Atomic Energy Canada LLC (AECL) was commissioned to optimize and verify the physical parameters of an ultrafine pozzolanic cementitious grout developed by Sandia National Laboratories for the U.S. Department of Energy. Key excerpts from that research report are reprinted in this slide deck.
An Experimental Paper on Compressive Strength of Pervious Concreteijtsrd
Pervious concrete has been in use in many countries over more than a century. Its higher porosity helps in percolating rain water directly to ground and thereby helps in recharging groundwater aquifer. In this study, pervious concrete of sizes of 6.3mm size aggregate were prepared with different water cement ratios to find the compressive strength. The purpose of this project is to analyze the feasibility of producing highly sustainable no fine concrete mixtures and evaluating the effect of W c ratio on the properties of pervious concrete. Porous concrete is produced by using ordinary Portland cement, coarse aggregates, and water. This concrete is tested for its property compressive strength. The results showed that the water cement ratio showed significant effect on compressive strength of Pervious concrete. S. Suryasri | Mr. K. S. B. Prasad "An Experimental Paper on Compressive Strength of Pervious Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28121.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/transport-engineering/28121/an-experimental-paper-on-compressive-strength-of-pervious-concrete/s-suryasri
An Experimental Paper on Compressive Strength of Pervious Concreteijtsrd
Pervious concrete has been in use in many countries over more than a century. Its higher porosity helps in percolating rain water directly to ground and thereby helps in recharging groundwater aquifer. In this study, pervious concrete of sizes of 6.3mm size aggregate were prepared with different water cement ratios to find the compressive strength. The purpose of this project is to analyze the feasibility of producing highly sustainable no fine concrete mixtures and evaluating the effect of W c ratio on the properties of pervious concrete. Porous concrete is produced by using ordinary Portland cement, coarse aggregates, and water. This concrete is tested for its property compressive strength. The results showed that the water cement ratio showed significant effect on compressive strength of Pervious concrete. S. Suryasri | Mr. K. S. B. Prasad "An Experimental Paper on Compressive Strength of Pervious Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28121.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/transport-engineering/28121/an-experimental-paper-on-compressive-strength-of-pervious-concrete/s-suryasri
Rheology of Fresh Self Compacted Concrete - Concrete Shear Box_ Ajay and Dr.G...ajay nagaraj
Flow characterization and controlling fresh property of SCC is most critical. Even slight variations in ingredients can have adverse effect on fresh properties; strength and durability of hardened concrete. The material science approach to study rheological properties is essential in order to overcome the paucity posed while characterizing mixes by empirical methods such as the slump flow test.
In the present work, the Bingham parameters of SCC were assessed by using the new concrete shear box. The mixes were designed considering volume of paste based on absolute volume concept. Three different volumes of pastes (0.38, 0.40 and 0.42) with water contents of 170 and 190 lt/m3 and cement contents of 300 and 450 kg/m3 along with slag as filler was used. A unique test procedure was followed, by applying low normal stresses of 0.10, 0.20 and 0.30 MPa with three different displacement rates of 1, 5 and 15mm/min under static condition. The results indicate that the new concrete shear box shall effectively put to use, as an additional tool for evaluating the rheological properties of SCC viz., yield stress and plastic viscosity
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Improving the Performance of Recycled Aggregate Pervious Concrete via Cement ...Patrick Barnhouse, E.I.T
A preliminary study of high porosity pervious concrete for non-pavement applications. Also discussed is the feasibility of including recycled aggregate and the photocatalyst titanium dioxide in the mix design.
