Most modern ammonia processes are based on steam-reforming of natural gas or naphtha.
The 3 main technology suppliers are Uhde (Uhde/JM Partnership), Topsoe & KBR.
The process steps are very similar in all cases.
Other suppliers are Linde (LAC) & Ammonia Casale.
Purpose
Key to good performance
Problem Areas
Catalysts, heat shields and plant up-rates
Burner Guns
Development of High Intensity Ring Burner
Case Studies
Conclusions
This is great Presentation with 3D effects which is all about production of ammonia from natural gas.
I am damn sure you will be getting everything here searching for.
its better to download it and then run in powerpoint 2013.
Why have a Secondary Reformer ?
Need nitrogen to make ammonia
Wish to make primary as small as possible
Wish to minimise methane slip since methane is an inert in the ammonia synthesis loop
Other methods of achieving this
Braun Purifier process
Can address all these with an air blown secondary
Most modern ammonia processes are based on steam-reforming of natural gas or naphtha.
The 3 main technology suppliers are Uhde (Uhde/JM Partnership), Topsoe & KBR.
The process steps are very similar in all cases.
Other suppliers are Linde (LAC) & Ammonia Casale.
Purpose
Key to good performance
Problem Areas
Catalysts, heat shields and plant up-rates
Burner Guns
Development of High Intensity Ring Burner
Case Studies
Conclusions
This is great Presentation with 3D effects which is all about production of ammonia from natural gas.
I am damn sure you will be getting everything here searching for.
its better to download it and then run in powerpoint 2013.
Why have a Secondary Reformer ?
Need nitrogen to make ammonia
Wish to make primary as small as possible
Wish to minimise methane slip since methane is an inert in the ammonia synthesis loop
Other methods of achieving this
Braun Purifier process
Can address all these with an air blown secondary
1. Introduction reasons for purification, types of poisons, and typical systems
2. Hydrogenation
3. Dechlorination
4. Sulfur Removal
5. Purification system start-up and shut-down
This slides shows vocational training which i've done at ammonia-4 plant at GSFC LTD.
There are some tasks that given by our university that we have done here.
Introduction and Theoretical Aspects
Catalyst Reduction and Start-up
Normal Operation and Troubleshooting
Shutdown and Catalyst Discharge
Nickel Carbonyl Hazard
Modern Methanation Catalyst Requirements
1. Introduction reasons for purification, types of poisons, and typical systems
2. Hydrogenation
3. Dechlorination
4. Sulfur Removal
5. Purification system start-up and shut-down
This slides shows vocational training which i've done at ammonia-4 plant at GSFC LTD.
There are some tasks that given by our university that we have done here.
Introduction and Theoretical Aspects
Catalyst Reduction and Start-up
Normal Operation and Troubleshooting
Shutdown and Catalyst Discharge
Nickel Carbonyl Hazard
Modern Methanation Catalyst Requirements
High level introduction
Mainstream syngas = steam reforming processes
Ammonia; methanol; hydrogen/HyCO
Town gas
Steam reforming; low pressure cyclic
Direct reduction iron (DRI)
HYL type processes; Midrex type processes
Production of Syngas from biomass and its purificationAwais Chaudhary
This project includes production of syngas from biomass and its purification. Firstly we discuss feasibility and availability of raw material. Then we have literature survey. A lot of techniques are there to produce syngas, we have discuss process selection. Environmental considerations are also have been discussed. Piping and instrumentation (P&ID) diagrams also have been attached. At the end we've our conclusion and our recommendations.
Biomass gasification - types and principlesAyisha586983
Biomass gasification is a thermochemical process that converts solid biomass materials into a gas mixture called syngas (synthesis gas), which is primarily composed of hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), and methane (CH4). This process involves partial oxidation of biomass in a controlled environment with a limited supply of oxygen or steam. Biomass gasification offers a versatile and sustainable method to produce renewable energy, chemicals, and fuels.
Thermal Power Plant Boiler Efficiency ImprovementAnkur Gaikwad
Boiler is one of the central equipment used in power generation & chemical process industries. Consequently, improving boiler efficiency is instrumental in bringing down costs substantially with a few simple measures. Some of these measures are discussed in this presentation
In the plant, ammonia is produced from synthesis gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen in the ratio of approximately 3:1. Besides these components, the synthesis gas contains inert gases such as argon and methane to a limited extent. The source of H2 is demineralized water and the hydrocarbons in the natural gas. The source of N2 is the atmospheric air. The source of CO2 is the hydrocarbons in the natural gas feed. Product ammonia and CO2 is sent to urea plant. The present article intended the description of ammonia plant for natural gas based plants and the possible material balance of some section.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Top 10 Oil and Gas Projects in Saudi Arabia 2024.pdf
Kbr
1. AMMONIA SYNTHESIS BY KBR PROCESS
Submitted by-
Mohd Asif Siddique
Abhishek Gautam
Vineet Bhardwaj
Shashi Prakash Chaubey
Deo Narain Goswami
Sanchit Agarwal
2. Introduction
Ammonia, the most widely used intermediate for
making fertilizers, is usually manufactured by the
catalytic steam reforming of natural gas.
