This document discusses juvenile delinquency in India. It begins by defining a juvenile as a person under 18 years old. It then discusses the history and current laws around juvenile justice in India. The Juvenile Justice Act of 2000 defines a juvenile as under 18 and aims to rehabilitate rather than punish. However, there is debate around amending this law due to some violent crimes committed by 16-18 year olds. Views both support and oppose treating older juveniles as adults, considering factors like maturity levels and the need for both justice and rehabilitation. Overall causes of juvenile crimes include poverty, drugs, peers, family issues, and abuse.
This document discusses juvenile delinquency and the definition of a juvenile delinquent in Bangladesh. It notes that different laws in Bangladesh define the age of a juvenile delinquent differently, ranging from 7 to 16 years old. Currently, there is no uniform definition but most sources indicate ages 7 to under 16 define a juvenile delinquent. A draft policy proposes defining juveniles as those under 18 to harmonize with UN conventions. The document examines differences in how juvenile delinquency and age limits are defined both in laws in Bangladesh and in other Asian and European countries.
This document discusses children's rights and juvenile justice in India. It begins with definitions of a "child" under various Indian laws such as the Juvenile Justice Act, Child Labour Act, and others which generally define a child as someone under 18 years old. It then discusses constitutional provisions and international conventions that protect children's rights, such as the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. The document also discusses issues around juvenile delinquency in India and debates around whether juveniles should be tried under adult laws for serious crimes. Overall, the document provides an overview of laws and discussions related to children's rights and juvenile justice in India.
Critical analysis of juvenile justice system pptatuljaybhaye
This document provides a critical analysis of the juvenile justice system in India. It discusses the historical background and legislation related to juvenile justice over time. This includes the Juvenile Justice Act of 2015, which reduced the age of juvenility to 16 years and defines heinous offenses for which a juvenile can be tried as an adult. The document notes shortcomings of the 2015 Act, arguing it ignores rehabilitation. It provides the presenter's views that the age of minority should remain 18, rape and murder should be categorized as heinous offenses, and juveniles should not be sent to prison but rather kept in special homes. The conclusion states that children are assets to the nation and laws should not be amended due to public pressure and outrage in
DEFINITIONS-Genocide-Crimes Against Humanity-War Crimes-Ethnic CleansingMYO AUNG Myanmar
http://knowledgenuts.com/2015/08/02/the-difference-between-ethnic-cleansing-and-genocide/
The Difference Between Ethnic Cleansing And Genocide
By Debra Kelly on Sunday, August 2, 2015
http://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1984&context=sulr
Expanding the Crime of Genocide to Include Ethnic
Cleansing: A Return to Established Principles in Light of
Contemporary Interpretations
https://www.menorahreview.org/article.aspx?id=63
Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide: Similarities and Differences
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing
Ethnic cleansing
http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/ethnic-cleansing.html
Ethnic Cleansing
http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide.html
Genocide
http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/crimes-against-humanity.html
Crimes Against Humanity
https://www.academia.edu/30464193/The_Difference_between_Genocide_and_Ethnic_Cleansing
The Difference between Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/whats-the-difference-between-genocide-and-ethnic-cleansing
What’s the difference between genocide and ethnic cleansing?
https://www.cato.org/blog/ethnic-cleansing-vs-genocide-politics-behind-labeling-rohingya-crisis
Ethnic Cleansing vs. Genocide:
The Politics Behind Labeling the
Rohingya Crisis
http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/politics/difference-between-ethnic-cleansing-and-genocide/
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/difference-between-genocide-ethnic-cleansing-kagusthan-ariaratnam/
This document discusses Indian juvenile justice laws and principles. It defines a "child in conflict with law" as any person under 18 who has allegedly or actually committed an offense. Those between 16-18 who commit serious ("heinous") offenses may be tried as adults. The document examines how age of the offense and age at apprehension are treated under the law. It also discusses principles like presumption of innocence, dignity, and best interests of the child that guide the juvenile justice system. Statistics are presented showing trends in juveniles apprehended from 2013-2014 with more older juveniles (16-18) apprehended.