Experimental Characterization of Mortar Made From Local Fine Aggregate Used F...ijceronline
Mortar as a building component has been in use in Nigeria and many nations for a very long time. However, the high and increasing cost of the constituent materials has contributed to the nonrealization of adequate housing for both urban and rural dwellers in many African countries. But, mortar like any typical building component, has properties that are used for their classification, quality determination and hence, their application. In this research, tests were performed on mortar blocks containing cement and sand in varying mix proportions, i.e. mix ratios of 1:4, 1:3, 1:2 and 1:1 and water/cement ratios of 0.75, 0.66, 0.44 and 0.38, respectively (CEMEX mortars testing) were used to determine the effect of sand from Coscone in Awka, Niger Bridge River Sand in Onitsha, Obichuluekwe river sand in Nimo and NAU(Unizik) soil, all in Anambra State on compressive strength of mortar cubes. A total of 144 mortar cubs (48 mortar cubs from each soil sample) were tested to determine the effect of sand on compressive strength. The tests include sieve analysis, compressive strength and specific gravity. The main variables in this investigation were the sand and mix proportions. All tests were carried out in accordance with the British Standards. For the mortar samples, the tests results showed that, depending on the mix proportions, the mortars have different compressive strengths. The test results also indicated that the improvement in these engineering properties (i.e. compressive strength) of the mortars increased as the ratio of sand to cement decreased. This shows that, the more of sand added to the same quantity of cement, the lower the compressive strength of mortar.
Strength and Durability Aspects of Crushed Stone Sand A Reviewijtsrd
As a result of ban on natural sand obtained from river there is deficiency of fine aggregate used in construction industry. As a replacement for the river sand the crushed stone sand is used nowadays. In this paper a effort is made to summaries the findings done by various researches and conclusive statement is made about till date study carried in regards of crushed stone sand. Prof. Dr. M. B. Chougule | Mr. A. L. Mulla "Strength and Durability Aspects of Crushed Stone Sand: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31052.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/31052/strength-and-durability-aspects-of-crushed-stone-sand-a-review/prof-dr-m-b-chougule
US Grout manufactures Ultrafine and Microfine Cementitious Grouts. Made from Portland cement, pumice, and super-plasticizers, US Grouts are super-charged with natural pumice pozzolan, effectively overcoming the deleterious effects inherent in standard cementitious grouts. US Grout Ultrafine, with an average particle size of 3 microns, will effectively penetrate and seal micro fractures and completely grout dense silty soils. These are truly superior cementitious grouts that have effective application for sealing microfractures in rock, “squeeze” cementing in the petroleum industry, repairing concrete structures, improving the bearing capacity of weak soils, and limiting the migration of contaminants in environmental remediation.
Rheology of Fresh Self Compacted Concrete - Concrete Shear Box_ Ajay and Dr.G...ajay nagaraj
Flow characterization and controlling fresh property of SCC is most critical. Even slight variations in ingredients can have adverse effect on fresh properties; strength and durability of hardened concrete. The material science approach to study rheological properties is essential in order to overcome the paucity posed while characterizing mixes by empirical methods such as the slump flow test.
In the present work, the Bingham parameters of SCC were assessed by using the new concrete shear box. The mixes were designed considering volume of paste based on absolute volume concept. Three different volumes of pastes (0.38, 0.40 and 0.42) with water contents of 170 and 190 lt/m3 and cement contents of 300 and 450 kg/m3 along with slag as filler was used. A unique test procedure was followed, by applying low normal stresses of 0.10, 0.20 and 0.30 MPa with three different displacement rates of 1, 5 and 15mm/min under static condition. The results indicate that the new concrete shear box shall effectively put to use, as an additional tool for evaluating the rheological properties of SCC viz., yield stress and plastic viscosity
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Improving the Performance of Recycled Aggregate Pervious Concrete via Cement ...Patrick Barnhouse, E.I.T
A preliminary study of high porosity pervious concrete for non-pavement applications. Also discussed is the feasibility of including recycled aggregate and the photocatalyst titanium dioxide in the mix design.
