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Metabolic disorders of livestock ppt.
This document summarizes several metabolic disorders that can occur in livestock, including pasture bloat, enterotoxemia, grass tetany, ketosis, night blindness, nitrate poisoning, liver abscesses, pregnancy disease in ewes, parturient paresis (milk fever), mastitis, displaced abomasum, hemorrhagic bowel syndrome, and laminitis. The causes, symptoms, and treatments are described briefly for each disorder. Metabolic disorders can be caused by genetic defects, toxins, nutrient deficiencies or excesses, and other factors like changes in diet or lush pastures. timely diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent illness and death in affected animals.
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Metabolic disorders of livestock ppt.
- 1. METABOLIC DISORDERS OFLIVESTOCK Inborn errors of metabolism occur from a group of rare genetic disorders Disorders caused by defects in the enzymes
- 2. PASTURE BLOAT •Cause – High legume pastures produce more foam • Heavy foam traps gasses
- 3. ENTEROTOXEMIA (OVER-EATING DISEASE) • Cause –Toxin produced by clostridium perfringens bacteria that grow when fed high energy feeds or lush pastures • Symptoms – Sudden death – Can be prevented by vaccination
- 4. GRASS TETANY (GRASSSTAGGERS) • Cause – Low blood Mg and in many cases low blood Ca – Cattle grazing on lush grass pastures in latter stages of gestation or early lactation • Symptoms – Nervousness, staggering, convulsi ons, coma and death
- 5. KETOSIS • Cause – CHO-low blood sugar – High energy demand pulls down fat reserves rapidly • Symptoms – Loss of appetite, acetone (sweetish chloroformlike smell) odor from milk, urine and breath
- 6. Night Blindness • Cause – Vitamin A deficiency • Symptoms • Roughened hair and scaly skin with mild deficiency • Prolonged deficiency leads to poor vision in dim light and eye ulceration Nitrate poisoning • Cause – Excessive levels of nitrate plant material • Symptoms – Bluish coloration of membranes, staggering, shortness of breath and death
- 7. LIVER ABSCESSES •Cause – High concentrate rations • Symptoms – Symptoms include reduced feed intake and gain – Can be prevented with antibiotics Pregnancy disease of ewes • Cause – Ewes carrying twins or triplets in the last 6 weeks of gestation – Insufficient CHO - low blood sugar • Symptoms – Ketosis in sheep
- 8. PARTURIENT PARESIS MILK FEVER,HYPOCALEMIA • Cause – Low blood Calcium – Usually occurs within 72 hours following parturition – Ewes in the latter stages of gestation • Symptoms – Loss of appetite, nervousness, collapse, head turned back toward flank
- 9. NUTRITIONAL SECONDARY HYPER- PARATHYROIDISM Itis nutritional/ metabolic disorder caused by elevation of parathyroid hormone (PTH), usually secondary to poor nutrition. All meat or all grain diet is rich in P which is responsible for this disorder. Low calcium and Vitamin D and malabsorption also cause hypocalcaemia. Increased PTH causes bone resorption, & Ca, thus, mobilized is transferred to extra-cellular fluid. Depletion of bone osteoid leads to deformities, fractures and loss of structural support.
- 10. DISPLACED ABOMASUM ..Refers to repositioning of abomasal compartment from the right ventral abdominal wall .. Twisting from this repositioning slows or stops flow of digesta .. Gas buildup leads to bloat appearance .. “Pinging” detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow near the last rib and listening on the left flank .. 85-90% left-sided .. Right-sided more complete torsion .. 75% occur within 1st 14 days postcalving .. Rare in heifers Abomasum = A Rumen = B C = Omasum Abomasum = A Rumen = B C = Omasum D = Liver
- 11. Symptoms ofDA Dramatically decreased feed intake Drastic drop in milk production Pain (stand with back arched) Can diagnose by “thumping” near last rib and listening along left flank Causes and Risk Factors Space in abdominal cavity Decreased feed intake Sudden ration changes Hypocalcemia allows stagnant gut and gas buildup in abomasum High grain feeding (high VFA production) prior to proper rumen papillae development Over 2/3 of cases are preceded by a different metabolic disorder Cows with high condition scores at parturition are more prone to displacements
- 12. DISPLACED ABOMASUM When abomasal attachments stretch during pregnancy, this may increase risk for developing a DA Genetics of the animal may also affect the predisposition to this disorder Resting positions may affect risk for DA Resting on left side reduces risk of LDA relative to resting on right side Non-surgical treatment Removal of gas from abomasum Rolling cow over, taking on rough trailer ride Tethering of right hind leg 87% recovery rate Prevention Prevent other metabolic diseases Cows should be in proper body condition at parturition Cows fed to encourage maximal intake Prevent hypocalcemia Encourage cows to lie on left side Cows lie with hooves downhill Stall/Barn design may affect incidence
