The document discusses the human endocrine system. It describes the major endocrine glands including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, and ovaries. It provides details on the hormones produced by each gland and their functions in regulating processes like metabolism, growth, sexual development, and reproduction.
The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, is sometimes called the "master gland" as it controls many other endocrine glands through the hormones it secretes. It has an anterior and posterior lobe, each with distinct functions. Pituitary tumors can cause headaches and vision issues. Other glands discussed include the thyroid, which regulates metabolism, the parathyroid which controls calcium levels, the pancreas which produces insulin to regulate blood sugar, and the pineal gland which produces melatonin to control circadian rhythms. Disorders of each gland, such as hyperthyroidism or hypoglycemia, produce distinct symptoms.
Biochemistry Of Hormones
Contains All Important topics with best key points....
Made By Sanjay kumar (Student Of PharmD Faculty of Pharmacy Hamdard University)
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENDOCRINE GLANDS IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #ENDOCRINE,#GLANDS,#nurses,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
basic introductionary lecture on endocrinology and thyroidPranesh Pawaskar
This document provides an introductionary lecture on endocrinology and the thyroid. It defines hormones and lists the major endocrine glands and their hormones, including the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, and hypothalamus. It then describes the mechanisms of action of hormones at cell membrane receptors, cytoplasmic receptors, and nuclear receptors. The document concludes with an overview of the thyroid, including its anatomy, histology, physiology, biochemistry, diagnosis, and surgical treatment.
The document discusses the endocrine system. It describes the endocrine system as a major control system that works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis using specific communication methods that affect target organs. It defines endocrine glands as ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. The hypothalamus is described as the master control center of the endocrine system that oversees most endocrine activity through releasing and inhibiting hormones. The pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, pineal and thymus glands are also summarized in terms of their hormone secretions and functions.
The pituitary gland, also known as the master gland, regulates many important bodily functions through the hormones it secretes. It is located at the base of the brain and consists of an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe produces hormones that control growth, metabolism, reproduction, and lactation. These hormones are regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus. The posterior lobe stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin, which are synthesized in the hypothalamus and influence water balance, muscle contraction, and blood pressure. Disorders of the pituitary can impact growth, metabolism, and other important processes.
The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate distant target tissues and organs. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. Hormones regulate vital functions like growth and development, metabolism, mood, tissue function, and sexual function. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland act together to control hormone release from other endocrine glands through a feedback loop system.
The document discusses the endocrine system and its role in regulating and maintaining body functions. It describes the major areas of control, including responses to stress and reproduction. It provides details on the anatomy of the endocrine system, including the locations and functions of the major endocrine glands like the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, and others. The document also covers the physiology of the endocrine system, including the classes of hormones, hormone properties, and the homeostatic feedback mechanisms that help regulate hormone levels.
The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, is sometimes called the "master gland" as it controls many other endocrine glands through the hormones it secretes. It has an anterior and posterior lobe, each with distinct functions. Pituitary tumors can cause headaches and vision issues. Other glands discussed include the thyroid, which regulates metabolism, the parathyroid which controls calcium levels, the pancreas which produces insulin to regulate blood sugar, and the pineal gland which produces melatonin to control circadian rhythms. Disorders of each gland, such as hyperthyroidism or hypoglycemia, produce distinct symptoms.
Biochemistry Of Hormones
Contains All Important topics with best key points....
Made By Sanjay kumar (Student Of PharmD Faculty of Pharmacy Hamdard University)
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENDOCRINE GLANDS IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #ENDOCRINE,#GLANDS,#nurses,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
basic introductionary lecture on endocrinology and thyroidPranesh Pawaskar
This document provides an introductionary lecture on endocrinology and the thyroid. It defines hormones and lists the major endocrine glands and their hormones, including the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, and hypothalamus. It then describes the mechanisms of action of hormones at cell membrane receptors, cytoplasmic receptors, and nuclear receptors. The document concludes with an overview of the thyroid, including its anatomy, histology, physiology, biochemistry, diagnosis, and surgical treatment.
The document discusses the endocrine system. It describes the endocrine system as a major control system that works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis using specific communication methods that affect target organs. It defines endocrine glands as ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. The hypothalamus is described as the master control center of the endocrine system that oversees most endocrine activity through releasing and inhibiting hormones. The pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, pineal and thymus glands are also summarized in terms of their hormone secretions and functions.
The pituitary gland, also known as the master gland, regulates many important bodily functions through the hormones it secretes. It is located at the base of the brain and consists of an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe produces hormones that control growth, metabolism, reproduction, and lactation. These hormones are regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus. The posterior lobe stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin, which are synthesized in the hypothalamus and influence water balance, muscle contraction, and blood pressure. Disorders of the pituitary can impact growth, metabolism, and other important processes.
The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate distant target tissues and organs. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. Hormones regulate vital functions like growth and development, metabolism, mood, tissue function, and sexual function. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland act together to control hormone release from other endocrine glands through a feedback loop system.
The document discusses the endocrine system and its role in regulating and maintaining body functions. It describes the major areas of control, including responses to stress and reproduction. It provides details on the anatomy of the endocrine system, including the locations and functions of the major endocrine glands like the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, and others. The document also covers the physiology of the endocrine system, including the classes of hormones, hormone properties, and the homeostatic feedback mechanisms that help regulate hormone levels.
This document provides an overview of endocrinology and the endocrine system. It discusses that endocrinology is the study of hormones, their receptors, and signaling pathways. It describes the major endocrine glands and their hormone functions. It also summarizes the different types of hormone actions, classifications, synthesis, secretion, transport, and feedback control of hormone levels.
In This Presentation i have added all the content of biology chapter
Chemical Coordination and integration from Class 11 NCERT Biology....
Hope this will help you ...
The document summarizes the key aspects of the endocrine system in 3 paragraphs or less.
The endocrine system communicates regulatory messages within the body using hormones, which are chemical signals secreted into the bloodstream. It works alongside the nervous system, with some chemicals serving as both hormones and neurotransmitters. Hormones bind to receptors to elicit physiological responses through various signaling pathways and feedback loops.