Experimental Characterization of Mortar Made From Local Fine Aggregate Used F...ijceronline
Mortar as a building component has been in use in Nigeria and many nations for a very long time. However, the high and increasing cost of the constituent materials has contributed to the nonrealization of adequate housing for both urban and rural dwellers in many African countries. But, mortar like any typical building component, has properties that are used for their classification, quality determination and hence, their application. In this research, tests were performed on mortar blocks containing cement and sand in varying mix proportions, i.e. mix ratios of 1:4, 1:3, 1:2 and 1:1 and water/cement ratios of 0.75, 0.66, 0.44 and 0.38, respectively (CEMEX mortars testing) were used to determine the effect of sand from Coscone in Awka, Niger Bridge River Sand in Onitsha, Obichuluekwe river sand in Nimo and NAU(Unizik) soil, all in Anambra State on compressive strength of mortar cubes. A total of 144 mortar cubs (48 mortar cubs from each soil sample) were tested to determine the effect of sand on compressive strength. The tests include sieve analysis, compressive strength and specific gravity. The main variables in this investigation were the sand and mix proportions. All tests were carried out in accordance with the British Standards. For the mortar samples, the tests results showed that, depending on the mix proportions, the mortars have different compressive strengths. The test results also indicated that the improvement in these engineering properties (i.e. compressive strength) of the mortars increased as the ratio of sand to cement decreased. This shows that, the more of sand added to the same quantity of cement, the lower the compressive strength of mortar.
Strength and Durability Aspects of Crushed Stone Sand A Reviewijtsrd
As a result of ban on natural sand obtained from river there is deficiency of fine aggregate used in construction industry. As a replacement for the river sand the crushed stone sand is used nowadays. In this paper a effort is made to summaries the findings done by various researches and conclusive statement is made about till date study carried in regards of crushed stone sand. Prof. Dr. M. B. Chougule | Mr. A. L. Mulla "Strength and Durability Aspects of Crushed Stone Sand: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31052.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/31052/strength-and-durability-aspects-of-crushed-stone-sand-a-review/prof-dr-m-b-chougule
US Grout manufactures Ultrafine and Microfine Cementitious Grouts. Made from Portland cement, pumice, and super-plasticizers, US Grouts are super-charged with natural pumice pozzolan, effectively overcoming the deleterious effects inherent in standard cementitious grouts. US Grout Ultrafine, with an average particle size of 3 microns, will effectively penetrate and seal micro fractures and completely grout dense silty soils. These are truly superior cementitious grouts that have effective application for sealing microfractures in rock, “squeeze” cementing in the petroleum industry, repairing concrete structures, improving the bearing capacity of weak soils, and limiting the migration of contaminants in environmental remediation.
influence of sand grading on strength and durability of mortar.Aaquib ansari
this ppt deals with the comp. strength, drying shrinkage and different parameters which helps to understand the behavior of the sand mortar. Mortar mix 1:3 and 1:4 were prepared and analysed for water cement ratio 0.5. also the effect of acids like HCL and H2SO4 is observed on mortars
A Study on Load Carrying Capacity of Stone Column’s Embedded in Compacted Pon...ijtsrd
Pond ash deposits possess high compressibility, low bearing capacity so acres of land get wasted. Improvement of load carrying capacity of ash ponds will make them suitable for residential or commercial use. Stone or compacted stone columns is a technique of soil reinforcement that is frequently implemented in soft cohesive soils to increase the bearing capacity of the foundation soil, to reduce the settlement, and to accelerate the consolidation of surrounding saturated soft soil. The stress strain behavior of the granular column is governed mainly by the lateral confining pressure mobilized in the native soft soil to restrain bulging collapse of the granular column. Several works have been done relating to study the effectiveness of stone column on cohesive material, along with the effect of encasement and without encasement over the stone column. However no studies have been made to explore the effectiveness of stone columns in pond ash deposits. This study relates to there in for cement of pond ash with stone column and possibility of utilizing abandoned ash pond sites for residential or commercial use. The purpose of this work is to assess the suitability of reinforcing technique by stone columns to improve the load carrying capacity of pond ash deposits through several laboratory model tests. This objective is achieved in two parts. In the first stage the characterization of pond ash is made along with the evaluation of the mechanical properties like compaction characteristics under different loading conditions, evaluation of shear strength parameters using Direct Shear Test, Unconfined compression test, Triaxial test at