The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act 2012(POCSO)
- Definations
- Who is chold ?
-Substantive Offense
- Punishment
-New Law
-Trial by Special Court
The document outlines key differences between juvenile proceedings and criminal proceedings:
1) Juvenile proceedings focus on rehabilitation rather than punishment and aim to avoid stigma, while criminal proceedings emphasize punishment.
2) Juvenile proceedings provide certain due process rights like notice, counsel, confrontation, and privilege against self-incrimination that were established in In re Gault.
3) Juveniles can be tried in juvenile court under juvenile justice processes or transferred to adult criminal court through waiver, legislative exclusion, or prosecutorial discretion.
This document discusses juvenile delinquency and the definition of a juvenile delinquent in Bangladesh. It notes that different laws in Bangladesh define the age of a juvenile delinquent differently, ranging from 7 to 16 years old. Currently, there is no uniform definition but most sources indicate ages 7 to under 16 define a juvenile delinquent. A draft policy proposes defining juveniles as those under 18 to harmonize with UN conventions. The document examines differences in how juvenile delinquency and age limits are defined both in laws in Bangladesh and in other Asian and European countries.
This document discusses children's rights and juvenile justice in India. It begins with definitions of a "child" under various Indian laws such as the Juvenile Justice Act, Child Labour Act, and others which generally define a child as someone under 18 years old. It then discusses constitutional provisions and international conventions that protect children's rights, such as the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. The document also discusses issues around juvenile delinquency in India and debates around whether juveniles should be tried under adult laws for serious crimes. Overall, the document provides an overview of laws and discussions related to children's rights and juvenile justice in India.
Critical analysis of juvenile justice system pptatuljaybhaye
This document provides a critical analysis of the juvenile justice system in India. It discusses the historical background and legislation related to juvenile justice over time. This includes the Juvenile Justice Act of 2015, which reduced the age of juvenility to 16 years and defines heinous offenses for which a juvenile can be tried as an adult. The document notes shortcomings of the 2015 Act, arguing it ignores rehabilitation. It provides the presenter's views that the age of minority should remain 18, rape and murder should be categorized as heinous offenses, and juveniles should not be sent to prison but rather kept in special homes. The conclusion states that children are assets to the nation and laws should not be amended due to public pressure and outrage in
DEFINITIONS-Genocide-Crimes Against Humanity-War Crimes-Ethnic CleansingMYO AUNG Myanmar
http://knowledgenuts.com/2015/08/02/the-difference-between-ethnic-cleansing-and-genocide/
The Difference Between Ethnic Cleansing And Genocide
By Debra Kelly on Sunday, August 2, 2015
http://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1984&context=sulr
Expanding the Crime of Genocide to Include Ethnic
Cleansing: A Return to Established Principles in Light of
Contemporary Interpretations
https://www.menorahreview.org/article.aspx?id=63
Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide: Similarities and Differences
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing
Ethnic cleansing
http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/ethnic-cleansing.html
Ethnic Cleansing
http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide.html
Genocide
http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/crimes-against-humanity.html
Crimes Against Humanity
https://www.academia.edu/30464193/The_Difference_between_Genocide_and_Ethnic_Cleansing
The Difference between Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/whats-the-difference-between-genocide-and-ethnic-cleansing
What’s the difference between genocide and ethnic cleansing?
https://www.cato.org/blog/ethnic-cleansing-vs-genocide-politics-behind-labeling-rohingya-crisis
Ethnic Cleansing vs. Genocide:
The Politics Behind Labeling the
Rohingya Crisis
http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/politics/difference-between-ethnic-cleansing-and-genocide/
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/difference-between-genocide-ethnic-cleansing-kagusthan-ariaratnam/
This document discusses Indian juvenile justice laws and principles. It defines a "child in conflict with law" as any person under 18 who has allegedly or actually committed an offense. Those between 16-18 who commit serious ("heinous") offenses may be tried as adults. The document examines how age of the offense and age at apprehension are treated under the law. It also discusses principles like presumption of innocence, dignity, and best interests of the child that guide the juvenile justice system. Statistics are presented showing trends in juveniles apprehended from 2013-2014 with more older juveniles (16-18) apprehended.