The major glands of the endocrine system and their hormones are described. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland form a key regulatory axis, with the hypothalamus controlling the pituitary which releases hormones that target other glands. Glands release hormones that control processes like metabolism, development, and responses to stress.
The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. The pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus and regulates other endocrine glands by producing hormones like TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH. The thyroid gland, located in the neck, produces the hormones T3 and T4 which increase metabolism under control of TSH from the pituitary.
1. Hormones are chemical messengers that influence the functional activity of target tissues when carried through the bloodstream. The endocrine system secretes hormones internally via glands like the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenals, while the nervous system uses electrical signals.
2. Hormones bind to receptors on target cells and initiate intracellular responses like increasing cyclic AMP levels, which then modify the cell's actions. For example, thyroid stimulating hormone increases thyroid hormone production.
3. Hormone dysfunction can cause diseases. Too much or too little of hormones like growth hormone, thyroid hormones, insulin, and cortisol lead to disorders like acromegaly, hypothyroidism, diabetes, and Cushing
The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones to regulate processes in the body. Key glands include the pituitary gland, which regulates other endocrine glands, the thyroid gland, which regulates metabolism, and the adrenal glands, which coordinate the stress response. Hormones target specific cells and communicate regulatory messages throughout the body. The types and functions of endocrine glands vary across vertebrate classes, with some classes possessing unique glands adapted to their needs.
This document provides information about a case study on a 32-year-old female patient presenting with symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Lab tests show an irregular heartbeat and signs point to a diagnosis of Graves' disease. The document then provides details on the anatomy and function of the thyroid gland, including how it traps iodine, produces thyroglobulin, and synthesizes and secretes the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Signs and treatment of both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are discussed.
The document describes the major endocrine glands of the human body, including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes, and ovaries. It details the location and functions of each gland, such as hormone production and regulation of processes like metabolism, growth, and sexual development. The endocrine system works through feedback loops to maintain homeostasis in the body.
The document is a worksheet about the endocrine system. It provides information about various endocrine glands, including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, gonads, pineal gland, and thymus. It discusses the hormones secreted by each gland, their chemical composition and function. Key topics covered include the relationships between the hypothalamus and anterior/posterior pituitary, feedback loops regulating hormone secretion, and differences between endocrine and exocrine glands. Common endocrine disorders like diabetes are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of the endocrine system and its major glands. It describes the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and pineal gland as purely endocrine organs that secrete hormones. The thyroid, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads, heart, gastrointestinal tract, placenta, and kidneys also contain endocrine cells. Key hormones produced by these glands include thyroid hormone, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, cortisol, aldosterone, insulin, glucagon, melatonin, estrogen, progesterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland form a feedback loop to regulate hormone release from
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Endocrine system and exocrine system
1. 1
2. Dvm 1st semester (morning) Section : B Group : Delta Submitted To : Sir Saad Khaliq 2
3. 3 Group Members 1-Muhammad Noman Tariq 2-Shams ur Rehman 3-Anees Ahmad 4-Zubair Ahmad 5-Aqib Mujeeb 6-Abdul Manan 7-Salar
4. 4 Objectives:- At the end of the presentation students will be able to describe What is endocrine system What is exocrine system What is its function and role in our body The glands which work under endocrine system What are their hormones and their role
The document discusses the human endocrine system. It describes the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testis, ovary, and hormones produced by other tissues like the heart, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract. The hypothalamus regulates the pituitary gland which secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands. Hormones act by binding to specific receptors in target tissues and initiating responses like stimulating or inhibiting hormone production.
The endocrine system regulates longer-term metabolic processes through hormones. It includes glands like the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, gonads, and pineal gland. Hormones are chemical messengers that alter the activity of distant tissues. They include amino acid derivatives, peptides, steroids, and eicosanoids. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland form a master regulatory system for the endocrine system and other body functions via releasing and inhibiting hormones. Glands operate via negative or positive feedback loops to maintain homeostasis. Diseases can disrupt the delicate balance of the endocrine system.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
Structure and Function of
I. Pituitary Gland
II. Thyroid Gland
III. Parathyroid Gland
IV. Adrenal Glands
V. Pancreas
VI. Sex Glands
VII. Thymus
VIII. Pineal Gland
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Govt. Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt. A. P
Phone: 9010705687
The document summarizes the important endocrine glands and their hormones. It discusses the pituitary gland, which secretes growth hormone, TSH, FSH, LH, prolactin, ADH, and oxytocin; the adrenal cortex, which secretes cortisol and aldosterone; the thyroid gland, which secretes thyroxine and triiodothyronine; the pancreas, which secretes insulin and glucagon; the ovaries and testes, which secrete estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone; the parathyroid gland, which secretes parathyroid hormone; and the placenta, which secretes HCG, estrogens, progesterone, and HPL.
The endocrine system controls physiological processes and homeostasis through the secretion of hormones. It includes glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to target distant cells. The major glands are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. Hormones can be peptides or steroids, and have different mechanisms of action depending on if they are lipid soluble or not. Negative feedback loops allow the endocrine system to precisely control hormone levels.
The endocrine system regulates mood, growth and development, tissue function, metabolism, and sexual/reproductive processes through glands and hormones. The pineal gland secretes melatonin which regulates sexual development, metabolism, and sleep. The hypothalamus, located at the base of the brain, controls the pituitary gland through hormones and nervous system reflexes. The pituitary gland has anterior, middle, and posterior lobes and secretes hormones that control homeostasis, metabolism and development. Disorders of the endocrine system include Cushing's disease, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism.
The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. The major glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, testes/ovaries, and pineal gland. Hormones have various effects on target cells, such as stimulating or inhibiting growth, metabolism, and reproductive processes. There are two main mechanisms of hormonal action - steroid hormones bind directly to receptors to influence gene expression, while peptide hormones activate intracellular messenger systems. Disorders can result from hormone deficiencies or excesses.
This document provides information about the endocrine system from Chapter 13 of an anatomy textbook. It begins with an overview of the endocrine system compared to the nervous system. It then discusses the major endocrine glands like the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenals. The pituitary is described as the master gland that regulates other endocrine glands through releasing and inhibiting hormones. The chapter outlines the seven hormones produced by the anterior pituitary and their actions, as well as the hormones of the posterior pituitary and thyroid. In summary, the document provides a high-level overview of the key concepts about the endocrine system and its major glands and hormones.
