Gram-Positive Bacteria

Gram-Positive Bacteria
Bacteria have many properties in that some are very harmful, pathogenic, and others are extremely
beneficial in many ways to humans and to all types of organisms. Some live within plants, fungi and
humans. An example in the human body is Lactobacillus Johnsonii which is a bacteria that helps
infants digest milk smoothly (it is found in the gut)( Anwar MA and others 2008). Every type of
bacteria is classified according to features that can be studied further for differing properties and
what separates each strain into different categories.
Shape, internal composition and respiration mode are three ways bacterium are classified.
Differences in internal composition varies by the amount, thickness, of peptidoglycan in bacteria
cell walls. Gram negative cells have a thin layer of peptidoglycan within the membrane layers,
whereas gram positive have a thick layer on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to page 24 of the lab manual, Gram–positive bacteria are able to grow on a PEA medium
but not EMB–lactose (Holbrook & Leicht, 2013). Therefore, further testing had to be done that
would identify the gram–positive or gram–negative state in the Catalase and Oxidase test. The result
of the KOH Test, also Table 1, as gram–positive, because the bacterium we tested did not form a
string. Because of the mixture of identities the Catalase test and Oxidase test were used (Figure 2).
These both resulted in a very strong gram–positive reaction. During the Catalase test, after placing a
drop of H2O2 on our slide, an immediate strong reaction of bubbles formed. This confirms our
specimen as catalase–positive bacteria. The Oxidase test showed strong reaction in the gram–
positive designated areas confirming, with the Catalase test, that the bacteria most likely is gram–
positive. This concludes the observational–based testing
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Bacteria Lab
Lab Report: Unknown #1
Paola Rosales
302672960
Professor Youssef
INTRODUCTION:
Bacteria are the smallest living organisms, they are prokaryotic and have a simple cell structure.
They do not contain a nucleus, and are unicellular. Bacteria are the most abundant microorganism.
They are among the earliest forms of life that appeared on earth billions of years ago. They can grow
in different temperatures and many exist naturally in our human flora, such as staphylococci.
Growth within different temperatures can range from 0 degrees Celsius such as psychrotrophs, to
hyperthermophiles who grown best above 70 degrees Celsius (Ritchey, Exercise 16). Bacteria have
many shapes, size, and multicell arrangements. The main bacteria shapes are cocci (spherical or
ovoid shaped), bacilli (straight rods), coccobacillus (short rods), fusiform bacillus (rod shaped
bacilli with tapered ends), vibrio (curved rods), spirillum (single spiral bacteria), and spirochete (if it
is flexible and undulating). Bacteria can form multicell arrangements, such as diplococcus (two–cell
arrangements) (. Bacteria are usually named for their shape or multicell arrangement, but cannot be
truly identified by just those characteristics (Strelkauskas, Edwards, Fanhert, Pryor, 2016). Bacteria
can be classified by the way they stain. They are clear under a microscope and require staining to be
seen. To stain a bacteria, one takes a dye to color the cells. There are basic dyes that contain

Salmonell A Common Bacteria
The importance of doing this investigation was necessary as this microorganism, Salmonella is a
common bacteria encountered in daily life. Salmonella is a bacterium that is found in a wide variety
of animals and mammals (Weese and Fulford, 2011). Gram negative bacteria exhibit appendages on
outer surfaces known as pili (Lo et al., 2014). The pili is also named fimbriae, these are chains of
protein that form filaments that extend from the outer surface of bacterial cells enabling them to
adhere to any host target cell (Proft and Baker, 2009; Kang and Baker, 2012). This makes the pili of
clinical importance when assessing clinical manifestation; particularly in pathogenic organisms,
when developing drugs such as vaccines (Kang and Baker, 2012). Currently, the use of pili in
vaccine development is widespread in research (Wizeman et al, 1999). This suggests that the pilus is
the basic structural subunit in all bacterial cells. Studying Salmonella is vital in understanding how
SafD operates and possible clinical problems posed to individuals, due to the different strains of the
bacterium that have been previously discovered. Although Salmonella has been identified and
classified into different classifications, it has undergone multiple changes and the main
nomenclature system is yet to be established (Chiu, Lin–Hui, 2014). The genus which Salmonella
belongs to is known as the Enterobacteriaceae family (Chu and Su, 2004; Farmer, 1995). Salmonella
is a gram negative rod shaped

Gut Bacteria
The human body harbours huge and complex microbial communities, called the microbiota. The
microbiota is gaining importance in human health due to increasing evidence that its bacterial
component plays a role in the occurrence of chronic diseases [1]. In this regard, gastrointestinal tract
(GIT) (or gut) bacteria are very important [2], being the niche for many bacteria which have been
extensively studied [3]. Rather than the action of single or group of gut bacteria, perturbation of the
overall gut bacteria (dysbiosis) is crucial for the integrity of the GIT and extra–GIT disorders [4].
The gut bacterial composition is influenced by both intrinsic and extraneous factors [5]. These
extraneous factors include diet [6] and physical activity [7]. ... Show more content on
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These gut bacteria are involved in metabolism on nondigestible carbohydrates, glucose, lipids and
protein and the numerous small metabolites often reaches the peripheral circulation [24]. These
metabolites include short–chain fatty acids, long–chain fatty acids, trimethylamine and
trimethylamine N–oxide (TMAO), tryptophan metabolites, and tyrosine and phenylalanine
metabolites [6, 25, 26]. Evidence of the association between specific gut bacterial taxa and serum
metabolic signatures in human has been reported for lipid metabolites [27] and with TMAO in few
individuals [28]. Our group recently reported an association between serum metabolites and few gut
bacteria taxa, which were characterized by a less optimal method [29]. Undoubtedly, these
metabolic activities require coordinated action of all the gut bacteria and their functional genes [24].
Therefore, a comprehensive characterisation of the gut bacteria in order to establish a link with
serum metabolites is warranted.
This study aims to investigate whether usual intake of specific diets, such as plant–rich diet, fibre,
whole–grain products, carbohydrates, protein and animal fat, and red wine is associated with gut
bacteria, in terms of composition, functional genes, and antibody response, and, if so, whether the
association is gender–specific. Secondly, we will determine

Virus and Bacteria
Virus and Bacteria
Virus – A virus is a capsule of protein that contains genetic material. A virus cannot reproduce on its
own; it must infect a living cell to grow.
Bacteria – Bacteria are one–celled organisms that live on their own. They can multiply and
reproduce by subdivision
Bacteria and viruses cause many of the diseases we are familiar with and may sound synonymous;
they are greatly different from each other.
[pic] o They differ greatly in size. The biggest viruses are only as large as the tiniest bacteria.
Viruses are microscopic; they range in size from about 20 to 400 nanometers in diameter (1
nanometer = 10–9 meters). By contrast, the smallest bacteria are about 400 nanometres in size. o
Another difference is their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ways in which a bacteria can get access to an animal body are: Cuts Contaminated food or
water Close contact with an infected person Contact with the faces of an infected person Breathing
in the exhaled droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes Indirectly, by touching
contaminated surfaces – such as taps, toilet handles, toys and nappies.
Viruses are spread from one person to another by: Coughs Sneezes Vomits Bites from infected
animals or insects Exposure to infected bodily fluids
Curing a bacterial infection
The body reacts to pathogenic bacteria by increasing local blood flow (inflammation) and sending in
cells from the immune system to attack and destroy the