different testing conditions. This is done basically to find out the inherent strength of the pond ash compacted to different densities and at different degree of saturation. In the second series of tests the shear parameters of the compacted pond ash samples reinforced with stone columns of varying area ratios and length ratios are evaluated from triaxial compression test. In addition to this stone columns having different are a ratio and length ratios are introduced in compacted pond ash beds and the bearing capacity of the composite system is evaluated through a series of footing loading tests. For this a circular footing of 75mm in diameter is used. Anurag Dwivedi | Prof. Afzal Khan "A Study on Load Carrying Capacity of Stone Column’s Embedded in Compacted Pond Ash" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52032.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52032/a-study-on-load-carrying-capacity-of-stone-column’s-embedded-in-compacted-pond-ash/anurag-dwivedi
Experimental Evaluation of Sulphate Limits of Mixing Water in Concrete Mortar...ijtsrd
A uniform mix of cement with sand and water is referred as Cement Mortar. But this combination of cement, sand and water has gone obsolete now a days. As, today is high pace time for infrastructure, rather high strength durable infrastructure, so, many more materials are tested to be added with cement mortar to improve its engineering properties and to replace the costliest material viz. cement. Today is the scenario of sky scrapping and complex infrastructures, which results in increasing demand of basic civil engineering material i.e. cement. Engineers are looking for alternative of expensive construction since long. Cement, binder in mortar, is an expensive and exorbitant civil engineering material and it increases the Constructional budget. Not only this, but also cement marks the highest consumption throughout the world after water. Pozzolanic materials also possess binding properties and are inert in nature thus reducing heat of hydration. Pozzolanic materials generally used in mortar production are as follows Slag Fly ash, Silica fume Metakaolin, etc, Pulkit Garg | Mr. Shashi Sharma "Experimental Evaluation of Sulphate Limits of Mixing Water in Concrete Mortar Mix" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49411.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/49411/experimental-evaluation-of-sulphate-limits-of-mixing-water-in-concrete-mortar-mix/pulkit-garg
Analyzing Effects of Various Kinds of Multi-Wall Carbo Nanotubes (MWCNT) on P...crimsonpublisherscojrr
Due to the significance and unique properties of Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT), in the present investigation, the viability of these materials in the Water-Based Mud (WBM) is assessed. The impacts of various kinds of MWCNT, mud additives and surfactants on the rheological properties, water loss and drilling fluid stability of the WBM are experimentally investigated. The results have demonstrated various kinds of MWCNT, additives, and surfactants have affected the rheological properties of the WBM. Adding MWCNT and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) alone or together decrease the terms of rheological properties performance as subsequent order CNT; CNT + PEG; PEG. Surface modified carbon nanotube (Functionalize Carbon Nano Tube [FCNT]) improves rheological properties of the WBM and increases the shale recovery. All in all, the presence of Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes increases the efficiency of polymers and improves the rheological properties and performance of the water base mud.
durability aspects in reference to permeable voids and leaching of calcium hy...IJCMESJOURNAL
The concrete industry is constantly looking for supplementary cementitious material with the objective of reducing the solid waste disposal problem. Fly ash (FA) and Quarry sand (QS) are some among the solid wastes generated by industry. The Quarry sand is one such material which can be used to replace sand as fine aggregate. To overcome from this crisis, partial replacement of natural sand (NS) with Quarry sand and partial replacement of cement with FA can be an economic alternative. This research is carried to study the effect of replacement of sand by Quarry sand and cement by fly ash with using admixture in concrete, especially in reference to permeable voids development, compressive strength, leaching of Ca(OH)2 in curing water and RCPT at 28, 56 and 90 days of age. A M25, M30, M40 Grade concrete were chosen for research. The mix design was carried out and three combinations were chosen, first combination using 100% Natural sand and 100% cement ( treated as controlled mix).In second combination 100%Natural sand is replaced by Quarry sand and cement remains100%. In third combination 30% cement is replaced by Fly ash and 45% Natural sand is replaced by Quarry sand (treated as critical mix). These were chosen from 30 combinations of variable % of Natural sand and Quarry sand and fly ash. The study is aim at understanding the performance of critical mix in reference to controlled mix and concrete containing 100% quarry sand. It is observed that if quarry and is used for concrete then suitable percentage natural sand and fly ash must be added to achieve desired compressive strength and performance of concrete.
