The document summarizes the history of Jammu and Kashmir from 1947 onwards. It discusses how the princely state's Hindu ruler initially wanted to remain independent but faced a revolt from Muslim subjects and an invasion by Pakistani tribesmen. He then signed an Instrument of Accession joining India in 1947. The document outlines the special autonomous status granted to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 and 35A of the Indian constitution. It traces the politics in the state over subsequent decades, periods of insurgency, and India's decision in 2019 to revoke Article 370 and bifurcate the state into two union territories.

1. REORGANISATION OF JAMMU &
KASHMIR
BACKGROUND
• Before 1947, Kashmir was a princely state. It’s Hindu
ruler, Hari Singh refused to merge with India .
•Negotiating with India & Pakistan to retain it’s
sovereignty.
•Kashmir was a state with muslim majority ; with people
speaking Dogri , Kashmiri & Urdu .
•Pakistani leaders believed that since Kashmir is muslim
dominated it belongs to Pakistan.
•Sheikh Abdullah of National Conference wanted to get rid
of the ‘Maharaja’, but was against joining Pakistan.
•In 1947, Pakistan sent Pashtun infiltrators to capture
Kashmir .
HARSHIT SHANKAR

2. 1947 & KASHMIR
INDEPENDENCE
•On 14-15 August,1947, two nation states were created ,i.e.
India & Pakistan.
•Rulers were given the choice to merge with India or
Pakistan or to remain independent.
PARTITION
•Hari Singh initially delayed his decision, thinking he could
maintain the independence of Kashmir.
•But caught up in a train of events; including a revolt among
his muslim subjects.
AFTER
•In Oct,1947 ‘Pashtuns’ with Pakistani Army invaded Kashmir.
•Hari Singh signed an ‘Instrument of Accession’ to the Indian
Union in October, 1947.
•The Maharaja shouted help from India. Later Indian soldiers
drove off the infiltrators.

3. LEADERS
MAHARAJA
HARI SINGH
Hari Singh was the last
ruling Maharaja of
Jammu & Kashmir.
He originally
manoeuvred to maintain
his independence by
playing off India and
Pakistan.
SHEIKH
ABDULLAH
Sheikh Abdullah was a
Kashmiri politician who
played a central role in
the politics of Jammu and
Kashmir .Referred as
"Sher-e-Kashmir“.
Founder of National
Conference and the 1st
elected Prime Minister of
J&K
VALLABH
BHAI PATEL
Vallabh Bhai Patel was the
1st deputy Prime Minister of
India .
Known as the ‘Iron Man of
India’ .
Played a leading role in the
political integration of India,
firmly but diplomatically.
JAWAHARLAL
NEHRU
Indian independence
activist, then the 1st PM of
India.
As well as a central figure
in Indian politics both
before and
after independence.
Roots with the Kashmiri
Pandit community.

4. ARTICLE 370 & 35A
ARTICLE 370
•Article 370 of the Indian constitution gave special status to J&K.
•The article was drafted in Part 21 of the constitution.
•With due consultation with the state’s constituent assembly,1954
Presidential order was issued, specifying the articles of the Indian
constitution that applied to the state.
•Since the constituent assembly dissolved itself without
recommending the abrogation of Art.370, the article was deemed
to have become a permanent feature of our constitution.
KEY POINTS
Separate flag &
constitution
Autonomy over internal
matters
Laws with prior
consultation of state
Citizens of other states
couldn’t buy property
RPC(Ranbir Penal Code)
was the criminal code in
J&K
ARTICLE 35A
Article 35A to the Indian Constitution, allowing the state of
Jammu and Kashmir to define permanent residents of the state
and certain “special rights and privileges” attached to such
residency, including the power to restrict settlement to the state
and acquire immovable property.

5. POLITICS SINCE 1948
• Sheikh Abdullah after taking as the Prime Minister initiated major land reforms.
• But there was a growing difference b/w him and the centre . He was dismissed in 1953
and was in detention for a number of years.
• During 1953-1974, the Congress exercised lot of influence on the politics of the state.
• In 1974, Indira Gandhi reached an agreement with Sheikh Abdullah .
• Sheikh Abdullah died in 1982, leadership passed to his son who also later became the
chief minister.
• The dismissal of Farooq Abdullah’s government due to intervention of Congress
generated a lot of resentment.

6. INSURGENCY AND AFTER
Islamisation of
Kashmir in early
1989
During the early
period of militancy
in 1989, multiple
militants groups
strive to
Islamise Kashmiri
culture and political
setup to create a
conducive
environment for the
merger of Kashmir
with Pakistan.
2004–11
Beginning in
2004 Pakistan
began to end
its support for
insurgents in
Kashmir. There
have been
widespread
protests against
the Indian army
presence in
Kashmir.
2012–Present
Despite a
Pakistani ban
on militant
activity in
Kashmir in 2006,
its fighters
continue to
attempt
infiltration into
Indian-
administered
Kashmir.
REASONS

7. ABOLITION OF ARTICLE 370 & 35A
Change of status of Jammu and Kashmir
On 5 August 2019, the Home Minister
introduced the Jammu & Kashmir
Reorganisation Bill, 2019 in the Rajya Sabha to
convert Jammu and Kashmir's status of a state
to two separate Union Territories, namely
Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir and
Union Territory of Ladakh. The two UTs came
into existence on 31st October, 2019; with J&K
having a state legislature. President's Rule
under article 356 of the Constitution of India
was ended in the state of Jammu and Kashmir
on the night of 30 October 2019.
Revocation
On 5 August, the
GOI revoked the
special status,
granted under
Article 370 of
the constitution
to Jammu
&Kashmir which
has been a
subject of
dispute between
India & Pakistan
Legal aspects
Article 370 is a
'temporary
provision' inserted
on 17 October
1949, it needed
"consultation“
from state
legislature. Since at
the time of repeal
state assembly
stand dissolved,
it’s all legal.
PRESIDENTIAL
ORDER, AUG-5
4-AUG, K-LEADERS
UNDER H-ARREST
ARTICLE
370
REVOKED
J&K
BIFURCATED
J&K , LADAKH MADE
UNION TERRITORIES
HARSHIT SHANKAR