The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act 2012(POCSO)
- Definations
- Who is chold ?
-Substantive Offense
- Punishment
-New Law
-Trial by Special Court
The document outlines key differences between juvenile proceedings and criminal proceedings:
1) Juvenile proceedings focus on rehabilitation rather than punishment and aim to avoid stigma, while criminal proceedings emphasize punishment.
2) Juvenile proceedings provide certain due process rights like notice, counsel, confrontation, and privilege against self-incrimination that were established in In re Gault.
3) Juveniles can be tried in juvenile court under juvenile justice processes or transferred to adult criminal court through waiver, legislative exclusion, or prosecutorial discretion.
1) The document discusses juvenile crime in Bangladesh, including statistics on juvenile population, age of criminal responsibility, and common juvenile crimes like theft and drug use.
2) It examines causes of juvenile crime like poverty, broken homes, parental criminality, and emotional problems. Treating juvenile criminals requires rehabilitation through counseling, education, vocational training, and specialized juvenile courts.
3) Recommendations include improving juvenile detention centers, providing education and counseling to reintegrate youth, and treating each case individually to rehabilitate rather than punish juvenile offenders. The conclusion states that juvenile crime is often a cry for help rather than intentional wrongdoing.
Juvenile Justice system in Bangladesh - An AppraisalAbsar Aftab Absar
A rare insight into the Juvenile Justice system of Bangladesh. The PPT reflects how a 'third world' country has a progressive intent towards the juvenile justice.
The etiology of Female Offending in Bangladesh: Toward a Quest for Alternative Explanation
JAHIRUL ISLAM
NURJAHAN KHATUN
Department of Criminology and Police Science Mawlana Bhasani Science and Technology University
Shantosh, Tangail, Bangladesh
Juvenile justice in India ppt prepared by Rajashree J Jawalesundarsasane
- Children in India constitute about 35% of the total population and face many vulnerabilities. The document discusses the problems faced by children in India, international conventions on children's rights, and the juvenile justice system in India.
- Key legislation discussed includes the Juvenile Justice Act 2000 and 2014, which established a system for dealing with children in conflict with the law as well as those in need of care and protection.
- There is an ongoing debate around the treatment of 16-18 year olds who commit serious crimes, with some arguing they should be tried as adults, while others believe a rehabilitative juvenile justice approach is most appropriate.
This document discusses Indian juvenile justice laws and principles. It defines a "child in conflict with law" as any person under 18 who has allegedly or actually committed an offense. Those between 16-18 who commit serious ("heinous") offenses may be tried as adults. The document outlines how different acts define a child's age and discusses scenarios where a child commits a crime before 18 but is apprehended later. It also discusses philosophies like "parens patriae" and tests for criminal responsibility. Statistics on juvenile apprehensions in India from 2013-2014 are provided. Finally, the document lists principles of the juvenile justice system like the presumption of innocence and prioritizing the child's best interests and rehabilitation.
The brief history of criminology progressed through several perspectives on the causes of crime. The Demonic perspective during the Middle Ages viewed crime as the result of demonic possession or temptation. The Classical school that emerged in the late 1700s focused on free will and deterrence through punishment. The Positivist school in the mid-1800s took a scientific approach and viewed criminals as biologically or mentally different. Sociological criminology from the mid-1800s onward examined social factors like family, peers, and environment that influence criminal behavior.