Research Experience for Undergraduates : Comparative flexural behaviour of ce...Nishanth Patil
ABSTRACT :
A material with both strength and ductility is the need of the hour, and more so in the construction industry. Since reinforced concrete sections are relatively less ductile in compression and shear, flexural yielding is an attractive proposition, ensuing ductile behaviour of the structural elements and their connections. The much-celebrated union of the quasi-brittle cement matrix and ductile steel reinforcement is plagued by stiffness degradation, which subsequently hampers the structures ability to adapt to load reversals, unexpected overloading post-construction, settlement effects etc. In addition, the deformation incompatibility between the matrix and the reinforcement leads to non-uniform strain distribution in reinforcement and composite matrix, high interfacial bond stress, disintegration at loads lower than the expected capacity of the composite section, ultimately affecting serviceability of the structure.
The flexural performance of cement composites reinforced with Carbon black (CB) and Carbon fibres (CF) was investigated according to ASTM D790-2003 and IS 516-1999.The variation in flexural behaviour like flexural strength, flexural modulus, toughness index, ductility index and displacement at failure was different according to the proportion of CB used. Though the use of CB only, did not show promising results mainly owing to stiffening of the composite, the trends observed when CB was hybridized with CF were encouraging, primarily leading to a 44 % increase in toughness and 32% increase in the ductility index over the plain cement sample for an optimum loading of 5% CB and 0.25% CF by wt of cement. Although the mechanical strength of pure CB composites is reduced, but they satisfy the basic requirements of lightweight construction materials.
For Indepth Conclusions and Analytics, Contact the undersigned :
Nishanth A, Patil : +91 72045 76727
Rock Melting: A Specialty Drilling System for Improved Hole Stability in Geot...swilsonmc
A Los Alamos National Laboratory team is actively reevaluating a
drilling system that uses electrically-heated graphite, or molybdenum
penetrators to melt a hole as it is slowly pushed through rock. The
primary result of a rock melting penetrator is to form molten material
that consolidates into a rugged glass lining, thus preventing hole
collapse and minimizing the potential for cross-flow and lost
circulation. Drilling fluid requirements are reduced or eliminated,
and the penetrator does not rotate.
Laboratory bench tests are being coupled with time-dependent
thermomechanical models to understand the physics of the process
and adapt rock melting to a variety of field environments.
The potential geothermal drilling applications include a wellbore seal
in lieu of intermediate casing particularly in areas of lost circulation
or borehole wall collapse. Additionally, by modifying the penetrator
tool, the system could be designed to melt through a stuck pipe or
bit, thereby eliminating cementing and redrilling. Modification of the
rock melting drill to allow injection of reagents and thinners into the
melt to increase penetration rates, and enhance glass liner properties
is also under investigation.
Stabilisation of clay subgrade using sawdust Ash and concrete debrisDKarthik SK
This project is done in Highway Research Station,Guindy ,Chennai.
We use concrete debris and sawdust ash as stabilizer for subgrade to increase CBR strength and reduce pavement thickness.
For details contact : skconnectme7@gmail.com
Experimental Study on High Strength Concrete using Industrial Wastesijtsrd
Generally the river sand is used as a fine aggregate on concrete and is obtained by mining the sand from river bed. Increased sand mining not only affects the aquifer of the river bed but also causes environmental problems. In recent days demand for river sand is increasing due to its lesser availability. Therefore the practice of replacing river sand with Metakaolin is taking a tremendous growth. It is inferred from the literature that replacement of Metakaolin upto 40 gives tremendous increase in the strength of the concrete above which the strength starts to decrease. Various literatures show that replacing with green sand 30 to 40 replacement seems to be effective. In both the cases the workability decreases with the increase in its quantity. Also Bottom ash and Metakaolin replacement results in the decrease of workability and it leads to uneconomic in the project. This paper presents the replacement of fine aggregate up to 40 . The river sand is replaced by Green sand, and Marble powder. The replacement levels of Green sand and marble powder varies from 5 , 10 , 15 and 20 . From the mix design, the w c ratio is taken to be 0.40. The specimens are to be casted, cured for the respective mix proportions and various strength characteristics of the concrete at 28 days are to be performed. The suitability of the replacement materials as fine aggregate for concrete has been assessed by comparing its strength. Sriram R | Mr. Prabakaran | Mrs. Uma Nambi ""Experimental Study on High Strength Concrete using Industrial Wastes"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23155.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/23155/experimental-study-on-high-strength-concrete-using-industrial-wastes/sriram-r
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PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
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Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
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Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
From Daily Decisions to Bottom Line: Connecting Product Work to Revenue by VP...