Phage Attack Bacteria
The oldest war on earth is one not between nations or tribes, humans and animals, but the one
between bacteria and viruses. Bacterial phages have been attacking bacteria for millions of years.
This process happens when a phage (virus) attaches onto the bacteria and inserts its DNA to take
over the cell and use it as a factory to produce more viruses. Nearly 40 percent of all bacteria die
every single day because of this, but sometimes a bacteria will endure the attack and are able to use
their most effective attack, CRISPER. This DNA archive is used to store a genetic copy of the
attacking virus, when the virus makes an appearance again the bacteria is able to use its very own
super power, a protein called CAS9. It is then able to extremely accurately compare its DNA with
the stored copy of the virus DNA and look for an identical match. When found it is able to precisely
"cut out" the virus DNA making it ineffective and protecting the cell. Bit this revolution into
CRISPER genetic modification didn't happen until scientist realized that it was programmable. ...
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This compared to previous gene modification is like a map is to GPS. Crisper not only can modify a
bacteria cell but with all cells. It is usable in everything from microorganisms to plant and animals
to humans and embryos. This advancement allowed for the precise modification of a single gene
leading to more innovative ideas. As many genetic disorders are caused by the mutation of a single
gene CRISPER has the ability to cure millions of suffering individuals and essentially eradicate
further

Essay On Unknown Bacteria
Introduction:
The study conducted was to determine the unknown bacterium that was given by the Microbiology
lab instructor. The purpose of this exercise is to go through a series of testing in order to identify a
microorganism, how it grows, reproduces and how the bacteria can be treated and killed. The
techniques involved in this study included; what type of agar to use, inoculating, proper sterilization,
gram staining and how to handle bacteria in order to avoid contamination.
Materials and Methods:
The patient in questioned presented with symptoms of painful urination for the past 2 weeks
accompanied by lower back pain and fever. The fever didn't appear until two days ago. The patient,
17 years of age and female stated that she wasn't sexually active until 2 months ago. The patient file
documented that a blood sample was taken and that the patient had an unknown bacterium. Listed
below are the tests ran in order to determine the unknown bacterium.
¬ MacConkey Agar
The MacConkey Agar is a selective and differential medium that is used to determine whether or not
the bacteria can ferment lactose. The bile salts and crystal inhibits growth for gram–positive bacteria
and cause color change. In this case there was no color change, but there was growth. This indicates
a gram–negative bacterium. Upon further inspection, the pigment of the growth on the agar plate
was beige with a circular colony form. The bacteria appeared raised, smooth and translucent. A
sample of the

Transfer Of The Cell Of Bacteria
Research Question
How easy is it to transfer plasmids into the cell of bacteria?
Abstract
Biological science has progressed rapidly in the last two centuries and nowadays, more than ever
before, human beings have the capability to change their environment. One of the ways we do it is
genetic engineering. It may be observed that a lot of products have the label GMO (Genetically
Modified Organisms). These products are manufactured using genetically modified plants. These
plants usually keep their non–modified form, but change their reaction toward the environment.
Genetic modification is used to protect them from unwanted consequences, such as being eaten by a
predator. It is an advantage in the production, but since a human being has to consume it, the change
in DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) of the plant may have an effect on our organism.
The first man who changed DNA, was Paul Berg. In 1972 he combined lambda virus and DNA from
the monkey virus SV40. The year after, Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer were the people who
worked on the experiment which is described below. The first transgenic organism was created
using the method of changing plasmids and injecting them with an antibiotic–resistant gene into the
E–coli bacteria. The experiment involved such simple methods that it can be conducted in school
laboratories. Since it was just the beginning of genetic engineering, scientists did not have a variety
of apparatus for more serious experiments. Therefore the experiment

Ubiquity of Bacteria
Microbial Diversity and Ubiquity
Microorganisms are microscopic organisms that are so small that that they can only be visualized by
the aid of a compound–brightfield microscope. While we generally cannot see individual
microorganisms with the naked eye, they are present in virtually every habitat known to man.
Microorganisms can be prokaryotic–the bacteria or eukaryotic–the algae, protozoa or fungi. While
viruses are acellular they are also studied in the scope of microbiology because they are small and
because they infect cells. While most bacterial are unicellular they can also exist in colonial or
multicellular forms. In this laboratory exercise you will examine the ubiquity and diversity of
various microbes that are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Observe the plate that contains your inoculum after the first cleaning step (if applicable). What do
you observe?
Observe the plate that contains you inoculum after the second cleaning step (if applicable). What do
you observe?
Now that you have observed the morphology and the characteristics of two different colonies in
some detail, you will apply what you have learned in the previous laboratory exercise (Use of the
Compound Brightfield Microscope) to examine individual bacteria within these colonies. Bacteria
have three typical morphologies: the cocci (spherical bacteria), the bacilli (rod–shaped bacteria) and
the spiral or curved shaped bacteria, such as the spirillum, the spirochetes and the Vibrio spp. Using
the technique that you used in the microscopy exercise you will prepare a wet mount of bacteria
from the two colonies that you have just studied. (Note:: If the numbers of bacteria on your plate are
too numerous to pick from an individual colony sample bacteria from your neighbor's plate.)
Place a small drop of sterile media onto a microscope slide. Take a small sample of the bacteria from
the colony using your inoculating loop. It is important that you use asceptic technique when
sampling the bacteria as you will be looking at a pure bacterial sample. Flame your inoculating loop
as shown by the instructor and allow the loop to cool without waving the loop it the air. When you
sample the bacteria make

Is Escherichia Coli Bacteria?
Scientifically speaking, Escherichia coli is a pathogen that is a bacteria that is Prokaryotic in nature.
This bacteria presents itself as a gram–negative, non–spore–forming rod. This pathogenic bacteria
releases toxins that invade the intestinal tissues and in cases of cystitis invade the tissues of the
kidneys. The bacterium becomes attached by fimbriae to the epithelium tissue in the body then it
causes inflammation of those affected cells.
All people are at risk of contracting the E. coli disease but some are at a higher risk than others. A
person is at risk when they swallow the bacteria through food or water that is infected with the E.
coli bacterium. Eating meat that is undercooked or consuming unpasteurized milk and raw milk
products can also put a person at risk for the disease (Lim et al., 2010). People with low immune
systems, the very young and elderly are very susceptible to contracting E. coli infection (Lim et al.,
2010). Then people who are exposed to poor water systems and contaminated environments where
E. coli bacterium can survive are also at high susceptibility to contract the disease (Lim et al., 2010).
When a person is infected with E.coli disease there is a period of time before symptoms starts to
appear. Each case is different and symptoms vary. Once a person is exposed to this bacterium, then
incubation begins. The time period for incubation is approximately a period of two to ten days.
However the whole disease, barring serious complications and