The document summarizes key aspects of the human endocrine system. It describes the main endocrine glands including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pineal gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland and pancreas. It provides details on the hormones produced by each gland and their functions in regulating processes like growth, metabolism, sexual development and the immune system. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland play central roles in controlling the other endocrine glands through releasing and inhibiting hormones.
The document discusses hormone regulation and action. It summarizes that the hypothalamus controls the anterior and posterior pituitary glands. The anterior pituitary releases hormones that control other endocrine glands like the thyroid. Growth hormone is released from the anterior pituitary and is essential for growth. The thyroid gland releases T3 and T4, which regulate metabolism. Insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels. Testosterone and estrogen are the primary sex hormones. Hormones mobilize fuels like glucose and fatty acids during exercise depending on intensity and duration.
This document provides an overview of endocrinology and the endocrine system. It discusses that endocrinology is the study of hormones, their receptors, and signaling pathways. It describes the major endocrine glands and their hormone functions. It also summarizes the different types of hormone actions, classifications, synthesis, secretion, transport, and feedback control of hormone levels.
In This Presentation i have added all the content of biology chapter
Chemical Coordination and integration from Class 11 NCERT Biology....
Hope this will help you ...
The document summarizes the key aspects of the endocrine system in 3 paragraphs or less.
The endocrine system communicates regulatory messages within the body using hormones, which are chemical signals secreted into the bloodstream. It works alongside the nervous system, with some chemicals serving as both hormones and neurotransmitters. Hormones bind to receptors to elicit physiological responses through various signaling pathways and feedback loops.
The major glands of the endocrine system and their hormones are described. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland form a key regulatory axis, with the hypothalamus controlling the pituitary which releases hormones that target other glands. Glands release hormones that control processes like metabolism, development, and responses to stress.
The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. The pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus and regulates other endocrine glands by producing hormones like TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH. The thyroid gland, located in the neck, produces the hormones T3 and T4 which increase metabolism under control of TSH from the pituitary.
1. Hormones are chemical messengers that influence the functional activity of target tissues when carried through the bloodstream. The endocrine system secretes hormones internally via glands like the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenals, while the nervous system uses electrical signals.
2. Hormones bind to receptors on target cells and initiate intracellular responses like increasing cyclic AMP levels, which then modify the cell's actions. For example, thyroid stimulating hormone increases thyroid hormone production.
3. Hormone dysfunction can cause diseases. Too much or too little of hormones like growth hormone, thyroid hormones, insulin, and cortisol lead to disorders like acromegaly, hypothyroidism, diabetes, and Cushing
The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones to regulate processes in the body. Key glands include the pituitary gland, which regulates other endocrine glands, the thyroid gland, which regulates metabolism, and the adrenal glands, which coordinate the stress response. Hormones target specific cells and communicate regulatory messages throughout the body. The types and functions of endocrine glands vary across vertebrate classes, with some classes possessing unique glands adapted to their needs.
This document provides information about a case study on a 32-year-old female patient presenting with symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Lab tests show an irregular heartbeat and signs point to a diagnosis of Graves' disease. The document then provides details on the anatomy and function of the thyroid gland, including how it traps iodine, produces thyroglobulin, and synthesizes and secretes the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Signs and treatment of both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are discussed.
The document describes the major endocrine glands of the human body, including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes, and ovaries. It details the location and functions of each gland, such as hormone production and regulation of processes like metabolism, growth, and sexual development. The endocrine system works through feedback loops to maintain homeostasis in the body.
The document is a worksheet about the endocrine system. It provides information about various endocrine glands, including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, gonads, pineal gland, and thymus. It discusses the hormones secreted by each gland, their chemical composition and function. Key topics covered include the relationships between the hypothalamus and anterior/posterior pituitary, feedback loops regulating hormone secretion, and differences between endocrine and exocrine glands. Common endocrine disorders like diabetes are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of the endocrine system and its major glands. It describes the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and pineal gland as purely endocrine organs that secrete hormones. The thyroid, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads, heart, gastrointestinal tract, placenta, and kidneys also contain endocrine cells. Key hormones produced by these glands include thyroid hormone, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, cortisol, aldosterone, insulin, glucagon, melatonin, estrogen, progesterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland form a feedback loop to regulate hormone release from
in: Devices & Hardware
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0 Likes
0 Downloads
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zeeshanazmi069
Share your thoughts…
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Endocrine system and exocrine system
1. 1
2. Dvm 1st semester (morning) Section : B Group : Delta Submitted To : Sir Saad Khaliq 2
3. 3 Group Members 1-Muhammad Noman Tariq 2-Shams ur Rehman 3-Anees Ahmad 4-Zubair Ahmad 5-Aqib Mujeeb 6-Abdul Manan 7-Salar
4. 4 Objectives:- At the end of the presentation students will be able to describe What is endocrine system What is exocrine system What is its function and role in our body The glands which work under endocrine system What are their hormones and their role
The document discusses the human endocrine system. It describes the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testis, ovary, and hormones produced by other tissues like the heart, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract. The hypothalamus regulates the pituitary gland which secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands. Hormones act by binding to specific receptors in target tissues and initiating responses like stimulating or inhibiting hormone production.
The endocrine system regulates longer-term metabolic processes through hormones. It includes glands like the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, gonads, and pineal gland. Hormones are chemical messengers that alter the activity of distant tissues. They include amino acid derivatives, peptides, steroids, and eicosanoids. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland form a master regulatory system for the endocrine system and other body functions via releasing and inhibiting hormones. Glands operate via negative or positive feedback loops to maintain homeostasis. Diseases can disrupt the delicate balance of the endocrine system.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
Structure and Function of
I. Pituitary Gland
II. Thyroid Gland
III. Parathyroid Gland
IV. Adrenal Glands
V. Pancreas
VI. Sex Glands
VII. Thymus
VIII. Pineal Gland
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Govt. Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt. A. P
Phone: 9010705687
The document summarizes the important endocrine glands and their hormones. It discusses the pituitary gland, which secretes growth hormone, TSH, FSH, LH, prolactin, ADH, and oxytocin; the adrenal cortex, which secretes cortisol and aldosterone; the thyroid gland, which secretes thyroxine and triiodothyronine; the pancreas, which secretes insulin and glucagon; the ovaries and testes, which secrete estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone; the parathyroid gland, which secretes parathyroid hormone; and the placenta, which secretes HCG, estrogens, progesterone, and HPL.