Young people today face many challenges that can sometimes lead to criminal behavior. Juvenile crime includes offenses committed by minors under the age of 18 and common types are substance abuse, reckless behavior, sexual harassment, murder, and cyber crimes. Factors contributing to juvenile delinquency are peer pressure, lack of parental guidance, unemployment, substance addictions, and exposure to adult content online and in media. While young people have tremendous potential, they need proper support and education to stay on the right path for a secure future.
Juvenile Delinquency - Definition, Meaning, Examples, Crimes and offensive be...Md.Azizul hakim Anik
A juvenile delinquent is a person who has not yet reached the age of maturity, and whose behavior has been labeled delinquent by a court.
It was William Coxson who in 1484, used the term ‘delinquent’ to describe a person found guilty of customary offence. In simpler words it may be said that delinquency is a form of behavior or rather misbehavior or deviation from the generally accepted norms of conduct in the society.
The document discusses the age of criminal responsibility and juvenile justice system in Australia. It notes that the age of criminal responsibility is 10 years old according to the Children (Criminal Proceedings) Act 1987. Children under 10 are considered doli incapax, meaning they are incapable of criminal intent or wrongdoing. Children between 10-13 can be charged if it's proven they understand the difference between right and wrong. The document brings up examples of high-profile youth crime cases that resulted in calls to remove the doctrine of doli incapax.
This document summarizes the history and development of victim compensation in India. It discusses how ancient societies required offenders to reimburse victims but the focus was on protecting offenders, not rehabilitating victims. Over time, compensation became a victim's civil right. The Code of Criminal Procedure introduced provisions for victim compensation through court fines and state schemes. Section 357A obligates states to establish victim compensation schemes, defining the role of District Legal Services Authorities in awarding compensation. The document outlines eligibility and provisions under Delhi's Victim Compensation Scheme 2018, including interim relief for acid attack victims and funds from donations.
The document discusses jurisdiction in cyberspace. It defines jurisdiction and international law principles related to jurisdiction. It discusses issues like prescriptive jurisdiction, enforcement jurisdiction, and personal jurisdiction in cyberspace. Personal jurisdiction online is complex due to factors like online contracts, forum selection clauses, and location of web servers. Courts examine minimum contacts and due process to determine if they can exercise jurisdiction over foreign online entities. International conventions also guide jurisdiction over cybercrimes.
The document provides an overview of human rights topics including:
1. An introduction to human rights and identifying rights in news stories and key documents like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
2. The nature of human rights and their origins in documents from ancient civilizations through philosophers like Locke and declarations like the U.S. Bill of Rights.
3. Specific rights like the rights of children established in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and how groups like indigenous peoples and refugees relate to human rights.
This document discusses organized crime around the world and in Nepal specifically. It provides definitions of organized crime from various legal and academic perspectives, focusing on organized crime as criminal groups that work together for financial gain through ongoing illegal activities. The document also outlines the UN convention against transnational organized crime and how Nepal has signed related treaties. It describes some common types of organized criminal activities and how the Nepalese organized crime prevention act aims to combat organized crime in Nepal.
The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is India's premier investigating police agency. It was established in 1963 to investigate corruption and economic crimes. The CBI reports to the Indian government and not individual states. It has the power to investigate cases of murder, kidnapping, terrorism and other crimes. The CBI is headed by a Director General of Police and handles many high-profile cases, though it has faced criticism for mishandling some scams. Some of the CBI's most renowned cases include the Nithari killings, Sister Abhaya murder, Bhopal gas tragedy, 2G spectrum scam, coal allocation scam and Sohrabuddin case.
Presentation on JUVENILE JUSTICE ACT, 2015.pptIAndRye
The document summarizes key aspects of the Juvenile Justice Act of 2015 in India. Some of the main points covered include:
1. It classifies crimes committed by juveniles (those below 18 years of age) as petty, serious or heinous crimes. For heinous crimes allegedly committed by 16-18 year olds, a board will assess if it was committed as a child or adult.