Natural gas has one of the highest proportions of
hydrogen among all fossil fuel feed stocks.
Hence, from an efficiency standpoint, natural gas is
an ideally suited feedstock for the manufacture of
ammonia.
3. History of Ammonia Manufacture
• Ammonia is synthesized from hydrogen
and nitrogen
• Nitrogen source is always air
• Hydrogen source has varied over the years
4. Hydrogen Sources for Making Ammonia
Process Reaction App. Relative Energy
Consumption
Water electrolysis 2H2O 2H2+ O2 300 %
Coal gasification C + 2H2O 2H2+ CO2 170 %
Heavy fuel oil CH + 2H20 2.5H2 + CO2 135 %
Naptha reforming CH2 + 2H2O 3H2 + CO2 104 %
Natural gas reforming CH4 + 2H2O 4H2 + CO2 100 %
5. CURRENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
The proposed Ammonia Plant is based on the Kellogg Brown & Root (KBR)
Purifier™ ammonia process. The plant is a single continuous train using
natural gas as feedstock. The plant has a capacity of 1500 tonnes per day
(tpd), which is exported to atmospheric ammonia storage at -33C.
6. CHEMISTRY OF SYN GAS PRODUCTION
Process Chemical Reaction Favourable Condition
Primary Reforming heat + CH4 + H2O → 3H2 + CO High temp &
High stm/carbon
Secondary
Reforming
O2 + 2H2 → 2H2O + heat
heat + CH4 + H2O → 3H2 + CO
High temp &
High stm/carbon
High Temp Shift CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 + heat Low temperature
High steam/CO
Low Temp Shift CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 + heat Low temperature
High steam/CO
Process Equipment Features
Primary Reforming Catalyst-packed tubes in a furnace Nickel catalyst
Secondary Reforming Refractory-lined pressure vessel Nickel catalyst
High temp shift Pressure vessel Iron-chrome catalyst
Low temp shift Pressure vessel Copper-zinc catalyst
9. Process Description Favorable Conditions
CO2 Removal Physical Dissolution or Chemical
Reaction
Low temp &
High pressure
Methanation CO + 3H2 → CH4 + H2O
CO2 + 4H2 → CH4 + 2H2O
280 - 350°C
Drying Physical Adsorption to remove
water & CO2
2 - 4 °C
Cryogenic
Purification
Separation of argon, residual CH4
and excess N2 from syngas
-180 °C
Chemistry of Syngas Purification
12. Process Description Favorable Conditions
Synthesis 3H2 + N2 → 2NH3 + heat Low T & high P
Heat Recovery Generate 100 bar+ steam High T
Product Recovery Condense via refrigeration Low T & High P
Process Equipment Features
Synthesis Catalyst filled pressure vessel P = 90 – 175 bar
T = 400 - 500 C
Heat Recovery Shell & tube heat exchanger Proprietary design
Product Recovery Compression refrigeration system Ammonia as the refrigerant
Engineering of Ammonia Synthesis
Chemistry of Ammonia Synloops
14. Advantages of KBR Process
A clean, dry make-up gas reduces the load on the synloop compressor
and refrigeration systems, providing operational cost savings.
Higher loop conversion is achieved with low inerts.
No separate purge gas recovery unit is needed because purge gas
rejected from the synloop is passed through the Purifier unit.
Achieves greater stability and flexibility of operation, since the reforming
section does not need to be tightly controlled to produce a precise H2/N2
ratio.
Low reforming temperatures translate to lower stresses in and longer life of
reformer tubes.
Numerous Purifier plants have run 3 - 4 years without a maintenance
shutdown.
15. Conclusion
The new KBR natural gas to ammonia process is based on the
KBR purifier reforming technology.
Integrated with proven KBR ammonia synthesis technology.
The process is well suited to a wide range of Natural gas
feedstocks.
The process offers a robust and energy efficient design, with
several advantages when compared to traditional Natural gas to
ammonia processes.
It is an economically attractive option for manufacturing ammonia.