Are Antibiotics Resistant Bacteria?
Antibiotics are our friends, our aid to health– our superheros– as we let them into our system with
the intention of healing us of our illnesses. They fight crime that is our sickness, and prevent us from
getting any worse. But what happens when our friends come across enemies they can't defeat– in
fact, they have no effect on? These enemies are what we call Superbugs. Superbugs are antibiotic
resistant bacteria, which means that when we take antibiotics, there are bacteria that are immune to
the drugs. Therefore, we cannot be helped in our time of need.
We are stuck in a dilemma where we have been indifferent towards these superbugs when they're
what we need to focus on. The more we ignore them, the quicker they grow and multiply. This is ...
In my research, I've noticed a change in our path to great health as the tables have turned for us.
Antibiotics have always been a drug to turn to when we want to fight bacteria, but now the bacteria
are growing stronger and fighting back to the point where they're winning and we don't have any
solid guarantee of stopping them. In fact, we don't even have a cure for these bacteria– or superbugs.
So, when we send more antibiotics into the system with the intentions of diminishing the body of
these bugs, it only makes matters worse as it can only increase the immunity of the bacteria towards
the drug.
This is very much present in places such as Russian prisons where Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis
is spreading wildly and only first line pharmaceuticals are provided. This is due to a lack of money
for anything other than first line drugs and the fact that second line drugs have unbearable side
effects that make it "harder to manage patients who are receiving them" (Farmer, 118). Although this
isn't a case in America, it's still relevant in the sense that first line drugs are cheap and don't cause
any unwanted side effects, so it is appealing to keep purchasing them. Because there is a consistent
resorting to first line drugs, pharmacists aren't receiving much money to fund research for coming
up with a cure for these superbugs that are prevalent in either Tuberculosis, or anything else for that
matter.
Getting funded for research is

Gingival Epithelial Bacteria
Bacterial infections are causative factors for cancer that have been widely overlooked. Studies in the
90's have shown the bacteria Helicobacter pylori to be a primary cause for gastric cancer. This
discovery revolutionized the association between microbial agents and cancers. More recently,
studies involving microorganisms in the oral cavity have shown connections to cancerous growth.
The inflammation caused by the bacteria P. gingivalis actually leads to changes in cell responses–
including those involved in cell death and cell division. Through research, the bacteria has been
found to suppress apoptosis and also reduce the number of tumor suppressors within gingival
epithelial cells– encouraging uncontrolled cell division. P. gingivalis is also able to induce gingival
epithelial cells to express receptors found in cancerous cells and chronic inflammatory cells. Some
proteins produced by the bacteria can have the ability to activate proenzymes that degrade basement
membrane near the lymph nodes– potentially causing cancer cell growth to spread to the blood
stream and to remote areas. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was interesting to find research that could potentially correlate bacterial infections with
carcinogenic cells. The bacteria was able to manipulate infected cells and produce harmful proteins
potentially leading to unregulated cell growth. It would be interesting to see to what extent inflamed
and infected tissue within the body increases the chances of cancerous growth. As shown in this
research, bacteria are extremely effective in manipulating and impacting the function of other cells
in the human body. I believe more research on the function of this bacterium could make great
strides in preventing cancer growth early on and understanding more about the development of

Unknown Bacteria
Unknown bacteria determined to be Alcaligenes faecalis because of its morphological, physiological
and metabolic properties. In a laboratory setting, it often becomes necessary to identify an unknown
organism. In this experiment, researchers classified an unidentified bacterium based on its physical
structure, colony morphology, optimal conditions and metabolic properties. A Gram stain using
crystal violet, iodine, and safranin and a simple stain using methylene blue characterized the
organism's cell wall. Cultural behavior was classified by inoculating the organism onto nutrient agar
and incubating it at 37° C for 48 hours, and observing its behavior, as well as using SIM medium to
test for motility. Optimal growth temperature was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Often scientists work with bacteria that do not come in a labeled test tube– for example, bacterial
samples taken from infected human tissue or from the soil–and the scientist must then identify the
unknown microorganism in order to understand what behavior to expect from the organism, for
example, a certain type of infection or antibiotic resistance. However, because of the relatively few
forms of bacteria compared to animals and because of the lack of bacterial fossil records due to their
asexually reproductive nature, the taxonomy used to classify animals cannot be applied to bacteria
(Brown 275). In order to classify unknown bacteria, a variety of physiological and metabolic tests
are available to narrow a sample down from the fathomless number of possibilities into a more
manageable range. Once these tests have been performed, the researcher can consult Bergey's
Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, a systematically arranged and continually updated collection
of all known bacteria based on their structure, metabolism, and other attributes. In this experiment,
we were given a sample of an unknown bacterium and asked to classify it based on its physical and
metabolic properties. We hypothesized that the unknown organism was Alcaligenes faecalis, a
motile Gram–negative bacillus that resides in water, soil, blood, urine, and feces (Herrera n.p.) It
was first isolated in 1896 by Petruschky, who

Bacteria And The Human Body
Bacteria plays an important role in our bodies and in the environment. In the human body, bacteria
helps us remain healthy by fighting off infections, aiding in digestion, reinforcing intestinal barrier
effects and enhancing intestinal cell health and growth. Not only is bacteria important for our health,
but they are also important for the Earth's environment. In these environments, bacteria plays a
pivotal role in helping to keep organisms healthy and to help maintain the balance and control that
are needed in these environments. In this research paper, I am going to talk about what bacteria and
the many benefits that it offers to every living species that is living on thee Earth.
Bacteria are tiny living microorganisms that cannot be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inside of bacteria, there are many cells within them that each form a specific function that helps to
aid bacteria. One of these components is the basal body.
The basal body helps to anchor the flagellum and allow it to rotate. The capsule is the layer that is
located outside of the cell wall and not all bacteria come with this feature. The cell wall is a
membrane that is located outside of the cell membrane. Another feature is the bacteria's DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic Acid). The DNA of bacteria contains all of the information that bacteria needs for
growth and development and it is located in the cytoplasm.
Cytoplasm is a substance that is located inside of the plasma membrane. From the use of the
bacteria's cytoplasm, proteins, amino acids, sugars, nucleotides, salts, vitamins, enzymes, DNA,
ribosomes, and the bacteria's internal structure which are all important to the bacteria's survival
floats around the cell through the use of cytoplasm. The flagellum is an object that bacteria use to
help propel themselves through liquid substances. Not all types of bacteria have a flagellum. Only
rod shaped bacteria or spiral shaped bacteria have a flagellum.
Bacteria spherical (cocci) does not have a flagellum rendering them incapable of movement. Some
types of bacteria not only have just one flagellum, in fact some types of bacteria may have multiple
flagellums each in different patterns. A single flagellum is

Pglo Bacteria
E. Coli that was not exposed to the pGLO plasmid that had Luria Bertani nutrient broth (LB) added,
had lawn growth in all Petri dishes. This bacteria did not glow, the phenotype for the GFP gene, as
the bacteria wasn't exposed to the pGLO plasmid containing the GFP gene. Without the gene in the
bacterial genome, the E. coli would be unable to express that phenotype. The bacteria also showed
extreme growth in the form of a lawn. This is because the LB broth provided E. coli with the
required nutrients and allowed for exponential growth.
The E. coli that was not exposed to the pGLO plasmid and was in contact with LB broth and
ampicillin (amp) had no bacterial growth. There is no growth in this Petri dish because amp is a
bacterial antibiotic. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
coli grown on the petri dish containing LB broth, amp and arabinose (ara) that was also exposed to
the pGLO plasmid glowed and grew and an average of 121 colonies. This was unsurprising, as the
petri dish contained LB broth, with the necessary nutrients for E. coli to grow, this allowed several
colonies of E. coli to grow. While amp was added, this strain of bacteria had been exposed to the
pGLO plasmid, this means that the ampicillin gene was transferred into the bacterial genome. This
allowed E. coli to grow, despite the quantities of ampicillin added to the petri dish. While E. coli
was able to grow, it was also able to glow, the phenotype for the gene GFP. The GFP gene is part of
an operon. The inducer for this particular operon is arabinose. It turns of the repressor and allows
RNA polymerase to transcribe the GFP gene and produce the phenotype of glowing. This is why this
particular group of bacteria was able to glow and none of the others

