Petroleum classification physical propertiesAshik R S
Petroleum classification physical properties.
Petroleum or crude oil
Naturally occurring & flammable liquid
Complex mixture of hydrocarbons & other organic compounds
Found in geologic formations beneath the Earth’s surface
The term ‘petroleum’ first used in the treatise De Natura Fossilium published in 1546- Georg Bauer (German mineralogist).
Derived from the Latin word petra oleum, meaning “stone oil”
Oil and gas provide about 60% of all the energy used by the society today
In this presentation, we focus on the analysis of petroleum product from crude oil. The methodology of fractional distillation and factor affecting in analysis. This slide also focus on the adulteration of petroleum product and case study.
Petroleum classification physical propertiesAshik R S
Petroleum classification physical properties.
Petroleum or crude oil
Naturally occurring & flammable liquid
Complex mixture of hydrocarbons & other organic compounds
Found in geologic formations beneath the Earth’s surface
The term ‘petroleum’ first used in the treatise De Natura Fossilium published in 1546- Georg Bauer (German mineralogist).
Derived from the Latin word petra oleum, meaning “stone oil”
Oil and gas provide about 60% of all the energy used by the society today
In this presentation, we focus on the analysis of petroleum product from crude oil. The methodology of fractional distillation and factor affecting in analysis. This slide also focus on the adulteration of petroleum product and case study.
INTRODUCTION
DENSITY AND API GRAVITY OF CRUDE OIL
SWEET AND SOUR CRUDE OIL; BENCHMARK OF CRUDE OIL; West Texas Intermediate (WTI)
Brent Blend:; Dated Brent
What is Dated Brent?
Dubai; OPEC Basket (ORB)
Bonny Light; Tapis Crude; Mexico's Isthmus; Maya; CONTRACTS; FUTURE TRENDS ON CRUDE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
Crude oil that is constituent by light and intermediate hydrocarbons such as paraffin, naphthenic, wax, aromatics and heavy organic components is defined as waxy crude oil. The waxy crude oil also contained low amount of asphaltenes, resins and organo-metallics(Chin, 2001). The most components of wax are paraffin which is C18-C36 and naphthenic which is C30-C60. Based on Hyne, all crude oils contain paraffin molecules and it is considered as waxes if the paraffin molecules are 18 carbon atoms or longer in length. The wax could be existed in various states which are gas, liquid and solid depending on the temperature and pressure. According to Chin, the formation of paraffin wax is referred as macrocrystalline wax meanwhile naphthenic is defined as microcrystalline wax.
The crude oil assay is the collection of the results of physical tests that are performed to determine the key properties (boiling point, density, viscosity, heteroatom contents, acid number, etc.) of crude oil and its fractions. It is the procedure based on laboratory and pilot plant testing for determining the general distillation and quality characteristics of crude oil. Crude oil assay is important for determining the value and processability of crude oil. This is the preliminary step before processing the crude oil in the refinery. . In order to utilize the crude oil assay data, it is necessary to understand the results and significance of some of the laboratory tests.
The maximum flame height in millimeters at which kerosene will burn without smoking, tested under standard conditions; used as a measure of the burning cleanliness of jet fuel and kerosene.
Organic Elemental Analyzer “OEA” is a simultaneous
technique to determination of :-
Carbon,
Hydrogen,
Nitrogen,
Sulfur.
contained in organic and inorganic materials.
in solid, liquid, and gas forms.
INTRODUCTION
DENSITY AND API GRAVITY OF CRUDE OIL
SWEET AND SOUR CRUDE OIL; BENCHMARK OF CRUDE OIL; West Texas Intermediate (WTI)
Brent Blend:; Dated Brent
What is Dated Brent?
Dubai; OPEC Basket (ORB)
Bonny Light; Tapis Crude; Mexico's Isthmus; Maya; CONTRACTS; FUTURE TRENDS ON CRUDE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
Crude oil that is constituent by light and intermediate hydrocarbons such as paraffin, naphthenic, wax, aromatics and heavy organic components is defined as waxy crude oil. The waxy crude oil also contained low amount of asphaltenes, resins and organo-metallics(Chin, 2001). The most components of wax are paraffin which is C18-C36 and naphthenic which is C30-C60. Based on Hyne, all crude oils contain paraffin molecules and it is considered as waxes if the paraffin molecules are 18 carbon atoms or longer in length. The wax could be existed in various states which are gas, liquid and solid depending on the temperature and pressure. According to Chin, the formation of paraffin wax is referred as macrocrystalline wax meanwhile naphthenic is defined as microcrystalline wax.