2. It establishes Child Welfare Committees and Special Juvenile Police Units to deal with matters related to children in conflict with law or in need of care and protection.
3. The legislation outlines various orders that can be passed for children in conflict with law, such as community service,
The document discusses concepts of crime and punishment. It defines a crime as an act or omission forbidden by law and punishable by the state after a legal procedure. Two principles of criminal liability are that one must commit a forbidden act and omissions are not liable unless a duty exists. The essential elements of a crime are the guilty act (actus reus) and guilty mind (mens rea). Actus reus includes a human action, resulting injury, and a prohibited act. Mens rea includes intention, motive, knowledge, recklessness, and negligence. A person can be criminally liable for foreseeable consequences of their acts even if indirectly participating. The stages of a crime are intention, preparation, attempt,
In our society juvenile offenders are increasing day by day and juvenile delinquency crime is one of the burning
issues in all over the world. So the purpose of the article is to reduce juvenile delinquency from the society. The article explains
who is juvenile. The study focus on reasons behind juvenile offender. The paper argues that family problem, social
environment, mantle torture, educational dissatisfaction and lack of legal provisions are also factors that constitute such
offender. The paper reveals the historical development about the definition, legal provisions and Acts on juvenile offender. The
article describes what step should be taken to improve their situation in the society.
The juvenile justice system in India aims to protect youth but has loopholes that allow criminals to escape punishment. There is a rise in serious crimes committed by 16-18 year olds who know they cannot be prosecuted as adults. The 2012 Delhi gang rape case highlighted this issue as one perpetrator was sentenced to only 3 years as a juvenile. There are calls to reform juvenile laws in India to judge each case based on the offense and mental maturity rather than just an age limit, bringing laws more in line with other countries like the U.S. and U.K. The well-being of youth and safety of society require the juvenile system to be reexamined.
1) The document discusses juvenile crime in Bangladesh, including statistics on juvenile population, age of criminal responsibility, and common juvenile crimes like theft and drug use.
2) It examines causes of juvenile crime like poverty, broken homes, parental criminality, and emotional problems. Treating juvenile criminals requires rehabilitation through counseling, education, vocational training, and specialized juvenile courts.
3) Recommendations include improving juvenile detention centers, providing education and counseling to reintegrate youth, and treating each case individually to rehabilitate rather than punish juvenile offenders. The conclusion states that juvenile crime is often a cry for help rather than intentional wrongdoing.
Juvenile Justice system in Bangladesh - An AppraisalAbsar Aftab Absar
A rare insight into the Juvenile Justice system of Bangladesh. The PPT reflects how a 'third world' country has a progressive intent towards the juvenile justice.
The etiology of Female Offending in Bangladesh: Toward a Quest for Alternative Explanation
JAHIRUL ISLAM
NURJAHAN KHATUN
Department of Criminology and Police Science Mawlana Bhasani Science and Technology University
Shantosh, Tangail, Bangladesh
Juvenile justice in India ppt prepared by Rajashree J Jawalesundarsasane
- Children in India constitute about 35% of the total population and face many vulnerabilities. The document discusses the problems faced by children in India, international conventions on children's rights, and the juvenile justice system in India.
- Key legislation discussed includes the Juvenile Justice Act 2000 and 2014, which established a system for dealing with children in conflict with the law as well as those in need of care and protection.
- There is an ongoing debate around the treatment of 16-18 year olds who commit serious crimes, with some arguing they should be tried as adults, while others believe a rehabilitative juvenile justice approach is most appropriate.
This document discusses Indian juvenile justice laws and principles. It defines a "child in conflict with law" as any person under 18 who has allegedly or actually committed an offense. Those between 16-18 who commit serious ("heinous") offenses may be tried as adults. The document outlines how different acts define a child's age and discusses scenarios where a child commits a crime before 18 but is apprehended later. It also discusses philosophies like "parens patriae" and tests for criminal responsibility. Statistics on juvenile apprehensions in India from 2013-2014 are provided. Finally, the document lists principles of the juvenile justice system like the presumption of innocence and prioritizing the child's best interests and rehabilitation.
