Ketosis is a metabolic disease caused by a disturbance in carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism, leading to hypoglycemia, ketonuria, and ketonemia. It is characterized by digestive and nervous clinical signs. Key predisposing factors include a low carbohydrate diet, obesity, and high milk production. The disease is most common post-partum and can be prevented by feeding diets higher in grains and supplements like sodium propionate, which encourage production of propionic acid and glucose in the liver. Insulin helps reduce ketone body production, preventing ketosis.
The basis principal to prevent milk fever is to maintain a high plasma Ca level at the time of parturition to overcome the sudden high demand for Ca. For that hormonal therapy and dietary manipulations are successful. Among them, hormonal therapy does not seem to work in the field as it needs an accurate prediction of the date of parturition for the administration of hormones. The dietary manipulation may be the best and easiest way to prevent milk fever in this regard. The supplementation of anionic diet salts brings about a mild acidosis in the body thus increasing the rapid absorption of Ca through intestine and bone resorption.Thus the extracellular level of Ca increases which helps in coping with the demand of Ca particularly in the early lactation. To be more sure of prevention of the disease, anionic salts should be supplemented with high Ca diet so that sufficient amount of Ca is absorbed through intestine. Among the anionic salts, MgSo4 may be used commonly as it is more palatable to the animals and cheap. However, ammonium salts such as NH4Cl and NH4SO4 although effective are less palatable. A useful tool is to measure the urine pH i.e. pH 5.5-6.5 to monitor anion cation balance in diet.
The basis principal to prevent milk fever is to maintain a high plasma Ca level at the time of parturition to overcome the sudden high demand for Ca. For that hormonal therapy and dietary manipulations are successful. Among them, hormonal therapy does not seem to work in the field as it needs an accurate prediction of the date of parturition for the administration of hormones. The dietary manipulation may be the best and easiest way to prevent milk fever in this regard. The supplementation of anionic diet salts brings about a mild acidosis in the body thus increasing the rapid absorption of Ca through intestine and bone resorption.Thus the extracellular level of Ca increases which helps in coping with the demand of Ca particularly in the early lactation. To be more sure of prevention of the disease, anionic salts should be supplemented with high Ca diet so that sufficient amount of Ca is absorbed through intestine. Among the anionic salts, MgSo4 may be used commonly as it is more palatable to the animals and cheap. However, ammonium salts such as NH4Cl and NH4SO4 although effective are less palatable. A useful tool is to measure the urine pH i.e. pH 5.5-6.5 to monitor anion cation balance in diet.
The Causes and Implications of Subclinical HypocalcemiaDAIReXNET
Dr. Jesse Goff presented this for DAIReXNET on November 11, 2014. The recorded webinar is available at http://www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars
Lecturer notes for metabolic diseases in Cattle.which is benificial for student of BVSc& AH/DVM and MVsc student. It is My first presentation need your feedback for more presentation like this.
The Causes and Implications of Subclinical HypocalcemiaDAIReXNET
Dr. Jesse Goff presented this for DAIReXNET on November 11, 2014. The recorded webinar is available at http://www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars
Lecturer notes for metabolic diseases in Cattle.which is benificial for student of BVSc& AH/DVM and MVsc student. It is My first presentation need your feedback for more presentation like this.
This content is shared for the sake of Veterinary Medicine Awareness and to help the Veterinary Medical Professionals and Students of Veterinary Medicine. Hope this content will be very helpful.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
5. Alimentary K.
-Feeding on ketogenic diet as silage due to it
is rich in butyric acid (Ketogenic fatty acid)
-This form usually appeared in sub-clinical
form and predispose to the primary ketosis
6. Production or primary K.
Low
carbohydrate
Ration
Excessive body
condition
Increase lipid
mobilization to the liver
and production of KB
High protein
Ration
Excessive
production of
butyric acid in
the rumen
(Ketogenic FA.)
7. Cobalt Def.
Secondary K.