The crude oil assay is the collection of the results of physical tests that are performed to determine the key properties (boiling point, density, viscosity, heteroatom contents, acid number, etc.) of crude oil and its fractions. It is the procedure based on laboratory and pilot plant testing for determining the general distillation and quality characteristics of crude oil. Crude oil assay is important for determining the value and processability of crude oil. This is the preliminary step before processing the crude oil in the refinery. . In order to utilize the crude oil assay data, it is necessary to understand the results and significance of some of the laboratory tests.
The maximum flame height in millimeters at which kerosene will burn without smoking, tested under standard conditions; used as a measure of the burning cleanliness of jet fuel and kerosene.
Organic Elemental Analyzer “OEA” is a simultaneous
technique to determination of :-
Carbon,
Hydrogen,
Nitrogen,
Sulfur.
contained in organic and inorganic materials.
in solid, liquid, and gas forms.
In this slide contains Study of Quality of Raw Materials and General methods of analysis of Raw materials used in cosmetic manufacture as per BSI
Presented by: P.PAVAN KALYAN (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).RIPER, anantapur
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https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
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https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
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Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
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Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
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Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
6. 6
QUALITY REQUIRMENTS
►Safe to handle
►Capable of burning without smoke for high
initial illumination
►Not to leave bloom on chimney, No
unpleasant odour
►No harmful fumes
►Consistency in feeding to wick
►No corrosive effect on metals
7. 7
COMPOSITION
Main constituents
►Paraffins straight chain & iso paraffins.
►Napthenes cyclo paraffins, single ring c5 or c6 with alkyl
chain fused rings (2 or 3) to relatively smaller extend .
►Olefins straight chain iso & cyclic.
►Aromatics mono nuclear, condensed (naphthalene)
uncondensed biphenyl.
8. 8
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
COMPONENTS
Paraffins
► Thermally stable
► High smoke point
► High calorific value
Napthene
► Thermally & chemically stable having Medium
smoke point
► Complete combustible , intermediate smoke point
& high calorific value
10. 10
SPECIFICATION OF KEROSENE IS
1459-74
Characteristics Requirement Method
Acidity inorganic Nill P:2
Burning Quality
Char value mg / Kg, max oil consumed
Bloom on chimney
20
to be reported not
darker than grey
P:5
Colour (saybolt) , min +10 P:14
Copper strip corrosion 3hrs. At 50°C, min 1 P:15
Distillation
% recovered below 200 C, min
Final boiling pt max
20
300
P:18
Flash point (Able),°C 35 P:20
Smoke point mm, min 18* P:31
Sulphur, total, %wt, max 0.25 P:34
*22 mm for Defence and railways
11. 11
Physico – Chemical
Characteristics
The analysis of petroleum products are to be
carried out as per the std. methods in order
to get the results in
repeatability/reproducibility range and to
get the consistency in the results.
Acidity P:2
Measure of acidic characteristics
Burning quality P:5
Possible causes of calorific value& bloom on
14. 14
Contd.
Smoke point:-P:31
Depends upon the composition
►Paraffins have high smoke point
►Aromatics the lowest
►Napthenes the intermediate
.
Colour:-P;14
Indicative degree of refinment/cotamination.
(measured by saybolt colorimeter)
16. 16
Contd :-
Copper strip corrosion:-p:15
It signifies the corrosiveness of the product as
copper is sensitive to sulphur compound
Distillation:-P:18
IT control the flash point & viscosity,10% chiefly
effect the flash point & ease of ignition while mid
point is more relevant to viscosity.
High B.P. indcates contamination
17. 17
Contd
Flash point :P:20
Safety in handeling and storage, can be used to detect
contamination.
Sulphur :P:34
Small amount of Sulphur compounds remains in Kerosine
after refining i.e Hydrogen Sulphide , thiophene, free
Sulphur is removed during the refining process. Hydrogen
Sulphide and mercaptans gives objectionable order.
