
examples of the
unknown word.
• Details that tell why the
unknown word has taken
place.
• Details that explain how
the word relates to
other things the author
has stated.

29. Let’s Look at an Example:
Context Clues:Context Clues: DetailsDetails
Father was because
Joshua decided to go to the college
that he wanted him to.
ecstatic
What does the word ecstatic mean in this
sentence?

30. Context Clues:Context Clues: DetailsDetails

31. Joshua decided to
go to the college that he
wanted him to.
Context Clues:Context Clues: DetailsDetails
There is a special word in this sentenceThere is a special word in this sentence
that hints at the presence of athat hints at the presence of a
detaildetail.. The word
BECAUSE tells us
that the writer is
about to say why
Father was
ecstatic.
because
Father was ecstatic
““Ecstatic” was how Father feltEcstatic” was how Father felt
Ecstatic
must mean
the same
as happy!

32. Context Clues:Context Clues: DetailsDetails
Now You Give It A Try!Now You Give It A Try!
Brian was when he left the
school building. He ran through the
halls, jumped in his car, and sped off.
expeditious
What does the word expeditious mean here?

33. Context Clues:Context Clues: DetailsDetails
Brian was expeditious when he
left the school building.
Did you figure out
what types of details
the writer is giving
us about how Brian
left school?
How did Brian leave?How did Brian leave?
He ran through the halls,
jumped in his car, and sped
off.

34. Activity time

35. Context Clues:Context Clues: ReviewReview
There are 4 main types ofThere are 4 main types of
Context CluesContext Clues
 Rewording the word.
 Giving its Synonym.
 Giving its Antonym.
 Giving Details about it.

36. Context Clues:Context Clues: PracticePractice
Now it is your turn to follow the clues!
The next few
slides are sentences
with context clues that
you can hunt out on your
own. Write down your
answers as you go along.

37. Context Clues:Context Clues: Practice #1Practice #1
Mallery’s mom thought that the new
outfit that she had bought for her
was . Mallery did not want to
break it to her, but it was totally out
of style.
modish
Questions:Questions:
Which type of context clue is being used here?Which type of context clue is being used here?
What does the wordWhat does the word modishmodish mean in this sentence?mean in this sentence?

38. Context Clues:Context Clues: Practice #2Practice #2
, not being able to sleep at
night, can be linked to an excessive
intake of caffeine throughout the
day.
Insomnia
Questions:Questions:
Which type of context clue is being used here?Which type of context clue is being used here?
What does the wordWhat does the word insomniainsomnia mean in this sentence?mean in this sentence?

39. Context Clues:Context Clues: Practice #3Practice #3
The woman enjoyed the of the
soup. It had a hint of spices
balanced with the perfect amount of
sweetness.
savor
Questions:Questions:
Which type of context clue is being used here?Which type of context clue is being used here?
What does the wordWhat does the word savorsavor mean in this sentence?mean in this sentence?

40. Context Clues:Context Clues: Practice #4Practice #4
The day had proven to be very .
Before the sun had even risen, it was
already hot outside.
torrid
Questions:Questions:
Which type of context clue is being used here?Which type of context clue is being used here?
What does the wordWhat does the word torridtorrid mean in this sentence?mean in this sentence?

41. Context Clues:Context Clues: Practice #5Practice #5
It is our custom that the bride and
groom only wear the finest
on their wedding day.
raiment
Questions:Questions:
Which type of context clue is being used here?Which type of context clue is being used here?
What does the wordWhat does the word raimentraiment mean in this sentence?mean in this sentence?

42. Context Clues:Context Clues: Practice #6Practice #6
Though many types of birds fly in
groups, Eagles are birds of solitude.
Questions:Questions:
Which type of context clue is being used here?Which type of context clue is being used here?
What does the wordWhat does the word solitudesolitude mean in this sentence?mean in this sentence?

43. Context Clues:Context Clues: PracticePractice
Now, lets seeNow, lets see
how you did!how you did!

44. Context Clues:Context Clues:
Practice Answer #1Practice Answer #1
Mallery’s mom thought
that the new outfit
that she had bought
for her was modish.
Mallery did not want
to break it to her, but
it was totally out of
style.
This context
clue was an
Antonym. Here,
modish means
the same as
stylish.

45. Context Clues:Context Clues:
Practice Answer #2Practice Answer #2
Insomnia, not
being able to
sleep at night,
can be linked to
an excessive
intake of
caffeine
throughout the
day.
The context
clue here was
Rewording.
Here, insomnia
means not able
to sleep at
night.
{Click mouse to continue}

46. Context Clues:Context Clues:
Practice Answer #3Practice Answer #3
The woman enjoyed
the savor of the
soup. It had a hint
of spices balanced
with the perfect
amount of sweetness.
This context
clue was a Detail.
Here, savor
means the same
as flavor.

47. Context Clues:Context Clues:
Practice Answer #4Practice Answer #4
The day had proven to be very
torrid. Before the sun had even
risen, it was already hot outside.
This context
clue was a
synonym. Here,
torrid means the
same as hot.

48. Context Clues:Context Clues:
Practice Answer #5Practice Answer #5
It is our
custom that
the bride and
groom only
wear the
finest raiment
on their
wedding day.
This context
clue was a Detail.
Here, raiment
means clothes.

49. Context Clues:Context Clues:
Practice Answer #5Practice Answer #5
Though many types of birds fly in groups,
Eagles are birds of solitude.
This context clue was
an antonym. Here,
solitude means to be
alone.

51. References
• Baumann, J.F., & Kameenui, E.J. (1991). Research on vocabulary instruction:
Ode to Voltaire. In J. Flood, D. Lapp, & J. R. Squire (Eds.), Handbook of
research on teaching the English language arts (pp. 604-632). New
York:Macmillan.
• McWhorter, K. (2006). Guide to College Reading. New York: Pearson
Longman.
• McWhorter, K. (2006). Vocabulary simplified: Strategies for building your
college vocabulary. New York: Pearson Longman.
• Quian, D.D. (1998). Depth of vocabulary knowledge: Assessing its role in
adults’ reading comprehension in English as a second
language.Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
• Quian, D. D. (1999). Assess the roles of depth and breadth of vocabulary
knowledge in reading comprehension. Canadian Modern Language
Review, 56, 282-308.
• Texas Education Agengy. 2003). Promoting vocabulary development:
Components of effective vocabulary instruction, Texas Reading Initiative,
– Austin, TX, (No. GEO1 105 04).