The endocrine system controls physiological processes and homeostasis through the secretion of hormones. It includes glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to target distant cells. The major glands are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. Hormones can be peptides or steroids, and have different mechanisms of action depending on if they are lipid soluble or not. Negative feedback loops allow the endocrine system to precisely control hormone levels.
The endocrine system regulates mood, growth and development, tissue function, metabolism, and sexual/reproductive processes through glands and hormones. The pineal gland secretes melatonin which regulates sexual development, metabolism, and sleep. The hypothalamus, located at the base of the brain, controls the pituitary gland through hormones and nervous system reflexes. The pituitary gland has anterior, middle, and posterior lobes and secretes hormones that control homeostasis, metabolism and development. Disorders of the endocrine system include Cushing's disease, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism.
The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. The major glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, testes/ovaries, and pineal gland. Hormones have various effects on target cells, such as stimulating or inhibiting growth, metabolism, and reproductive processes. There are two main mechanisms of hormonal action - steroid hormones bind directly to receptors to influence gene expression, while peptide hormones activate intracellular messenger systems. Disorders can result from hormone deficiencies or excesses.
This document provides information about the endocrine system from Chapter 13 of an anatomy textbook. It begins with an overview of the endocrine system compared to the nervous system. It then discusses the major endocrine glands like the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenals. The pituitary is described as the master gland that regulates other endocrine glands through releasing and inhibiting hormones. The chapter outlines the seven hormones produced by the anterior pituitary and their actions, as well as the hormones of the posterior pituitary and thyroid. In summary, the document provides a high-level overview of the key concepts about the endocrine system and its major glands and hormones.
The document summarizes key aspects of the human endocrine system. It describes the main endocrine glands including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pineal gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland and pancreas. It provides details on the hormones produced by each gland and their functions in regulating processes like growth, metabolism, sexual development and the immune system. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland play central roles in controlling the other endocrine glands through releasing and inhibiting hormones.
The document discusses hormone regulation and action. It summarizes that the hypothalamus controls the anterior and posterior pituitary glands. The anterior pituitary releases hormones that control other endocrine glands like the thyroid. Growth hormone is released from the anterior pituitary and is essential for growth. The thyroid gland releases T3 and T4, which regulate metabolism. Insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels. Testosterone and estrogen are the primary sex hormones. Hormones mobilize fuels like glucose and fatty acids during exercise depending on intensity and duration.
The document provides an overview of the endocrine system, summarizing each of the major endocrine glands and the hormones they secrete. It discusses the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pineal gland, gonads, pancreas, and thymus gland. For each gland, it outlines their location in the body, cellular structure, and the hormones produced as well as the functions of those hormones in regulating processes like growth, metabolism, calcium levels, stress response, and immune function.
Chapter 39 Lecture- Endocrine & Reproductive SystemsMary Beth Smith
The endocrine system regulates various bodily functions through glands that release hormones into the bloodstream. The major glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and reproductive glands like the ovaries and testes. Hormones produced by these glands control processes like metabolism, growth and development, sexual function, pregnancy, and stress response. The hormones travel through the bloodstream and bind to target cells to alter their activity. Feedback loops help maintain hormone levels within a healthy range.
CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM BIOLOGY CLASS 11TH DHARUN MUGHILAN
It has every topic covered with highlighted and italicized text.
more images than in the textbook. Easy wording. Brief explanation. Catchy sentences. New diagrams.
The document provides an overview of the endocrine system, including:
1. The endocrine system regulates biological processes through hormones and maintains homeostasis. It is made up of glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream.
2. Major endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries/testes, pineal and thymus. The pituitary gland controls other glands by releasing hormones like TSH, FSH, LH and ACTH.
3. Hormones have target cells and trigger effects like changes in cell metabolism, growth, and fluid balance. Glands maintain hormone levels through negative feedback and are stimulated by other hormones or
The document provides information about the endocrine system. It defines key terms like glands, hormones, target cells, and homeostasis. It describes several important endocrine glands - the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and gonads. For each gland, it lists the major hormones secreted and their effects on the body. It also discusses several endocrine disorders and their symptoms.
ENDOCRINOLOGY NOTES BY KELVIN KEAN.........kkean6089
The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions. It works closely with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis. Key glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries and testes. Hormones travel through the blood and act on target organs. The pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus and regulates other glands via feedback mechanisms. Major hormones include growth hormone, thyroid hormones, insulin, estrogen and testosterone.
This document provides information on the endocrine system and its components. It discusses the hypothalamus and pituitary gland which regulate hormone production. The major endocrine glands described are the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, testis and ovary. Key hormones produced by each gland are summarized such as thyroid hormones, insulin, glucagon, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. The endocrine system works to maintain homeostasis through the production and regulation of hormones.
The document discusses the endocrine system, which controls the body through hormones rather than neurotransmitters like the nervous system. It describes the main endocrine glands that secrete hormones, including the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, which regulate other glands. The pituitary gland has an anterior and posterior lobe; the anterior lobe secretes trophic hormones that stimulate other glands, while the posterior lobe secretes oxytocin and ADH synthesized in the hypothalamus. Hormones allow for slower responses than the nervous system but can target distant organs.
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system. It describes that the endocrine system uses hormones to regulate body functions more slowly than the nervous system. The key endocrine glands discussed are the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes. For each gland, the document outlines the hormones produced, their actions in the body, and how their secretion is controlled by feedback mechanisms in the endocrine and nervous systems.
These slides contain all the viable secretory gland which is present inside a human body such as Endocrine glands with their interrelationship or coordination.