- 13. HEMORRHAGIC BOWEL SYNDROME(HBS) Newly emerging, highly fatal intestinal disease Sudden, progressive & occasionally massive hemorrhage into small intestine with formation of blood clots that cause obstruction Affected areas of intestine become necrotic Most commonly seen in adult cows early in lactation Cause of HBS is unknown Maybe associated with Clostridium perfringens type A Treatment is difficult and often unsuccessful Medical therapy: fluids, laxatives, antibiotics and anti- inflammatory drugs Surgical excision of affected bowel There is no current control measures; unsure of pathogenesis of disease
- 14. MILK FEVER Hypocalcemia Ca mobilization unable to keep up with demand Calcium moves from blood to mammary gland Requires increased absorption of calcium from feed Requires increased resorption of calcium from bone Associated with blood changes Hypophosphatemia Hypermagnesemia Hyperglycemia Most cases in first 24 hours post-calving Higher frequency in older cows Higher frequency in Jerseys Symptoms .. No fever, ears and teats actually become hypothermic .... Loss of appetite .. Feed remains in rumen, calcium is essential for gut motility .. Pulse and respiration rate increase .. Milk fever is 100% fatal if untreated .. After treatment, secondary problems may occur .. Degeneration of muscle, nerve paralysis from laying too long .. Injuries from staggering and falling
- 15. MASTITIS Pathogens colonizemammary gland Spread by milking machines, milkers & cow to cow Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus dysgalactiae Staphylococcus aureus Mycoplasma bovis Important to maintain sanitary conditions Mastitis Signs and Symptoms Acute mastitis Udder is hot, very hard, and tender Increase in temperature, refusal to eat, dull eyes, Increase in blood proteins and leukocytes in mammary tissue and milk Blood vessels greatly dilated Milk ducts compressed Treatments more likely to be unsuccessful under these conditions
- 16. Mastitis Sphincter open in high- pathogen environment Neutrophil function compromised by low Ca Increases risk of ketosis Depression of feed intake is long-term Dystocia Pre-calving hypocalcemia No uterine contractions Uterine prolapse Incomplete first milking .. Increased incidence of mastitis .. Preventative feeding strategies .. Limit calcium intake during dry period .. Not practical .. Limit potassium intake in forages fed to dry cows .. More important .. By increasing concentration of anions in diet, it becomes acidogenic .. Decreases blood pH, much less susceptible to milk fever .. Increases calcium resorption from bone .. Reduces severity of hypocalcemia
- 17. FACTORS AFFECTING RISKOF MASTITIS .. Majority of new infections occur during: .. First three weeks of dry period .. Milk left in udder .. First month after parturition .. Immune system compromised .. Frequency of milking affects risk of infection .. Pathogen load decreased by evacuating milk more frequently
- 18. TREATMENT Slowinfusion of calcium intravenously Rapid delivery will cause heart to stop Some animals need second treatment 8 hours after the first treatment Some herds regularly use oral calcium gels at calving to improve calcium status Calcium chloride problematic Calcium propionate preferred Can be used as stand-alone treatment, in conjunction with IV calcium, or as prevention Cows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back against their flank (Courtesy of University of IllCows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back against their flank (Courtesy of University of llinois)inois)
- 19. PREVENTION Cleanand dry environment Clean and dry teats at milking Teat dips (pre- and post- milking) Properly maintained equipment Early identification Prompt treatment Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats is accomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpa Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats is accomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpatrick)
- 20. LAMINITIS .. Separationof epidermal laminae from dermal laminae of hoof .. Causes in cattle include: .. Carbohydrate overload, metritis, ketosis, mastitis and a heritable form in Jerseys. .. Foot rot or hoof damage and secondary infection can result in laminitis in cattle (Bacteroides nodosus, Fusobacterium necrophorum ) .. Typical Clinical Findings: .. Pain, lameness, abnormal stance, reluctance to move .. Pounding digital pulses, increased temperature of hoof wall .. Typical Gross Findings: .. Acute: Swelling of coronary band .. Chronic: Circumferential hoof rings, altered hoof growth, flattened sole, penetration of third phalanx through sole, depressed coronary band
- 21. FOUNDER (LAMINITIS) •Cause – Overeating grain, digestive disturbances, lush Pasture • Symptoms – Extreme pain, reluctance to move, excessive hoof/toe growth
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- 23. PRESENTED BY:DR.IRFAN BHATTI PRESENTEDTO:DR.JAMIL AHMAD CLASS :DVM(IST SEMMESTER) DEPT.BZU,COLLEGE OF VERINARY SCIENCES LAYYAH. E.MAIL:BZUVETSCARECLUBLAYYAH@YAHO O.COM