High Sulphur causes high Char and chimney deposit.
19. 19
Acidity P:2
1. Take 10 gm sample in titrating flask
2. Add 120 ml titrating solvent (T.S 500ml toluene+495 ml
IPA +5 ml water ) +methyl orange indicator
3. Titrate with N/10 alcoholic KOH or by potetiometrically to
pH 11.
Calculate
4 Acidity mg, KOH / gm of sample= 56.1xNxvol of KOH
Wt. of sample19
20. 20
Colour saybolt P:14
1. It consists of two quartz tubes, one hollow in which std.
coloured disc is placed & other being sample tube having
mark up to 30
2. Fill sample tube up to mark 30
3. Place the colour disc in hollow tube
4. Match the colour of the sample with std. disc in hollow
tube by taking out sample from the tube
5. Note down the height of the sample in tube where it
matched
6. Height of sample corresponds to the colour which is
found out from the table
7. Height at 30 corresponds to water white colour
21. 21
Burning quality P:5
1. Dry the wick at 105˚C for 1 hr.
2. Soak it in oil when it is hot & fix it in the wick guide
3. Rinse the reservoir 2-3 times with sample
4. Put 900 ml of filtered sample in reservoir
5. Trim wick with sharp scissor to produce smooth flame
6. Resaturate the wick, weight the lamp, light the lamp ,adjust the flame with
in 1.5 mm std. flame dimension
7. Allow flame to burn for 1 hr. , adjust flame if necessary
8. Allow the lamp to burn for 23 hrs.
9. Put off the lamp, weigh it
10. Cut off approx. 13 mm charred end in beaker.
11. Wash it with petroleum eather to free from oil
12. Transfer charred content on watch glass, remove unburned pieces with
foresep , dry it in oven
13. Weigh it 7 determine char value in mg / kg.
14. Record total consumption & calculate Avg. consumption g / hr
22. 22
Smoke point P:31
1. Introduce 20 ml of dry sample in dry oil container
2. Wick minimum 125mm to be soaked in oil sample & insert in wick
holder
3. Cut the wick smoothly & project it 6mm from the holder
4. Place the wick holder in the container
5. Insert into lamp & light it
6. Adjust the flame to 10 mm height & allow to burn for 5 min.
7. Raise the wick until Smokey flame is produced, lower it until smoke
tail just disappear, note down the height at which oil burns without
smoke.
8. It is smoke point
23. 23
Copper strip corrosion P:15
1. Surface finishing followed by polishing of the copper strip
having dimention75mm L ,12.5 mm W ,1.5-3.0 T
2. Wash it with solvent, dry it with filter paper , use foresep
, should not be hold by finger
3. Take 30 ml of sample in clean test tube
4. Slide copper tube in to the tube & stopper tube with vent
corck
5. Keep it n water bath at 100˚C for 3 hrs.
6. Take out the strip ,wash with iso-octane
7. Dry it on the pad of filter paper, examine for tarnish/
corrosion by comparing with ASTM copper strip corrosion
std. & report
24. 24
Distillation P:18
1. Take 100ml of sample in 125 ml distillation flask
2. Fit IP 5/6 C thermometer in the flask in such a way that bulb of the
thermometer is in the center of the neck
3. Fit the flask into the distillation apparatus having requisite dia. of the
flask support
4. Apply heat in such a manner that 1st drop falls from the condenser in
measuring cylinder with in 5-10 min. It is IBP
5. Note temp. after every 10% recovery
6. Do not change rate of heating during till 90% is recovered, At this
point give max. heat to get FBP
7. FBP is the highest temp. reached during the experiment & then fall
in temp. takes place due to cracking
8. Record the residue left in the flask & evaporation loss
25. 25
Flash point P:20
1. Fill the sample in the brass cup to the inside mark of the
cup
2. Put the cup in a heating bath
3. Fit the cover having test flame device
4. Insert the proper thermometer in sample & water bath
5. Heat the sample at a slow uniform rate
6. Test flame is directed into the cup at a regular interval
say a rise of 1˚C
7. Note down the temp. at which momentary flash occurs
on the introduction of test flame
8. This is the flash point of the sample