Living The Environment : Bacteria
Living the Environment: Bacteria
Abstract
This experiment depicts the presence as well as the identification of various micro–organisms
including the bacteria, fungi and algae which may be present on the surfaces that are commonly
used. The use of scientific methods allows to check the presence of bacterial as well as fungal
strains in this experiment. The hypothesis taken into consideration was that the Bathroom handle
will contain more bacteria than the other surfaces.
The experiment involved the use of both the positive and negative control in order to the check the
accuracy of the experiment and sterile agar plates were used to grow the organisms obtained from
the various surface under consideration.
The different colonies were obtained from the various surfaces and also they differed in the number.
The white and cream–colored colonies obtained were identified as the coccus, foggy white colonies
as Bacillus and rest colored colonies as Potentially Staphylococcus.
The hypothesis was proved to be wrong as the floor had more colonies and then the toilet seat was
second most populated surfaces. The colonies were observed and identified as that of Coccus,
Bacillus and Potential Staphylococcus. The water on the bathroom handle must had acted as the
vacuum which resulted in less population of the bacteria.
Introduction:
The evolution of the organisms has been along two lines; the organisms with the cell membrane
bound organelles and another lacking the cell membrane

Tuberculosis : The Ancient Bacteria
Nhavilay
Wanda Nhavilay
Professor W. Carlisle
Microbiology Biol 2230 S05
28 November 2015
Tuberculosis the ancient bacteria Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the oldest recorded human diseases
known to man, and is still the deadliest killers among bacterial infections (Smith). According to the
World Health Organization (WHO), TB is believed to have killed more people worldwide than all
the wars and famines combined. TB once viewed as a death sentence in the past, is now a
preventable and treatable disease. However, even though this is now a preventable and treatable
disease TB continues to kill millions each year. Since the first anti–TB drugs were used to fight TB
60 years ago some TB bacteria have developed resistance to these drugs ... Show more content on
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Not everyone infected with the TB bacteria become sick. The response to the infection depends on
the circumstances of the host 's immune system, genetics and environmental factors. There are 2
forms of TB, latent Tb infection and latent TB disease. Latent TB infection is when the bacteria can
live in the body without making the person sick. Most people who get infected can fight off the
bacteria and keep it from multiplying. People with latent TB infection do not feel sick and are not
contagious. However, once that person 's immune system becomes compromised the body is no
longer able to fight the bacteria. The bacteria then begins to multiply and becomes active in the
body. Once TB becomes active in the body and starts to multiply, latent TB is then converted into
TB disease or active TB. As a result of the bacteria multiplying and taking over, people with TB
disease feel sick and are contagious. Many people who have latent TB never develop TB disease.
Some develop TB right away, others may convert from latent TB to TB disease, years later when the
body is under stress from other factors such as diabetes, cancer, or HIV. Once a person is infected
with TB, the chance of developing TB disease is higher if the person: has HIV, has recently been
infected with TB within the last 2 years, has other healthcare problems such as diabetes, abuses
alcohol or uses drugs, or was not treated properly in the past (CDC). Symptoms of

Gram Negative Bacteria
Gram Positive Bacteria: After picking test tube #2, I inoculated a CNA plate to isolate my Gram
positive bacteria. The colistin nalidixic acid in the media inhibits the growth of Gram negative
bacteria, the acid affets the outer membrane of the Gram negative so they are unable to reproduce.
This test is performed to determine if the Gram positvie bacterium growing on the plate has the
ability to break down sheep red bloold cells. After the CNA was incubated in a candle jar, I saw
alpha hemolysis, this means incomplete hemolysis. The organism growing on the plate prduced
methemoglobulin, leaving a greenish–brownish cloudy zone around the colony. After seeing the
results from this test, my bacteria could etiher be Streptococcus pneumoniae or Steptococcus mitis
because those are the only ones the show alha ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then I decided I was going to do a P disc sensitivity test, but I when I went to get my new media I
asked for the wrong one. I realized that I needed another CNA plate and a P disc to do the test, but it
was too late and I performed a lawn procedure on the T–soy plate I had asked for from bacteria from
the T–soy inoculation on the first day. What I think happened was that when I looked at my
dichotomous key I saw catalase test and I knew I couldn't do it with bacteria from the CNA plate
and that is why I asked for another T–soy plate but my organism was a alpha hemolyser not a beta.
On the third day, I was able to perform the P disc sensitivity test. I asked for the correct media,
which was a CNA plate and a

The Common Abundance Of Bacteria
FIGURE 1 Bar chart shows the mean of relative abundance of each taxa in both faecal and oral
samples. Orange bars indicate faecal samples and blue bars indicate oral samples. Faecal bars
represent the mean and error bars the standard error (n=31), while oral bars represent the mean and
error bars the standard error (n=99). The most common abundance of bacteria in faecal sample were
Bacteroides and while the most common abundance of bacteria in oral sample were Streptococcus.
The mean of abundance is obtained by summing up the abundance of each taxa and divide it by the
total number of samples in each faecal and oral samples respectively. Standard error is obtained by
dividing standard deviation of each taxa with total number of samples that have been square rooted
in each faecal and oral samples respectively.
Result for culture dependent and independent in oral cavities:
FIGURE 2 Bar chart represents the percentage of student cohort in each taxa for culture dependent
and independent data. The orange bars indicate culture dependent data while the blue bars indicate
culture independent data. Culture independent data detects all aerobic, anaerobic, facultative
anaerobes as well as obligate anaerobes but culture dependent cannot identified any of these obligate
anaerobes. However, culture independent data does not detect Staphylococcus. Percentage of student
cohort is obtained by counting the amount of each taxon identified (only relative abundances of
bacteria that are

Bacteria And Bacterial Cells
Bacteria are haploid organisms that lack the true nuclei of eukaryotic organisms. They contain one
copy of each gene thus the genotype of bacteria can be deduced from phenotypes. Bacteria can
reproduce asexually by means of binary fission and have the ability to transfer genes by several
mechanisms: conjugation, transformation and transduction. Bacterial conjugation is a process that
involves the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through a contact dependent process. The
gene transfer is carried out from a donor cell that contains a conjugative plasmid to a recipient cell
with no plasmid present. Plasmids are circular, double–stranded DNA molecules that can replicate
independently of the host cell genome or can be integrated into the genome and replicate with it
during cell division. Conjugative plasmids are present in both Gram–positive and Gram negative
bacteria. The conjugative transfer of this bacterial plasmid encodes resistance of bacteria to
antibiotics. Subsequently, conjugation and spread of antibiotic resistance represents a severe
problem in anti–microbial treatment, particularly of immunosuppressed patients and in hospitals.
Conjugative plasmids are also known as F–plasmids. During the process of conjugation, F–plasmid
DNA molecule replicates and one copy of the molecule is transferred to the recipient while the copy
remains within the donor cell."The F‐plasmid has its own origin of replication (oriV), which is a
specific sequence at which DNA