Key Excerpts from Research Study Done on a Unique Ultrafine Cementitious Grout
1. Key Excerpts
from a Commissioned
Research and Development
Report on a Unique
Ultrafine Cementitious Grout
Developed by Sandia Na0onal Laboratories
for the U.S. Department of Energy, the op0miza0on
and physical parameter determina0ons for this
unique, ultrafine, pozzolan-‐charged cemen00ous
grout was done by Atomic Energy Canada’s
Whiteshell Laboratories.
Tuesday, January 21, 14
2. The following excerpts are from the Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Whiteshell
Laboratories “Final Report on the Op0miza0on and Determina0on of the Physical
Parameters of Ultrafine Cemen00ous Grouts” for the Sandia Na0onal Laboratories.
“The major objec,ve of the laboratory tests undertaken...and discussed in this report was to op,mize
the quan,,es (weight percentage) of grout components: cement, pumice, superplas,cizer and W/CM
ra,o to produce an ultrafine grout paste with two hours injectability subsequent to mixing...the
selec,on criteria also included good rheological proper,es (i.e., stable unset grout paste, low viscosity),
low hydraulic conduc,vity and good mechanical proper,es.
Tests were also carried out to determine the par,cle size distribu,on, viscosity, seHng ,me and
bleed proper,es of the op,mized ultrafine cement-‐based grout pastes manufactured from a dry
pulverized grout mix with very fine par,cle size distribu,on (90% sub 6µm).” —from page 79, Atomic
Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) Whiteshell Laboratories Report
Tuesday, January 21, 14
3. RHEOLOGY
“Cement grouts are injected into the rock as a freshly mixed fluid, aPer which they harden into a rock-‐
like mass. The rheological proper,es [fluidity] of the freshly mixed grout control the workability of the
grout, determine the depth to which the grout will penetrate and seal the rock, the final hardened
condi,on of the grout and, to some extent, the longevity of the materials.” —page 7
“Early stage rheological proper,es are an important aspect of formula,on because the final proper,es
of a grout can be influenced if the grout workability is inconsistent with its emplacement method.
Excessive bleeding and segrega,on may result, altering the chemistry, integrity and long term stability
of the grout. Factors influencing rheology include the ini,al W/CM ra,os and composi,on and par,cle
size distribu,on of the cemen,,ous materials. Superplas,cizer is also added to the mix to increase the
desired flow and to set retarda,on proper,es.” —page 23
“The results show that the main factor affec,ng the rheological behavior of the mixtures, the fluidity of
the paste, was water content. However, as noted above, significant increase in water content can
produce grout pastes that may bleed and segregate, and hardened grout paste with high porosity, high
permeability and low compressive strength.” —page 23
Tuesday, January 21, 14
4. PUMICE POZZOLAN
“Previous work indicated that, in most explored cases, increasing the amount of pozzolanic material in
the mixes improved the pulveriza,on and rheological characteris,cs of the cement pastes. The
observed effect was aYributed to the decrease in the amount of cement and therefore to the decrease
in the extent and rate of hydra,on reac,ons.” —pages 9-‐10
“Pumice was used as the pozzolanic material. A series of engineering benefits is derived from the use of
pozzolanic materials, including improved resistance to chemical aYack, as the result of decreasing
alkalinity, and controlling the amount of readily soluble residual lime (Ca(OH)2), improved resistance to
thermal cracking (because of lower heat of hydra,on) and enhancement of strength and decreased
permeability because of pore refinement.” —page 12
“The reac,on of pozzolan with the lime already exis,ng in cement or liberated during the hydra,on
process modifies some proper,es of the cement and the resul,ng grout. Such an effect depends on
the amount of pozzolan added as well as on the proper,es of the cement and the ‘ac,vity’ of the
pozzolan added.” —page 26
Tuesday, January 21, 14
5. “The results indicated that, in most cases, increasing the amount of pumice in the mixes improved
the rheological characteris,cs of the grout pastes.... According to the results, up to 40 wt% of pumice
(pozzolan) could be added to obtain an acceptable 28-‐day compressive strength. The compressive
strength ranged between 32 MPa and 51.3 MPa. The addi,on of finer pumice to the mixes generally
increased the 28-‐day strength.” —page 26
“The pumice material used in this study was provided by Hess Pumice Products, Malad, Idaho.”