Usually associated with the diseases that
characterized by anorexia for long period as:-
Traumatic
pericarditis
Hypophosphatemia
Metritis
Abomasal displacment
Mastitis
Persistent
diarrhea
Hypoglycemia
11. Incidence and occurrence
Most cases occurred post-parturient
( up to 60 days)
Occasionally in
pregnant animals
Obese Animal
Aged and high producing
animal are more susceptible
poor conditioned animals
13. Carbohydrate in ration
Storage as
Glycogen
Milk
Energy
Propionic acid
Glucogenic
Acetic acidButyric acid
Rumen
Oxalacetate
Glucose
Liver
Cobalt
A
Ketogenic acids
Storage as
fat
Active acetat or Acetyle Co-A
Krebs cycle
B
Normal pathway of carbohydrate
15. *Cobalt is requiered for synthesis of vitamin B12
( 4 % 0f its chemical structure)
Vit. B12
Ruminal
microorganisms
DietCobalt
Blood
Propionic acid Glucose Energy
*Activation
of
propionat
producing
*Vitamin B12 is needed for building
proteins in the body, red blood
cells, and normal function of
nervous tissue.
17. Low carbohydrate in ration
Low Propionate in the rumen
Low Oxalaceetate production
(Hypoglycemia)
Lipolysis for gluconeogenesis
Excessive production of Keton bodies
Acetoacetic acid Acetone Beta-
Hydroxybutyric acid
Ketosis
18. Triglyceride (fat)
NEFA (Non-estratified fatty acid) Glycerol
Glucosis
Gluconeogensis
InComplete
oxidation when
ther is excess of
NEFA (lipolysis)
Ketogenesis
Ketosis
Complete
oxidation by TCA
(Kreb’s cycle)
L-Carnetine
ATP
23. -Gradual loss of appetite for few days.
-Rapid loss of body weight and subcutaneous
fat that leading to loss of body condition
and the cow appeared Woody (Woody cow).
Digestive form (Woody cow)
24. -Dry feces with mild constipation.
-Characteristic acetone Adour can be detected
in the urine and milk.
25. -Reduction in the milk yield up to
25%
-Normal (PTR) pulse,
body temperature
and respiration
-It is the most
common form
27. Nervous form (Typical )
-Usually due to excessive production of isopropyl alcohol
Due to excessive production of KB.
-Aimless movement
-Head pressing
-Walking in circles
-Blindness
-Vigorous licking of the skin
-Hyperesthesia
31. Lab. Findings
1-Hypoglycemia the glucose level is below 25mg% (Normal = 40 – 60 mg%)
2-Ketonaemia 10-1000mg% (Normal = up to 10 mg%)
3-Ketonuria 80-1300mg% (Normal = up to 50-70 mg%)
4-Milk ketone 40mg% (Normal = 3 – 10 mg%)
5-High level of plasma non-protein nitrogen in the terminal stage due to
decomposition of fetuse – level of BUN and creatinine.
6-High level of cortisone.
7-Iron, magnesium, potassium low level.
37. Correction of hypoglycemia
IV of glucose 40-50% Precursors of glucose
-Glycerol 120 ml 50%
-Sodium propionat or lactate
-Propylene glycol 125-250g twice
daily
-Dexamethason
(Gluconeogenesis)
Correction of dehydration
IV of fluid therapy Stimulation of
depressed appetite
Stomachic
40. Prevention and control
-Providing of food rich in glucose as
ground maize which rich in glucose
(alpha polymerized glucose these
substances not fermented in the rumen
and pass to the intestine and absorbed
there)
41. Good calculated feeding system
(4 weeks prior to calving).
(A)- At calving (1kg concentrate/ day and
this amount is increased gradually to 5 kg
concentrate/ day at the time of calving).
(B)-At lactation 3 kg hay / 100 kg body
weight + 1kg grain /3 kg milk produced.
NB. 1kg hay = 3 kg silage.
42. * Prophylactic feeding of sodium
propionate 110 gm daily for 6
weeks before calving
Monensin (anti–coccidial drugs) as growth
promoter leading to increase the ratio of
propionate to acetate
44. 1.When you feed more grain, the transition cow eats more
2. Increased grain encourages the rumen to produce more propionate A
volatile fatty acid
3. Propionate is converted to glucose in liver.
4. Increased levels of propionate and glucose stimulate insulin production in
the pancreas.
5. Insulin helps reduce fat release from body fat stores. Therefore, less fat
reaches the liver, reducing fatty liver and ketosis.
Increase grain intake
46. Definition
It’s one of most important metabolic disease of
cow due to disturbance in the carbohydrate and fatty
acids metabolism which leading to hypoglycemia,
ketonuria and ketoneamia and decrease in the level
of the liver glycogen. And characterized clinically by
digestive and nervous signs.