Unknown Bacteria
As the flowchart shows, a series of tests were conducted to identify the unknown bacterium #65.
Microscopic observation of the gram stain indicated a gram–positive coccus bacterium. S.
epidermidis was used as the gram–positive control while E. coli was used as the gram–negative
control. This observation led to the elimination of all gram negative and rod–shaped genera:
Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Alcaligenes, Neisseria,
Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella, Erwinia, Veillonella, Flavobacterium, Bacillus, Arthrobacter,
Lactobacillus, Listeria and Kurthia (2). By performing the catalase test, it was determined that the
bacterium was catalase negative and it did not produce bubbles. M. luteus and E. faecalis were used
as positive and negative controls, respectively. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The unknown bacterium did not produce any spores as was evident by the endospore stain. B.
subtilis (positive controls) was capable of producing spores in the NSM agar plate while no spores
were formed by E. coli (negative control). The spore–former Sporosarcina was eliminated from the
list of the possible genera. In the blood agar test, it was determined that the bacterium was gamma–
hemolytic when it was compared to the gamma–hemolytic control S. epidermidis and beta–
hemolytic control S. aureus. Since most species of Streptococcus are either alpha or beta–hemolytic,
the negative result of the blood agar hemolysins led to the elimination of Streptococcus (8). These
tests narrowed the possible genus to

Micrococcus Luteus Bacteria
Introduction
The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the effects of various household products may have
on bacterial growth. The bacteria that was chosen as a test subject is Micrococcus luteus, which is
generally considered a harmless bacterium unless the host has a weakened immune system. Among
the household products that a set of groups will test are common cleaning and disinfecting products
such as rubbing alcohol, Betadine, Germ–X, Neosporin, liquid hand soap, and Lysol cleaner. In the
experiment, the bacterium, Micrococcus luteus, is to be swabbed and grown in a Petri dish divided
into four sections with agar in each. After that, a small circle of thin paper is soaked in the four
household items. Then, a piece of parafilm ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Microchemlab.com states that a zone of inhibition is a qualitative method used clinically to measure
antibiotic resistance and industrially to test the ability of solids and textiles to inhibit microbial
growth. Researchers who develop antimicrobial textiles, surfaces, and liquids use this test as a quick
and easy way to measure and compare levels of inhibitory activity ("Zone of Inhibition Test for
Antimicrobial Activity"). The control of the experiment is distilled water. The independent variable
is the different house cleaning products, and the dependant variable is the amount of growth or
decline in the bacteria. Time, temperature, and amount of household household item are all
constants in this experiment. Time needs to remain the same for all the products because time affects
how well the bacteria grows. The temperature is required to stay the same as well because it can
directly manipulate the rate of growth in the bacteria, and large amounts of the household item can
offset the bacteria's growth as

Bacteria Pathogens
Introduction Bacteria pathogens have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. (Vuotto et al.
2014) The purpose of this experiment is to understand how bacteria are genetically modified in
order to better understand the changes going on naturally in such bacteria. Genetic transformation is
used in many sectors of everyday life. From agriculture to medical treatments, this biotechnology is
allowing for new findings through science. Three methods of genetic transformation are projectile
bombardment, electroporation, and heat shock. (Weedman 2014) In 2008, Osamu Shimomura,
Martin Chalfie, and Roger Y. Tsien were co–awarded the Nobel Prize as they first discovered, used,
and altered Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). GFP was extracted from jellyfish ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The lids were then placed on the tubes, and both tubes were placed in ice. E. coli bacteria cells that
had been grown on a media plate overnight, were then added to each tube and completely circulated
throughout the solution using a sterile loop. Both tubes were then returned to the ice. The pGLO
plasmid was then added to one tube and the other acted as the control, and had no pGLO plasmid
added to the solution. Both tubes were then placed on ice for ten minutes, then both tubes were
submerged in 42°C water for 50 seconds in order to shock the bacteria and allow the membrane to
become more permeable. The tubes were then immediately removed from the bath and replaced in
ice for another two minutes. Luria Broth (LB) was then added to both tubes and left at room
temperature for ten minutes. The pGLO– solution was added to a LB nutrient agar plate and to a LB
nutrient agar plate that had ampicillin present in it. The pGLO+ solution was added to a LB nutrient
agar plate that had ampicillin added to it and to a LB nutrient agar plate that had ampicillin, as well
as arabinose. All four petri dishes were stored inverted at 37°C for 24 hours. (Weedman

Bacteria And Bad Bacteria Essay
Research Report 1:
What are the differences between bacterial, viral fungal and parasitic infections? How is each
treated?
A bacteria is a living cell organism that can survive inside our body and other non living objects as
well. There are both good and bad bacterias and the good bacteria is known to helps fight against the
bad bacteria that makes it's way into our bodies. According to a www.righthealth.com, less then 1%
of bacteria is actually harmful to us. In fact, we couldn't survive without bacteria in our body. A
bacteria infection is described as an imbalance of bacteria that can cause harm to our bodies. It
occurs when the harmful bacteria enter our body through contaminated, non pasteurized or expired
foods; cuts or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Very common types of fungal infections are athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and yeast infections.
People who are mainly at risk for fungal infections are those who are taking strong antibiotics for a
long period of time. Antibiotics kill bacteria and that includes the good bacteria as well. This could
alter the balance of the microorganisms in the month, vagina, intestines and other places in the body.
It can typically result in an over growth of fungus. People with a weakened immune system are
more likely to develop a fungal infection. This could include people with HIV/AIDS, people who
are taking steroids medications, and people who are on chemotherapy. Fungal infections can be
treated with a treatment plan that best fits the specific type of fungal infection. A parasitic infection,
which I believe is the worse of them all, is a contamination of one organism with another living
organism that then starts to feed or live in the initial organism. With humans, this typically means
infections with very large parasites that can be seen. The most common of them are tapeworms.
When people have parasitic infections they become extremely sick because their bodies are not
suppose to be a host to organisms of these types. This organisms can cause great harm to our bodies
including death if they are not removed. It is very easy to get a parasitic infection from untreated
drinking water, uncooked meats, raw fruits and vegetables or even having

Bacteri Bacteria, And Streptococcus
Every person has bacteria that inhabit the skin and other body parts. Most of the bacteria are normal
and not harmful to the individual. Certain types of bacteria inhabit different parts of the body
because of the different resources the environment offers for the various bacteria. There are bacteria
that thrive in the skin folds of humans because the moisture level and there is also a high salt level
there, for example. The normal flora are opportunistic, and they need a way of entry in order to be
harmful to the individual. Neisseria, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus are examples of
bacteria that if given the opportunity can be harmful to humans. Growing the bacteria, gram staining
and performing an oxidase test can be done ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bacteria such as Neisseria and Streptococcus, located in throats, can cause necrotizing fasciitis, strep
throat, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, and other diseases. The inner part of the nose and the
back of the throat of a group member were swabbed in this experiment, in order to see if the bacteria
Neisseria or Streptococcus were present in these locations. The features that make it easy to identify
these two types of bacteria are that an oxidase test can be done for the Neisseria bacteria and using a
blood agar to identify beta hemolytic species of the Streptococcus. Using the agar plates, the
colonies were put through a few tests to see if the bacteria grown was the wanted pathogens or not.
A prediction that Staphylococcus aureus would not be found in the nose of the group member,
because many people do not possess this certain bacteria as a part of their normal microbiota, and
that it would be expected to find the bacteria Neisseria and Streptococcus in throat. The throat is
exposed to two places of entry, the nose and the mouth. These two openings allow for more bacteria
to enter.
Materials and Methods
Exercise 11 A sterile cotton swab is dipped in the saline and then pressed against the side of the tube
to remove the excess liquid. Then, it was rubbed against the designated part of the skin, the arm, and
then the Mannitol salt agar plate was streaked with the swab. The swab was then placed in