—page 12
“The lowering of the W/CM ra,o also increases strength. However, at any given W/CM ra,o, pumice
addi,on increases strength. The contribu,on of the pumice to the strength of grout is not linear. The
increase in pumice content does not necessarily lead to propor,onal effect on the grout strength.”
—page 33
“In general, pozzolanic materials increase the strength of the cement materials at both early and late
ages. At an early age, the gain is strength is aYributed to an accelera,on of the cement hydra,on, but
at later ages, the gain in strength is mostly the result of the pozzolanic reac,on.” —page 33
Tuesday, January 21, 14
6. LONGEVITY
“The main purpose of cement-‐based grout materials is to seal fractures in rock for perhaps tens of
thousands of years.” —page 21
“…it is known that the use of high water content in cement-‐based materials will tend to minimize
density and increase porosity of the hardened materials. Both factors not only govern the permeability
and diffusion, but also the mechanical proper,es and the durability of cement-‐based grouts.
Permeability and diffusion of ionic species in cemen,,ous grouts are important keys in the long-‐term
performance of grouts.” —page 10
Tuesday, January 21, 14
7. EFFECTIVENESS
“Prac,cal demonstra,on of the suitability of this grout to seal an anhydrite layer had been carried out
by Sandia Na,onal Labratories at the WIPP Repository. Using conven,onal grou,ng prac,ce, the
transmissivity of the rock mass was successfully reduced. The grout met all of its performance criteria
during the tests. Microscopic examina,on of grouted rock samples revealed that the grout conformed
totally to the irregular fracture morphology in the [rock] and that the grout penetrated fissures in the
[rock] with apertures smaller than 8 µm. The cement paste was stable, and did not separate into liquid
and solid phases, and maintained good workability for more than 3 hours aPer mixing. The grout
remained largely homogeneous during and aPer the injec,on into the rock.” —pages 10-‐11
“The hydraulic conduc,vity of grout is a factor which is dependent on porosity and is frequently used
as a measure of performance. The lower the conduc,vity, the beYer the sealing performance of the
grout. Water permeability measurements indicated the superior performance of the newly developed
ultrafine high-‐performance grouts. In all cases, the hydraulic conduc,vity was low and decreased with
permea,ng ,me. Con,nued reduc,on of permeability with ,me is, however, typical of the grout mixes
containing pozzolans.” —page 80
Tuesday, January 21, 14
8. “Microscopic examina,on of specimens sliced from sand columns grouted with [test specimen] grout
mixes aPer curing for 28 days confirmed the ability of the selected grouts to penetrate openings
between sand grains with a wide range of apertures.... Difficul,es were encountered during the
measurements of the very fine openings between the sand grains. In most cases it was difficult to
dis,nguish the boundaries between the grout and sand grains. Microscopic examina,on of grouted
specimens revealed that the sand grains were totally incorporated in the grout mass. The examina,on
also showed that the grout totally conformed to the irregulari,es of the sand grains. No disloca,on of
sand grains during cuHng of the specimens was observed, sugges,ng that a good bond was established
between grout and sand grains. [For example, Figure 13 on page 53 is cap,oned thusly]: Typical
Microstructure of Grouted Sand in Column #4 (Sand Grains 0.212/0.106 mm) aPer Injec,on with [test
specimen] Grout. Grout penetrated gaps with apertures between 8µm and 80 µm.” —page 46 and Figure
13 on page 53
“The proper,es of a material are recognized to originate from its internal microstructure, and these
proper,es can be modified by making suitable changes in the structure of the material. The low
hydraulic conduc,vity (<10-‐14 m/s) and good mechanical strength of the developed grouts can be
related to the grout’s dense microstructure and lack of pores with diameters larger than 0.1 µm.”