The brief history of criminology progressed through several perspectives on the causes of crime. The Demonic perspective during the Middle Ages viewed crime as the result of demonic possession or temptation. The Classical school that emerged in the late 1700s focused on free will and deterrence through punishment. The Positivist school in the mid-1800s took a scientific approach and viewed criminals as biologically or mentally different. Sociological criminology from the mid-1800s onward examined social factors like family, peers, and environment that influence criminal behavior.
Young people today face many challenges that can sometimes lead to criminal behavior. Juvenile crime includes offenses committed by minors under the age of 18 and common types are substance abuse, reckless behavior, sexual harassment, murder, and cyber crimes. Factors contributing to juvenile delinquency are peer pressure, lack of parental guidance, unemployment, substance addictions, and exposure to adult content online and in media. While young people have tremendous potential, they need proper support and education to stay on the right path for a secure future.
Juvenile Delinquency - Definition, Meaning, Examples, Crimes and offensive be...Md.Azizul hakim Anik
A juvenile delinquent is a person who has not yet reached the age of maturity, and whose behavior has been labeled delinquent by a court.
It was William Coxson who in 1484, used the term ‘delinquent’ to describe a person found guilty of customary offence. In simpler words it may be said that delinquency is a form of behavior or rather misbehavior or deviation from the generally accepted norms of conduct in the society.
The document discusses the age of criminal responsibility and juvenile justice system in Australia. It notes that the age of criminal responsibility is 10 years old according to the Children (Criminal Proceedings) Act 1987. Children under 10 are considered doli incapax, meaning they are incapable of criminal intent or wrongdoing. Children between 10-13 can be charged if it's proven they understand the difference between right and wrong. The document brings up examples of high-profile youth crime cases that resulted in calls to remove the doctrine of doli incapax.
This document summarizes the history and development of victim compensation in India. It discusses how ancient societies required offenders to reimburse victims but the focus was on protecting offenders, not rehabilitating victims. Over time, compensation became a victim's civil right. The Code of Criminal Procedure introduced provisions for victim compensation through court fines and state schemes. Section 357A obligates states to establish victim compensation schemes, defining the role of District Legal Services Authorities in awarding compensation. The document outlines eligibility and provisions under Delhi's Victim Compensation Scheme 2018, including interim relief for acid attack victims and funds from donations.
The document discusses jurisdiction in cyberspace. It defines jurisdiction and international law principles related to jurisdiction. It discusses issues like prescriptive jurisdiction, enforcement jurisdiction, and personal jurisdiction in cyberspace. Personal jurisdiction online is complex due to factors like online contracts, forum selection clauses, and location of web servers. Courts examine minimum contacts and due process to determine if they can exercise jurisdiction over foreign online entities. International conventions also guide jurisdiction over cybercrimes.
The document provides an overview of human rights topics including:
1. An introduction to human rights and identifying rights in news stories and key documents like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
2. The nature of human rights and their origins in documents from ancient civilizations through philosophers like Locke and declarations like the U.S. Bill of Rights.
3. Specific rights like the rights of children established in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and how groups like indigenous peoples and refugees relate to human rights.
This document discusses organized crime around the world and in Nepal specifically. It provides definitions of organized crime from various legal and academic perspectives, focusing on organized crime as criminal groups that work together for financial gain through ongoing illegal activities. The document also outlines the UN convention against transnational organized crime and how Nepal has signed related treaties. It describes some common types of organized criminal activities and how the Nepalese organized crime prevention act aims to combat organized crime in Nepal.