Lab Report : There Is A Bacteria
October 26, 2015
Sydney Hartman
BIO 115 Section CJ
Sydney Hartman
BIO 115– CJ
October 26, 2015
Hypothesis: There is a bacteria in pond 22 that is killing the fish.
Methods: In this experiment, results were found by discovering the kinds of bacteria found in the
given pond water samples. The first step in this experiment was to prepare the pond samples by
completing serial dilutions of the pond water to the 10–4. We then had to prepare five separate plates
by streaking the 10–4 dilutes. These plates all had different treatments. The treatments were pond
16, pond 22, pond 22 with penicillin, pond 22 with ampicillin, and pond 22 with colistin sulfate. The
plates that were treated with antibiotics required 0.1 mL of the designated ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Results: Three different kinds of bacteria, along with one fungus, were found in the pond samples.
Only one bacteria was found in the healthy pond sample this bacteria is morhotype 1 (Table–1). This
bacteria was also found in the untreated sample of pond 22 (Table–1). Also in the untreated pond
sample was morphotype 2 (Table–1). Morphotype 3 and 4 were found in the pond 22 sample that
was treated with colistin sulfate (Table–1). It was later determined that morphotype 3 was a fungus
that was caused by an impurity in the colistin sulfate that was used.
Discussion: The findings of this experiment support the hypothesis. Mortphotype 2 was the only
bacteria that was not found in the healthy pond or on the samples treated with colistin sulfate. This
means that it must be the infectious agent due to the fact that it was not found in the healthy pond.
Morphotype 2 was not found on the plates that were treated by colistin sulfate but was found on the
plates with other antibiotics. This leads to the conclusion that colistin sulfate is the antibiotic that is
needed to get rid of the infectious agent. There are multiple precautions that can be taken to help
prevent the spread of the infection and eventually kill it altogether. To keep the bacteria spreading
the workers must be careful to keep anything that may move from an infected pond to a healthy
pond clean.

E. Coli Bacteria
Certain people work well at high altitudes. People who live at higher altitudes have a higher
hemoglobin count since it helps blood cells deliver oxygen to nourish body tissues. The oxygen
level in the atmosphere decreases as the altitude increases. This is true with the majority of people
who live in these high altitude regions like the Andes. There is a group of people from Tibet who
does not follow this trend. They have a much lower hemoglobin level than an average person, and
they live and work as successfully as other groups. Scientists questioned why did the Tibetans have
a lower hemoglobin count that allows them to live and work successfully? The discovery of the
mutation in the EPAS1 gene may have an answer.
Normally, the EPAS1 gene ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By studying the health outcomes, we may be able to learn more about its mechanism, and we may
be able to use this information to contribute to the field of medicine by getting a better
understanding of how to treat diseases and health conditions associated with this gene. Another
model system that could be used for future research on this gene is model organisms. Using
organisms such as lab rats makes it easier to breed and manipulate the organism to study the
biological and scientific processes. It's unethical perform scientific testing on human subjects, so
using a model organism is a great way to manipulate and study the health effects of the EPAS1–TD
gene further in

Identify Bacteria
__________________________________________________________________
Can brushing your teeth kill you? There are many types of bacteria that can be found in your
bathroom. They might also be found on your toothbrush! I have been researching about what
bacteria are lurking in my bathroom. I placed 6 petri dishes filled with agar in my bathroom. I left
them there for 24 hours to collect bacteria samples.
Bacillus, Coccus, and spirillum are the three main kinds of bacteria. Bacillus are rod shaped. Cocci
are spherical shaped. Finally spirillum are spiral shaped.
Most people store their toothbrush in the bathroom, which tends to contain a lot of airborne bacteria
because of the warm, moist environment, and a moist environment can increase bacterial growth.
Studies have shown that various microorganisms can grow on toothbrushes after use. There are
probably a lot of germs in your bathroom. In fact. Most bathrooms are small. Also in many homes,
the toilet is pretty close to the bathroom sink where you keep your toothbrush. Every toilet flush
sends a spray of bacteria into the air. And you don't want the toilet spray anywhere near your open
toothbrush. The toilet bowl and the bathtub are hotspots for bacteria in your home. So ... Show more
Studies have shown that various microorganisms can grow on toothbrushes after use. one day I was
thinking about my toothbrush and how clean it was. Finding safe places to store your toothbrush in
your bathroom can be difficult. So I did some research about it. I wanted to find the best place in my
bathroom to store my toothbrush in my bathroom. i got some petri dishes and made an aar mixture
in which bacteria can grow. Than I placed the dishes around my bathroom to collect bacteria, Then I
studied the types of bacteria in my petri dishes . I found some dangerous

Gram-Bad Bacteria
Antibiotics treat bacteria infections by killing or injuring the bacteria, however, some may become
resistant. One way to fight organisms is by using a broad–spectrum antibacterial that targets both
gram–positive and gram–negative bacteria. (Burcham1086). Gram–positive bacteria consist of a
thick cell wall and are susceptible to antibiotics while gram–negative bacteria are more resistance
due to their thin, bulletproof like wall. (Schaalje1). Fluoroquinolones are used to treat a wide variety
of bacterial infections because they do not disrupt the cell wall or protein synthesis. (Burcham1086).
Recommended for community–acquired pneumonia and chronic bronchitis treatment,
fluorquinolones are also used for urinary tract infections and sinusitis ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(Burchum 957). Sucralfate is composed of sulfated sucrose and aluminum hydroxide that undergoes
polymerization and cross–liking reactions under mild acidic conditions. (Burchum 957). The
product sticks to the ulcer crater that lasts up to six hours. (Burchum 957). Sucralfate is acceptable
for acute therapy and maintenance therapy of ulcers and can also support recovery of gastric ulcers.
(Burchum 957). Sucralfate is acknowledged for its minimal side effect, constipation, which appears
in only two percent of patients. (Burchum 957). According to Drugs.com, in order to get the
maximum benefits from Sucralfate, the patient is instructed to take the medication orally on an
empty stomach one hour before or two hours after eating for the next four to eight weeks.

Bacteria Facts Essay
Bacteria Facts
Bacteria is something we are all reminded of on a daily basis by merely switching on our televisions
where we are bombarded with advertisements for both 'good' and 'bad' bacteria contrary to the view
of the past when only so–called 'bad' bacteria was ever talked about, so what has changed? This
essay will address the facts about bacteria including their ideal conditions for growth as well as
looking at specific examples of how they can be both helpful and harmful to humans. So what are
bacteria? In simple terms bacteria are microscopic, single–celled organisms lacking a nucleus and
other organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts which are common place in eukaryotes. ...
Even though some bacteria have the capacity to be deadly should they still be classed as harmful
even if they do not exercise this characteristic? In a broader context could we not compare this type
of bacteria with a car for example, in the wrong hands a car can be a deadly weapon but for most of
us it is something we use in our everyday lives without ever coming to any harm. Can the same not
be said for most bacteria in that they only cause problems under specific conditions? Take
Pseudomonas aeruginosa for example, most of the time it is found living in soil and is viewed as
harmless however, to a sufferer of Cystic Fibrosis it is potentially lethal as it has the ability to
colonize their lungs causing serious infection if inhaled (5). This begs the question, who is really at
fault, the bacteria or the host? Having evolved in their presence humans have serious difficulty with
a relatively small number of bacteria so why do we persist in filling our homes with bacteria killing
products? Are we doing ourselves more harm than good?
Since the introduction of better standards of hygiene in the home, particularly after the war, many
childhood infections have all but disappeared but has a rise in allergies, especially amongst children
taken their place? With fewer bacteria around for our immune