The endocrine system is a complex network of glands and organs. It uses hormones to control and coordinate your body's metabolism, energy level, reproduction, growth and development, and response to injury, stress, and mood. The following are integral parts of the endocrine system.
The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine system. It describes the main differences between the nervous and endocrine systems. It then discusses the pituitary gland and its role in regulating other endocrine glands like the thyroid, adrenals, and gonads through the release of hormones. The document also explains the functions of important hormones including growth hormone, thyroid hormones, insulin, glucagon, progesterone, estrogen, and cortisol.
The document discusses the endocrine system and hormones. It describes the key glands that make up the endocrine system, including the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and ovaries/testes. It explains the hormones produced by each gland and their functions in regulating processes like growth, metabolism, sexual development, and stress response. The endocrine system acts as a chemical communication system alongside the nervous system to orchestrate many essential body functions.
The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate physiological and behavioral functions throughout the body. The hypothalamus controls the endocrine system by secreting hormones that stimulate or inhibit the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland then secretes hormones that target other endocrine glands, such as the thyroid, to release additional hormones like thyroxine. Other major endocrine glands include the pancreas, adrenals, ovaries/testes, and pineal gland, each producing hormones unique to their functions in metabolism, stress response, reproduction, and circadian rhythms.
The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions. The major glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas and reproductive glands. Hormones regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, pregnancy and lactation. Gland secretions are regulated by feedback mechanisms involving the hypothalamus and pituitary. The endocrine system maintains homeostasis through synthesis and secretion of hormones which target distant organs and cells.
The document discusses various hormones produced by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, including growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone. It describes the targets and functions of these hormones in regulating processes like growth, metabolism, reproduction, lactation, water balance, and stress response. The hormones act through feedback loops between the hypothalamus and pituitary to control hormone release from other endocrine glands.
The document summarizes the major endocrine glands and their hormones. It describes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland which secretes six important peptide hormones. It also discusses the thyroid gland which produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine, regulating cellular metabolism. The parathyroid glands contain four glands which secrete parathyroid hormone regulating calcium levels. The pancreas has endocrine functions secreting insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar. The adrenal glands are composed of an outer cortex secreting glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, and an inner medulla secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine. The gonads are the testes and ovaries which produce sex
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...Creative-Biolabs
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...Sérgio Sacani
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
PPT on Sustainable Land Management presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
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(
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∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
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2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
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Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
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cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
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Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
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Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
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truly diverge from their low-
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counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
1. 330 BIOLOGY
You have already learnt that the neural system provides a
point-to-point rapid coordination among organs. The neural
coordination is fast but short-lived. As the nerve fibres do not innervate
all cells of the body and the cellular functions need to be continuously
regulated; a special kind of coordination and integration has to be
provided. This function is carried out by hormones. The neural system
and the endocrine system jointly coordinate and regulate the
physiological functions in the body.
22.1 ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND HORMONES
Endocrine glands lack ducts and are hence, called ductless glands. Their
secretions are called hormones. The classical definition of hormone as a
chemical produced by endocrine glands and released into the blood and
transported to a distantly located target organ has current scientific
definition as follows: Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals which
act as intercellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts.
The new definition covers a number of new molecules in addition to the
hormones secreted by the organised endocrine glands. Invertebrates
possess very simple endocrine systems with few hormones whereas a large
number of chemicals act as hormones and provide coordination in the
vertebrates. The human endocrine system is described here.
CHEMICAL COORDINATION
AND INTEGRATION
CHAPTER 22
22.1 Endocrine
Glands and
Hormones
22.2 Human
Endocrine
System
22.3 Hormones of
Heart, Kidney
and
Gastrointestinal
Tract
22.4 Mechanism of
Hormone Action
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2. CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION 331
22.2 HUMAN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The endocrine glands and hormone
producing diffused tissues/cells located
in different parts of our body constitute
the endocrine system. Pituitary, pineal,
thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, parathyroid,
thymus and gonads (testis in males and
ovary in females) are the organised
endocrine bodies in our body
(Figure 22.1). In addition to these, some
other organs, e.g., gastrointestinal tract,
liver, kidney, heart also produce
hormones. A brief account of the
structure and functions of all major
endocrine glands and hypothalamus of
the human body is given in the following
sections.
22.2.1 The Hypothalamus
As you know, the hypothalamus is the
basal part of diencephalon, forebrain
(Figure 22.1) and it regulates a wide
spectrum of body functions. It contains
several groups of neurosecretory cells
called nuclei which produce hormones.
These hormones regulate the synthesis
and secretion of pituitary hormones. However, the hormones produced
by hypothalamus are of two types, the releasing hormones (which
stimulate secretion of pituitary hormones) and the inhibiting hormones
(which inhibit secretions of pituitary hormones). For example a
hypothalamic hormone called Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
stimulates the pituitary synthesis and release of gonadotrophins. On the
other hand, somatostatin from the hypothalamus inhibits the release of
growth hormone from the pituitary. These hormones originating in the
hypothalamic neurons, pass through axons and are released from their
nerve endings. These hormones reach the pituitary gland through a portal
circulatory system and regulate the functions of the anterior pituitary.
The posterior pituitary is under the direct neural regulation of the
hypothalamus (Figure 22.2).
Figure 22.1 Location of endocrine glands
Testis
(in male)
Ovary
(in female)
Adrenal
Pancreas
Thyroid and
Parathyroid
Thymus
Pineal
Pituitary
Hypothalamus
2015-16(19/01/2015)
3. 332 BIOLOGY
22.2.2 The Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland is located in a bony cavity
called sella tursica and is attached to
hypothalamus by a stalk (Figure 22.2). It is
divided anatomically into anadenohypophysis
and a neurohypophysis. Adenohypophysis
consists of two portions, pars distalis and pars
intermedia. The pars distalis region of pituitary,
commonly called anterior pituitary, produces
growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL),
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH),
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH),
luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH). Pars intermedia
secretes only one hormone called melanocyte
stimulating hormone (MSH). However, in
humans, the pars intermedia is almost merged
with pars distalis. Neurohypophysis (pars
nervosa) also known as posterior pituitary,
stores and releases two hormones called
oxytocin and vasopressin, which are actually
synthesised by the hypothalamus and are transported axonally to
neurohypophysis.