The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is India's premier investigating police agency. It was established in 1963 to investigate corruption and economic crimes. The CBI reports to the Indian government and not individual states. It has the power to investigate cases of murder, kidnapping, terrorism and other crimes. The CBI is headed by a Director General of Police and handles many high-profile cases, though it has faced criticism for mishandling some scams. Some of the CBI's most renowned cases include the Nithari killings, Sister Abhaya murder, Bhopal gas tragedy, 2G spectrum scam, coal allocation scam and Sohrabuddin case.
Presentation on JUVENILE JUSTICE ACT, 2015.pptIAndRye
The document summarizes key aspects of the Juvenile Justice Act of 2015 in India. Some of the main points covered include:
1. It classifies crimes committed by juveniles (those below 18 years of age) as petty, serious or heinous crimes. For heinous crimes allegedly committed by 16-18 year olds, a board will assess if it was committed as a child or adult.
2. It establishes Child Welfare Committees and Special Juvenile Police Units to deal with matters related to children in conflict with law or in need of care and protection.
3. The legislation outlines various orders that can be passed for children in conflict with law, such as community service,
The document discusses concepts of crime and punishment. It defines a crime as an act or omission forbidden by law and punishable by the state after a legal procedure. Two principles of criminal liability are that one must commit a forbidden act and omissions are not liable unless a duty exists. The essential elements of a crime are the guilty act (actus reus) and guilty mind (mens rea). Actus reus includes a human action, resulting injury, and a prohibited act. Mens rea includes intention, motive, knowledge, recklessness, and negligence. A person can be criminally liable for foreseeable consequences of their acts even if indirectly participating. The stages of a crime are intention, preparation, attempt,
In our society juvenile offenders are increasing day by day and juvenile delinquency crime is one of the burning
issues in all over the world. So the purpose of the article is to reduce juvenile delinquency from the society. The article explains
who is juvenile. The study focus on reasons behind juvenile offender. The paper argues that family problem, social
environment, mantle torture, educational dissatisfaction and lack of legal provisions are also factors that constitute such
offender. The paper reveals the historical development about the definition, legal provisions and Acts on juvenile offender. The
article describes what step should be taken to improve their situation in the society.
The juvenile justice system in India aims to protect youth but has loopholes that allow criminals to escape punishment. There is a rise in serious crimes committed by 16-18 year olds who know they cannot be prosecuted as adults. The 2012 Delhi gang rape case highlighted this issue as one perpetrator was sentenced to only 3 years as a juvenile. There are calls to reform juvenile laws in India to judge each case based on the offense and mental maturity rather than just an age limit, bringing laws more in line with other countries like the U.S. and U.K. The well-being of youth and safety of society require the juvenile system to be reexamined.
1) The document discusses the importance of youth as the driving force of development and the need to protect children's rights.
2) It outlines India's Juvenile Justice Act and how the definition of a juvenile has changed over time. For serious crimes, some argue juveniles should be tried in criminal courts like in other countries.
3) The 2012 Delhi gang rape case is discussed as an example where the juvenile received only a 3 year sentence, renewing calls for reforming how serious juvenile offenders are treated under the law.
The document discusses juvenile delinquency and legal aspects related to juveniles who break the law. It defines juvenile delinquency as illegal or criminal behavior by children between 10-18 years old. Criminologists view delinquency as violations of legal and social norms, from minor offenses to serious crimes. Statistics show juvenile group crime is most prevalent among 14-year-olds. Subcultures and peer groups can influence delinquent behavior. The Juvenile Justice Act of 2000 aims to provide care, protection and rehabilitation of juveniles in conflict with the law or in need of care. The proposed amendments allow those 16 years or older to be tried as adults for heinous crimes like rape and murder. It also
Child In Conflict With Law Under Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act 2...Free Law - by De Jure
Children are one of the most valued assets of the future generation who are required to be protected. Recently, there is an unprecedented increase in the juvenile crime rate. This is due to many changes such as behavioral change, lack of education, subjugation, upbringing environment, harassment, lack of parental care, sexual indulgence, violent treatment, poverty, and the advent of modern lifestyle. Shrewd criminals indulge children in criminal activities especially, the ones between 6-12 years because at this point minds are innocent and can be easily manipulated as well as lure them to the world of crime. However, children below 7 years of age cannot be held criminally responsible for an offence because of a lack of understandability and are known as “Doli Incapax Maxim”.