The Pros And Cons Of Bacteria
When bacteria are thought of, germs and sickness come to mind. Bacteria is the stuff that you don't
want to encounter because it will make you sick. Many times, this an accurate assumption. There is
Escherichia coli; these gram–negative bacteria cause diarrheas and can sometimes cause urinary
tract infections pneumonia. They can be difficult to treat due to drug resistance. (Center for Disease
Control, 2017) There are gram positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus or
"staph") Staph as its commonly called can cause skin infections like boils and cellulitis. Most staph
infections are not life threatening but they can become so in the form of sepsis, pneumonia and
osteomyelitis (Minnesota Department of Health Fact Sheet, 2010) There are food borne bacteria
such as Clostridium botulinum are anaerobic, rod shaped bacteria that causes the disease botulism.
Botulism is a life–threatening disease that affects the nervous system it is commonly associated with
improperly done home canning. (WHO, 2016) While there is no argument that there are many
bacteria that we as humans would do will to stay away from it is also true that we need
microorganisms in our lives. From disposing of bacteria in waste water to vaccines to the food we
eat we rely on bacteria to keep us healthy. Every time a person puts food down the garbage disposal
or flushes the toilet waste goes into the sewer system. These residential sources of waste water along
with acid metals and

Effect Of Inhibition On Bacteria
Hypothesis
The antibiotics will have different zones of inhibition on different bacteria. Also, a range of
concentrations of the nutrients in the bacteria will change the bacterial growth.
Background information
Bacteria affected 2 million people from antibiotic resistance bacteria and 23,000 die per year due to
the infections. Bacteria works by entering the body in various ways, they can enter past nose, mouth
or ears as they are small, they can be inhaled from the air, eaten from food as well as through cuts/
open wounds.
Bacteria enters the body and asexually reproduces, they release toxins which cause infection.
Antibiotics either stop the bacterial cell from reproducing or kill the cell. They can disrupt the
bacteria by deterring ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although some agar plates were hard to see if the streptomycin had a definitive zone of inhibition.
Ampicillin, erythro–mycin, penicillin, sulphafurazole was ineffective with no inhibition zone.
The trend I saw in the different concentrations of nutrients was the rod shaped bacteria which be–
come more obvious when more nutrients are added. At 0.1g, the agar plate looks mostly smooth but
at the 0.6g individual rod, shapes are prominent. Once it gets to 1.3g the colonisation is more
crowded, making it harder to see. This seems only visible effect of altering the nutrients is the rod
shaped forming and the visibility of them.
Graphs– appendix
Evaluation

Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria
In the last decade, the number of prescriptions for antibiotics has increases. Even though, antibiotics
are helpful, an excess amount of antibiotics can be dangerous. Quite often antibiotics are wrongly
prescribed to cure viruses when they are meant to target bacteria. Antibiotics are a type of medicine
that is prone to kill microorganisms, or bacteria. By examining the PBS documentary Hunting the
Nightmare Bacteria and the article "U.S. government taps GlaxoSmithKline for New Antibiotics" by
Ben Hirschler as well as a few other articles can help depict the problem that is of doctors
prescribing antibiotics wrongly or excessively, which can led to becoming harmful to the body. In
the documentary, Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria, reporter ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the documentary, Addie had a slight infection but this infection ruined her life forever, it
dilapidated her health to the point she needs consistent monitoring as well as put a stop on certain
activities she can do. As Addie's mother said, "it gave her time" (Young), antibiotics were the cause
of Addie's condition, my sister's infection, and multiple other incidents I do not want situations to
happen to me because I was prescribed antibiotics.
Hospitals in the United States do not have to report outbreaks to the government. However,
according to the documentary the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention estimated that two
million Americans are infected with resistance bacteria, which can result in about 23,000 Americans
death each year. This is a hidden and silent epidemic with KPC found in hospitals in 44 states in the
United States. In addition, there have been 32 confirmed cases this documentary in 14 countries
with NDM–1 gene. The documentary should have explored what the U.S., India and other countries
do differently or similarly in treating the superbug NDM–1. The US had in recent years signed a
deal with GlaxoSmithKline worth $200 million on development and research of drug resistance
antibiotics (Hirschler). GlaxoSmithKline is a "global healthcare group, which is engaged in the
creation and discovery, development, manufacture and marketing of

Gram Positive Bacteria And Gram Negative Bacteria
Bacteria can be divided into two types of species, gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria.
To determine whether a certain type of bacteria was classified tests were conducted by Hans
Christian Gram; who discovered the differences within the cell walls of the bacteria. Gram positive
bacteria have a thick wall which consists of the protein peptidoglycan. This is opposite to gram
negative bacteria which has a thin cell wall, which fold over each other (Wells, 2017). They retain a
much thinner peptidoglycan wall between two membranes. The membrane surrounding the
cytoplasm and the outer membrane. (Wikipedia, 2017). Both gram positive and gram negative
bacteria both stain, gram positive retains violet dye. Gram positive bacteria don't retain the dye and
turn red or pink (Diffen, 2017). Due the difference in cell wall thickness gram negative bacteria is
harder to inhibit, compared to gram positive bacteria.
Two types of bacteria will be tested throughout this investigation, Serratia Marcescens and
Staphylococcus Epidermidis. Serratia Marcescens are gram negative bacteria, which can be found
on any surface. They mainly occur in water, soil, or and within animals located in their digestive
tract (Antonette B Climaco, 2017 ). They are stained red which can often be mistaken with blood
drops. This bacteria can affect the macrophages within the human body, this affects the immune
system and the destruction of foreign pathogenic cells within the body. Staphylococcus

Bacteria Ecology Essay
Introduction– This lab experiment serves as a model for community succession using bacterial
colonies as the model. A bacterial colony grows from a single bacterium and is composed of
millions of cells. Each colony has distinctive colony morphology: size, shape, color, consistency,
and color. Community succession is a phenomenon observed in the organizational hierarchy of all
living organisms. Community succession is not limited to bacterial colonies, but spans the entire
community of life. As the community grows, it changes the environment it inhabits, and the
resulting community is different than at the start. As community succession occurs in bacterial
colonies pH, odor, color, and consistency changes take place. In this ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Methods– We began the experiment by noting the characteristics of the different milk ages by smell,
color, and pH was measured using pH paper. Fresh milk smelled like milk, had a white color, and a
pH of 7. 24 hour old milk had a very slight sour smell to it, was still white colored with a pH of 7.
Four day old milk had a sour smell, was white with visible chunks, and had a pH of 6. Lastly, four
day old milk smelled like sour cream, was yellow colored with white chunks, and had a pH of 5.
Once the characteristics of the milk were noted we began to prepare the agar plates for the different
milk samples. For cold milk, one agar plate was labeled undiluted, and one plate was labeled "10–
1". 0.5 ml of milk was pipette onto the plate labeled undiluted. 0.1 ml of milk was then pipette onto
the plate labeled "10–1", and the pipette was discarded. Using an alcohol and flame sterilized bent
rod, the milk was distributed across the agar plates. The lid was never removed completely, just
lifted up enough to allow the rod to thoroughly spread the milk. For 24 hour milk, we prepared four
agar plates by labeling them undiluted, "10–1", "10–2", and "10–3". 1 ml of milk was pipette onto
the plate labeled undiluted. Then 0.1 ml milk was pipette onto the plate labeled "10–1". We
proceeded to pipette 0.1 ml of milk into the 9 ml water blank labeled "10–2". The pipette was then
discarded and