Over-secretion of GH stimulates abnormal growth of the body leading
to gigantism and low secretion of GH results in stunted growth resulting
in pituitary dwarfism. Prolactin regulates the growth of the mammary
glands and formation of milk in them. TSH stimulates the synthesis and
secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland. ACTH stimulates
the synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones called glucocorticoids
from the adrenal cortex. LH and FSH stimulate gonadal activity and hence
are called gonadotrophins. In males, LH stimulates the synthesis and
secretion of hormones called androgens from testis. In males, FSH and
androgens regulate spermatogenesis. In females, LH induces ovulation
of fully mature follicles (graafian follicles) and maintains the corpus
luteum, formed from the remnants of the graafian follicles after ovulation.
FSH stimulates growth and development of the ovarian follicles in females.
MSH acts on the melanocytes (melanin containing cells) and regulates
pigmentation of the skin. Oxytocin acts on the smooth muscles of our
body and stimulates their contraction. In females, it stimulates a vigorous
contraction of uterus at the time of child birth, and milk ejection from the
mammary gland. Vasopressin acts mainly at the kidney and stimulates
Posterior
pituitary
Anterior
pituitary
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamic
neurons
Portal circulation
Figure 22.2 Diagrammatic representation of
pituitary and its relationship with
hypothalamus
2015-16(19/01/2015)
4. CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION 333
resorption of water and electrolytes by the distal tubules
and thereby reduces loss of water through urine
(diuresis). Hence, it is also called as anti-diuretic
hormone (ADH).
22.2.3 The Pineal Gland
The pineal gland is located on the dorsal side of
forebrain. Pineal secretes a hormone called melatonin.
Melatonin plays a very important role in the regulation
of a 24-hour (diurnal) rhythm of our body. For
example, it helps in maintaining the normal rhythms
of sleep-wake cycle, body temperature. In addition,
melatonin also influences metabolism, pigmentation,
the menstrual cycle as well as our defense capability.
22.2.4 Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland is composed of two lobes which are
located on either side of the trachea (Figure 22.3). Both
the lobes are interconnected with a thin flap of connective
tissue called isthmus. The thyroid gland is composed
of follicles and stromal tissues. Each thyroid follicle
is composed of follicular cells, enclosing a cavity. These
follicular cells synthesise two hormones,
tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3
). Iodine is essential for the
normal rate of hormone synthesis in the thyroid.
Deficiency of iodine in our diet results in
hypothyroidism and enlargement of the thyroid gland,
commonly called goitre. Hypothyroidism during
pregnancy causes defective development and
maturation of the growing baby leading to stunted
growth (cretinism), mental retardation, low intelligence
quotient, abnormal skin, deaf-mutism, etc. In adult
women, hypothyroidism may cause menstrual cycle
to become irregular. Due to cancer of the thyroid gland
or due to development of nodules of the thyroid glands,
the rate of synthesis and secretion of the thyroid
hormones is increased to abnormal high levels leading
to a condition called hyperthyroidism which adversely
affects the body physiology.
Figure 22.3 Diagrammatic view of the
position of Thyroid and
Parathyroid
(a) Ventral side
(b) Dorsal side
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5. 334 BIOLOGY
Thyroid hormones play an important role in the regulation of the basal
metabolic rate. These hormones also support the process of red blood
cell formation. Thyroid hormones control the metabolism of carbohydrates,
proteins and fats. Maintenance of water and electrolyte balance is also
influenced by thyroid hormones. Thyroid gland also secretes a protein
hormone called thyrocalcitonin (TCT) which regulates the blood calcium
levels.
22.2.5 Parathyroid Gland
In humans, four parathyroid glands are present on the back side of the
thyroid gland, one pair each in the two lobes of the thyroid gland (Figure
22.3b). The parathyroid glands secrete a peptide hormone called
parathyroid hormone (PTH). The secretion of PTH is regulated by the
circulating levels of calcium ions.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases the Ca2+
levels in the blood. PTH
acts on bones and stimulates the process of bone resorption (dissolution/
demineralisation). PTH also stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+
by the renal
tubules and increases Ca2+ absorption from the digested food. It is, thus,
clear that PTH is a hypercalcemic hormone, i.e., it increases the blood
Ca2+ levels. Along with TCT, it plays a significant role in calcium balance
in the body.
22.2.6 Thymus
The thymus gland is a lobular structure located between lungs behind
sternum on the ventral side of aorta. The thymus plays a major role in
the development of the immune system. This gland secretes the peptide
hormones called thymosins. Thymosins play a major role in the
differentiation of T-lymphocytes, which provide cell-mediated
immunity. In addition, thymosins also promote production of antibodies
to provide humoral immunity. Thymus is degenerated in old individuals
resulting in a decreased production of thymosins. As a result, the immune
responses of old persons become weak.
22.2.7 Adrenal Gland
Our body has one pair of adrenal glands, one at the anterior part of each
kidney (Figure 22.4 a). The gland is composed of two types of tissues.
The centrally located tissue is called the adrenal medulla, and outside
this lies the adrenal cortex (Figure 22.4 b).
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6. CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION 335
The adrenal medulla secretes two hormones called adrenaline or
epinephrine and noradrenaline or norepinephrine. These are
commonly called as catecholamines. Adrenaline and noradrenaline are
rapidly secreted in response to stress of any kind and during emergency
situations and are called emergency hormones or hormones of Fight
or Flight. These hormones increase alertness, pupilary dilation,
piloerection (raising of hairs), sweating etc. Both the hormones increase
the heart beat, the strength of heart contraction and the rate of respiration.
Catecholamines also stimulate the breakdown of glycogen resulting in
an increased concentration of glucose in blood. In addition, they also
stimulate the breakdown of lipids and proteins.