—page 77
Tuesday, January 21, 14
9. “The results from pore structure characteriza,on using Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP) indicate
differences in the total pore volume and pore sized distribu,on. [The permeability of grout is
associated with the microstructure.] The increase in the pumice content as well as the use of materials
with a very fine par,cle size distribu,on resulted in the development of microstructure with a lower,
less connected pore volume. The results from the pore structure characteriza,on indicate changes
occurred in the structure of the grout containing pumice during the permeability test [showing] a
decrease in the total volume and shiP of pore radii toward smaller values. The effects are considered to
be mostly caused by the con,nued hydra,on reac,on as well as the con,nua,on of the pozzolanic
reac,ons and, therefore, progressing densifica,on of the microstructure on the grout when in contact
with water. The absence of pores with diameters larger than 1 µm may explain the low hydraulic
conduc,vity of [the test] mixtures.” —page 65; 70
Tuesday, January 21, 14
10. The US GROUT STORY
The U.S. Department of Energy had a problem.
Under the New Mexican desert, 2,154 feet
down, located in a salt bed approximately 2,000
feet thick, the DOE had carved out a mul,-‐
chambered repository designed as a final res,ng
place for transuranic waste generated by the
na,on’s nuclear energy ac,vi,es—the Waste
Isola,on Pilot Plant (WIPP).
The weight of the overlying rock subjected
the underground storage chamber openings to
closure force. This force, equal in all direc,ons, is
roughly one pound per square inch per foot of
depth. Stress redistribu,on around the openings
resulted in the microfracturing of the salt,
extending into the enclosing salt as much as a
meter and a half. This microfractured rock salt,
called the “Disturbed Rock Zone,” would allow
brine and radionuclides to bypass
any seal placed in the tunnels.
An ultrafine cemen,,ous grout was required
to effec,vely seal these extremely small
fractures (oPen as small as 6 microns). Why
cemen,,ous? A cement-‐based grout was
needed “because of the long half-‐lives of many
of the radionuclides of concern, the seal material
[grout] must perform acceptably for thousands
of years.Ӡ As for the need for ultrafine: to enter
such ,ny fractures, the grout par,cles had to be
even smaller than the fracture width.
Commercially available microfine grouts were
analyzed by Sandia Na,onal Laboratories (the
scien,fic advisor for the Waste Isola,on Pilot
Plant) and found to be unsuitable. Sandia then
proceeded to develop a new grout which, aPer
C O N T I N U E S
Tuesday, January 21, 14
11. extensive laboratory development and tes,ng,
was successfully applied underground at the
WIPP repository. The permeability of the DRZ
was lowered as much as 1,000 ,mes, and the
grout was been approved for use at the WIPP.
The keys to the successful development of the
needed grout were these:
• technology to effec,vely process the grout
par,cles to a consistent ultrafine size,
• achieving cri,cal rheology characteris,cs in
the grout paste by adding pumice to the mix
design,
• amplifying the life-‐span and inherent
performance benefits of cemen,,ous grouts
with the pozzolanic reac,on ignited by the
pumice—engineered benefits that include
improved resistance to chemical aYack as the
result of decreasing alkalinity and controlling the
Tuesday, January 21, 14
amount of readily soluble residual lime
(Ca(OH)2), improved resistance to thermal
cracking (because of lower heat of hydra,on),
and enhancement of strength and decreased
permeability because of pore refinement.
Sandia Na,onal Laboratories obtained two
patents on this grout and transferred the
process, under license, to US Grout, LLC, to make
the novel ultrafine pozzolanic grout available
worldwide.
From that breakthrough beginning, US Grout
has formulated addi,onal ultrafine and
microfine cemen,,ous grouts to meet a variety
of grou,ng needs—from flexible “squeeze”
cements to rehab oil and gas wells to a
customizable VX type for use in permea,ng a
variety of soil types.
12. 100 Hess Drive,
Malad City, Idaho 83252
(208) 766-‐4777 x111
www.usgrout.com
Tuesday, January 21, 14