Atypical Bacteria
Mycobacteria are rod–shaped bacteria which require oxygen for growth. Each species has an acid–
fast staining property during some stage of its growth cycle. It has thick, waxy, outer coating which
can lead them to thrive in aquatic environments. For some time, scientists have known of bacteria
that are similar to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but that grow and act differently. When tuberculosis
was a much more widespread problem and microbiology was much less able to tell the difference
between similar microbes, these atypical mycobacteria were ignored. Today, they have been
classified more precisely as members of the same species and called atypical (or nontuberculosis)
mycobacteria. Although the medical profession has known about these atypical ... Show more
They are almost always attacked by these mycobacteria. Once inside the body, the atypical
mycobacterial organisms colonize and grow in the lungs like tuberculosis. Because AIDS patients
have a poorly functioning immune system, the microbes multiply because they aren't stopped by the
body's normal response to infection. Once they have colonized the lungs, the organisms enter the
bloodstream and spread throughout the body, affecting almost every organ.
Since mycobacteria are extremely hardy, drug treatment times are extremely long. Many species of
mycobacteria can become "inactive" for long periods of time. To eradicate a lung tuberculosis
infection takes between 6 and 9 months of treatment. Tuberculosis outside the lung may take even
longer to treat. If the antibiotic drugs are not taken until the infection is eradicated (EX the patient
stops taking the drugs after two months, because s/he is feeling better), this gives the bacteria a
chance to develop resistance to the drugs and increases the probability that the patient will relapse
with the disease. In this case, the drugs used cannot be used again, since the infecting bacteria will
be resistant to

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
There seems to be an ongoing battle between the evolution of bacteria and modern medicine. This
has become a serious problem in hospitals as bacterial resistant infections continue to be on the rise
despite the practice of standard precautions that treat all patients as if they have an infectious
disease. One of the leading public health threats today is meticillin–resistant Staphylococcus aureus
or MRSA. With all of the advancements in medicine, it is hard to believe that we do not have the
ability to manufacture new antibiotics that would target these resistive organisms. The problem is
not only confined to the United States but affects people globally. According to Bartlett, Gilbert, &
Spellberg (2013) this is being considered a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is another example of how negligence can and has caused harm to the public by resistant
bacteria entering into our food supply and causing major outbreaks of food poising in recent years
(Arias & Murray, 2009). The spread of antibiotic resistant salmonella or E coli can be easily
transferred to humans by consumption of meat, eggs, and dairy. Antibiotic–resistant E. coli can also
contaminate produce by either run off from animal processing plants or from crops that are fertilized
with manure (Khachatourians, 1998). Both MRSA and E. coli are examples of drug resistant
bacterium that migrate between humans, animals, and the environment and are easily dispersed
around the globe (Finley, et al., 2013). Finley, et al., (2013) states that in addition to reducing
domestic and agricultural waste into the environment, there should also be improvements in
sanitation as well as higher standards of our water supplies. In addition to the widespread of
antibiotics in agriculture, there is also the issue of antibiotic resistant bacteria spreading in hospitals
and healthcare facilities. Alexander Fleming, the Pharmacologist who discovered penicillin, warned
of both the overuse and especially the underuse of antibiotics back in 1945. He stated "there may be
a danger in the underdosage of antibiotics. It is not difficult to make microbes resistant to penicillin
in the laboratory by exposing them to concentrations not sufficient to kill them, and the same

Essay On Antisistant Bacteria
The article I selected to look at is titled "Test reveals antibiotic–resistant bacteria in a half hour"
published on October 4, 2017 and written by members of the California Institute of Technology. The
article is online so there are no page numbers.
The article explains how many doctors will "often skip over first–line antibiotics like methicillin or
amoxicillin" giving a stronger antibiotic to patients to ensure they will get healthy as soon as
possible ("Test reveals antibiotic–resistant bacteria in a half hour," 2017). Waiting two or three days
for the test results to explain if patients have a stronger or weaker strand will cause the patients to go
without antibiotics for this whole time period. Doctors are not wanting their ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
A urine sample is spilt into two parts, one is left to be a constant and the other is exposed for fifteen
minutes to an antibiotic. The idea is that when exposed to antibiotics the bacteria will not be able to
replicate its DNA as rapidly, if the antibiotic is working. The DNA replication of the two parts of the
sample are compared should be much higher in the constant half and if the antibiotic works. If the
DNA replication remains equal in both than it can be assumed that the bacteria is resistant is that
particular antibiotic and the stronger antibiotic should be prescribed to the patient. "[T]he test results
had a 95 percent match with those obtained using the standard two–day test, which is considered the
gold standard for accuracy" ("Test reveals antibiotic–resistant bacteria in a half hour," 2017). There
is a plan to start testing this with other infectious bacteria and blood infections in the future.
The health issues that this article focuses on is antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance is a major
problem in the healthcare field because antibiotics are not being produced at the same rate as the
bacteria are strengthening. The article explains how a new test can help physicians know when
strong second line antibiotics are necessary. Without this test physicians will continue to
automatically prescribe the strongest antibiotics to be sure

Vancomycin-Supper Bacteria
The issue of superbugs can bring up immediate issues in hospitals all over the country. Whenever a
patient enters a hospital or is brought into an ambulance they are usually administered a dosage of
antibiotics in order to help the immune system fight off the illnesses. As patients continue to bring in
bacteria which are resistant to the potency of antibacterial agents then essentially doctors would be
administering medication that would not be helping their patients. Doctors take an oath to save lives
no matter what it takes and that moral view can be potentially dangerous in a hospital setting.
Patients that bring in supper bacteria can eventually cause other patients in the hospital to catch the
super bugs. This can lead to an epidemic where ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
coli strains. The researchers used 11 essential oils in this study instead. The oils were dispersed at
room temperature for two minutes using a homogenizator at 20,000 rpm in a sterile 10% (wt/vol)
modified, starch solution to obtain a colloidal suspension (10%, wt/vol) The starch helped the oils
disperse and improve the antimicrobial properties. The starch solutions were added into a 15ml
molten BHI agar. The final concentrations of the various essential oils were obtained and ranged
from 0.25 to 2% (vol/vol). The 15ml of molten agar was placed in a Petri dish and left to solidify.
Each bacterium was cultivated in colonies of (2x107cfu/ml) was diluted to obtain 10–4 and 10–5 in
peptone water (0.1% wt/vol). Then 40 ¼ L of each colony was added to the molten agar solution.
Then cheese and meat exposed to the bacterium in the molten agar solution. The results showed that
a percentage of sage and thyme oil ranging from 0.5% to 1% were able to reduce bacteria growth by
2–log cycles for E. coli shown in figure 1 to the left. The research showed that the use of sage is an
efficient method to limit the growth of bacteria. Although, figure 1 shows thyme being more
effective against E. coli than sage there are greater negative aspects of using thyme regularly then
sage. Thyme extract used in abundance can cause heartburn, nausea, vomiting, stomach upset,
diarrhea, headache, and dizziness. In addition, the volatile oils present in thyme leaves may promote
slowed heart rate and rapid breathing in certain individuals. These negative side effects can be
extremely unpredictable in an environment such as the zero gravity cabins of the International Space
Station(ISS). On the other hand, sage plants have fewer side effects which can be

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