The adrenal cortex can be divided into three layers, called zona
reticularis (inner layer), zona fasciculata (middle layer) and zona
glomerulosa (outer layer). The adrenal cortex secretes many hormones,
commonly called as corticoids. The corticoids, which are involved in
carbohydrate metabolism are called glucocorticoids. In our body, cortisol
is the main glucocorticoid. Corticoids, which regulate the balance of water
and electrolytes in our body are called mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone is
the main mineralocorticoid in our body.
Glucocorticoids stimulate gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and proteolysis;
and inhibit cellular uptake and utilisation of amino acids. Cortisol is also
involved in maintaining the cardio-vascular system as well as the kidney
functions. Glucocorticoids, particularly cortisol, produces anti-
inflammatory reactions and suppresses the immune response. Cortisol
Figure 22.4 Diagrammatic representation of : (a) Adrenal gland above kidney
(b) Section showing two parts of adrenal gland
2015-16(19/01/2015)
7. 336 BIOLOGY
stimulates the RBC production. Aldosterone acts mainly at the renal
tubules and stimulates the reabsorption of Na+
and water and excretion
of K+ and phosphate ions. Thus, aldosterone helps in the maintenance of
electrolytes, body fluid volume, osmotic pressure and blood pressure.
Small amounts of androgenic steroids are also secreted by the adrenal
cortex which play a role in the growth of axial hair, pubic hair and facial
hair during puberty.
22.2.8 Pancreas
Pancreas is a composite gland (Figure 22.1) which acts as both exocrine
and endocrine gland. The endocrine pancreas consists of ‘Islets of
Langerhans’. There are about 1 to 2 million Islets of Langerhans in a
normal human pancreas representing only 1 to 2 per cent of the pancreatic
tissue. The two main types of cells in the Islet of Langerhans are called
ααααα-cells and βββββ-cells. The α-cells secrete a hormone called glucagon, while
the βββββ-cells secrete insulin.
Glucagon is a peptide hormone, and plays an important role in
maintaining the normal blood glucose levels. Glucagon acts mainly on
the liver cells (hepatocytes) and stimulates glycogenolysis resulting in an
increased blood sugar (hyperglycemia). In addition, this hormone
stimulates the process of gluconeogenesis which also contributes to
hyperglycemia. Glucagon reduces the cellular glucose uptake and
utilisation. Thus, glucagon is a hyperglycemic hormone.
Insulin is a peptide hormone, which plays a major role in the
regulation of glucose homeostasis. Insulin acts mainly on hepatocytes
and adipocytes (cells of adipose tissue), and enhances cellular glucose
uptake and utilisation. As a result, there is a rapid movement of glucose
from blood to hepatocytes and adipocytes resulting in decreased blood
glucose levels (hypoglycemia). Insulin also stimulates conversion of
glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis) in the target cells. The glucose
homeostasis in blood is thus maintained jointly by the two – insulin and
glucagons.
Prolonged hyperglycemia leads to a complex disorder called diabetes
mellitus which is associated with loss of glucose through urine and
formation of harmful compounds known as ketone bodies. Diabetic
patients are successfully treated with insulin therapy.
22.2.9 Testis
A pair of testis is present in the scrotal sac (outside abdomen) of male
individuals (Figure 22.1). Testis performs dual functions as a primary
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8. CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION 337
sex organ as well as an endocrine gland. Testis is composed of
seminiferous tubules and stromal or interstitial tissue. The Leydig
cells or interstitial cells, which are present in the intertubular spaces
produce a group of hormones called androgens mainly testosterone.
Androgens regulate the development, maturation and functions of
the male accessory sex organs like epididymis, vas deferens, seminal
vesicles, prostate gland, urethra etc. These hormones stimulate muscular
growth, growth of facial and axillary hair, aggressiveness, low pitch of
voice etc. Androgens play a major stimulatory role in the process of
spermatogenesis (formation of spermatozoa). Androgens act on the central
neural system and influence the male sexual behaviour (libido). These
hormones produce anabolic (synthetic) effects on protein and carbohydrate
metabolism.
22.2.10 Ovary
Females have a pair of ovaries located in the abdomen (Figure 22.1). Ovary
is the primary female sex organ which produces one ovum during each
menstrual cycle. In addition, ovary also produces two groups of steroid
hormones called estrogen and progesterone. Ovary is composed of
ovarian follicles and stromal tissues. The estrogen is synthesised and
secreted mainly by the growing ovarian follicles. After ovulation, the
ruptured follicle is converted to a structure called corpus luteum, which
secretes mainly progesterone.
Estrogens produce wide ranging actions such as stimulation of growth
and activities of female secondary sex organs, development of growing
ovarian follicles, appearance of female secondary sex characters (e.g., high
pitch of voice, etc.), mammary gland development. Estrogens also regulate
female sexual behaviour.
Progesterone supports pregnancy. Progesterone also acts on the
mammary glands and stimulates the formation of alveoli (sac-like
structures which store milk) and milk secretion.
22.3 HORMONES OF HEART, KIDNEY AND GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Now you know about the endocrine glands and their hormones. However,
as mentioned earlier, hormones are also secreted by some tissues which
are not endocrine glands. For example, the atrial wall of our heart secretes
a very important peptide hormone called atrial natriuretic factor (ANF),
which decreases blood pressure. When blood pressure is increased, ANF
is secreted which causes dilation of the blood vessels. This reduces the
blood pressure.
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9. 338 BIOLOGY
The juxtaglomerular cells of kidney produce a peptide hormone called
erythropoietin which stimulates erythropoiesis (formation of RBC).
Endocrine cells present in different parts of the gastro-intestinal tract
secrete four major peptide hormones, namely gastrin, secretin,
cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). Gastrin
acts on the gastric glands and stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric
acid and pepsinogen. Secretin acts on the exocrine pancreas and
stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate ions. CCK acts on both
pancreas and gall bladder and stimulates the secretion of pancreatic
enzymes and bile juice, respectively. GIP inhibits gastric secretion and
motility. Several other non-endocrine tissues secrete hormones called
growth factors. These factors are essential for the normal growth of tissues
and their repairing/regeneration.
22.4 MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION
Hormones produce their effects on target tissues by binding to specific
proteins called hormone receptors located in the target tissues only.
Hormone receptors present on the cell membrane of the target cells are
called membrane-bound receptors and the receptors present inside the
target cell are called intracellular receptors, mostly nuclear receptors
(present in the nucleus). Binding of a hormone to its receptor leads to the
formation of a hormone-receptor complex (Figure 22.5 a, b). Each
receptor is specific to one hormone only and hence receptors are specific.
Hormone-Receptor complex formation leads to certain biochemical
changes in the target tissue. Target tissue metabolism and hence
physiological functions are regulated by hormones. On the basis of their
chemical nature, hormones can be divided into groups :
(i) peptide, polypeptide, protein hormones (e.g., insulin, glucagon,
pituitary hormones, hypothalamic hormones, etc.)
(ii) steroids (e.g., cortisol, testosterone, estradiol and progesterone)
(iii) iodothyronines (thyroid hormones)
(iv) amino-acid derivatives (e.g., epinephrine).
Hormones which interact with membrane-bound receptors normally
do not enter the target cell, but generate second messengers (e.g., cyclic
AMP, IP3, Ca++
etc) which in turn regulate cellular metabolism (Figure
22.5a). Hormones which interact with intracellular receptors (e.g., steroid
hormones, iodothyronines, etc.) mostly regulate gene expression or
chromosome function by the interaction of hormone-receptor complex
with the genome. Cumulative biochemical actions result in physiological
and developmental effects (Figure 22.5b).
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Figure 22.5 Diagramatic representation of the mechanism of hormone action :
(a) Protein hormone (b) Steroid hormone
(a)
(b)
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SUMMARY
There are special chemicals which act as hormones and provide chemical
coordination, integration and regulation in the human body. These hormones
regulate metabolism, growth and development of our organs, the endocrine glands
or certain cells. The endocrine system is composed of hypothalamus, pituitary
and pineal, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, parathyroid, thymus and gonads (testis
and ovary). In addition to these, some other organs, e.g., gastrointestinal tract,
kidney, heart etc., also produce hormones. The pituitary gland is divided into
three major parts, which are called as pars distalis, pars intermedia and pars
nervosa. Pars distalis produces six trophic hormones. Pars intermedia secretes
only one hormone, while pars nervosa (neurohypophysis) secretes two hormones.
The pituitary hormones regulate the growth and development of somatic tissues
and activities of peripheral endocrine glands. Pineal gland secretes melatonin,
which plays a very important role in the regulation of 24-hour (diurnal) rhythms
of our body (e.g., rhythms of sleep and state of being awake, body temperature,
etc.). The thyroid gland hormones play an important role in the regulation of the
basal metabolic rate, development and maturation of the central neural system,
erythropoiesis, metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, menstrual cycle.
Another thyroid hormone, i.e., thyrocalcitonin regulates calcium levels in our blood
by decreasing it. The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which
increases the blood Ca2+ levels and plays a major role in calcium homeostasis. The
thymus gland secretes thymosins which play a major role in the differentiation of
T-lymphocytes, which provide cell-mediated immunity. In addition, thymosins
also increase the production of antibodies to provide humoral immunity. The
adrenal gland is composed of the centrally located adrenal medulla and the outer
adrenal cortex. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
These hormones increase alertness, pupilary dilation, piloerection, sweating, heart
beat, strength of heart contraction, rate of respiration, glycogenolysis, lipolysis,
proteolysis. The adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
Glucocorticoids stimulate gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis, erythropoiesis,
cardio-vascular system, blood pressure, and glomerular filtration rate and inhibit
inflammatory reactions by suppressing the immune response. Mineralocorticoids
regulate water and electrolyte contents of the body. The endocrine pancreas secretes
glucagon and insulin. Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
resulting in hyperglycemia. Insulin stimulates cellular glucose uptake and
utilisation, and glycogenesis resulting in hypoglycemia. Insulin deficiency
and/or insulin resistance result in a disease called diabetes mellitus.
The testis secretes androgens, which stimulate the development, maturation
and functions of the male accessory sex organs, appearance of the male secondary
sex characters, spermatogenesis, male sexual behaviour, anabolic pathways and
erythropoiesis. The ovary secretes estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen stimulates
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growth and development of female accessory sex organs and secondary sex
characters. Progesterone plays a major role in the maintenance of pregnancy as
well as in mammary gland development and lactation. The atrial wall of the heart
produces atrial natriuretic factor which decreases the blood pressure. Kidney
produces erythropoietin which stimulates erythropoiesis. The gastrointestinal tract
secretes gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin and gastric inhibitory peptide. These
hormones regulate the secretion of digestive juices and help in digestion.
EXERCISES
1. Define the following:
(a) Exocrine gland
(b) Endocrine gland
(c) Hormone
2. Diagrammatically indicate the location of the various endocrine glands in our
body.
3. List the hormones secreted by the following:
(a) Hypothalamus (b) Pituitary (c) Thyroid (d) Parathyroid
(e) Adrenal (f) Pancreas (g) Testis (h) Ovary
(i) Thymus (j) Atrium (k) Kidney (l) G-I Tract
4. Fill in the blanks:
Hormones Target gland
(a) Hypothalamic hormones __________________
(b) Thyrotrophin (TSH) __________________
(c) Corticotrophin (ACTH) __________________
(d) Gonadotrophins (LH, FSH) __________________
(e) Melanotrophin (MSH) __________________
5. Write short notes on the functions of the following hormones:
(a) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (b) Thyroid hormones
(c) Thymosins (d) Androgens
(e) Estrogens (f) Insulin and Glucagon
6. Give example(s) of:
(a) Hyperglycemic hormone and hypoglycemic hormone
(b) Hypercalcemic hormone
(c) Gonadotrophic hormones
(d) Progestational hormone
(e) Blood pressure lowering hormone
(f) Androgens and estrogens
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7. Which hormonal deficiency is responsible for the following:
(a) Diabetes mellitus (b) Goitre (c) Cretinism
8. Briefly mention the mechanism of action of FSH.
9. Match the following:
Column I Column II
(a) T4
(i) Hypothalamus
(b) PTH (ii) Thyroid
(c) GnRH (iii) Pituitary
(d) LH (iv) Parathyroid
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