It is basically a way to present information related to juvenile act , delinquency , reasons , solutions to it and act and latest statistics related to juvenile crimes and case and statements of famous personalities on this serious issue.It is presented by by students of Kanoria College BBA third year students.
And plz if u like it plz comment and clip the slides.
Juvenile delinquency is a major problem in society. It is defined as criminal acts committed by minors under a statutory age. There are various causes of juvenile delinquency including biological factors, economic hardship, social influences, and other environmental factors. The consequences of juvenile delinquency include violence, destruction of property, threats to public safety, and a poor future outlook for the country. Statistics show higher rates of juvenile crime among boys aged 12-16 from urban and low-income backgrounds. The juvenile justice system aims to rehabilitate young offenders through protective custody and education rather than criminalization or imprisonment. Overall, curbing juvenile delinquency requires a comprehensive societal effort.
Juvenile delinquency is a gateway to adult crime, since a large percentage of criminal careers have their roots in childhood causing serious problems all over the world. Delinquency has always been considered as a social problem over and above the fact that it is a legal problem it is also a psychological problem. Hence to avoid this social evil one has to tackle the complex problem of delinquency from the social psychological and to familial angles.
Although laws regarding Juvenile delinquencies have been formed long since, they are also being changed from time to time. Currently, in all the progressive and civilized countries of the world the laws with regard to the Juvenile delinquents have been changed.
Murder, rape, dacoity, burglary, kidnapping are a few more that add to the rest of it. On the basis of the available statistics, an inference can be drawn that these crimes are on the increasing path.
On the whole, current efforts to fight juvenile delinquency are characterized by the lack of systematic action and the absence of task-oriented and effective social work with both offenders and victims, whether real or potential.
The document discusses the Juvenile Justice Act in India. It was passed in 2015 to replace previous laws and adopt a more child-friendly approach. The Act defines a juvenile as anyone under 18 years old and classifies offenses as petty, serious, or heinous. It allows juveniles aged 16-18 who commit heinous crimes to be tried as adults. The Act aims to protect children's rights through institutions and rehabilitation.
Juvenile Justice System in Comparison to Criminal Justice System in Indiaijtsrd
Children and adults are treated differently as far as the legal perspective is concerned. Law considers the offence committed by the child as a delinquent act rather than a crime. Courts have established a different procedure for trial in case of a child. The child and adult not only differ in criminal proceedings but on other grounds also. They do not have the same constitutional rights as adults. The administration of justice system has a different perspective in case of an offence committed by a child. If an offence is committed by an adult, it is perceived as a crime and he or she is taken under legal consideration for the same. On the other hand, if an offence is committed by a child, the court observes the delinquency of the act. However, there is an exception in some case where the child can be treated as an adult. The main objective of the juvenile justice system is to make sure that the child is rehabilitated so that he or she does not repeat the same crime in future. In an adult justice system, the main objective is to threaten the accused by way of punishment so that he or she should not commit such heinous offences in future. Naincy Goyal"Juvenile Justice System in Comparison to Criminal Justice System in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17025.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/17025/juvenile-justice-system-in-comparison-to-criminal-justice-system-in-india/naincy-goyal
This document presents information on a final project for a corporate law class. It includes topics discussed by three students: Rabia Kanwal discusses child responsibility for violating the law from an Islamic and conventional perspective; Faryal Laiquat presents three case studies related to law violations; and Naila Iftikhar covers the process of taking a child to a police station. The document provides details on each topic, including Islamic criminal jurisprudence, juvenile court procedures, children's rights when arrested, and alternatives to court sentencing for children.
This document provides an abstract for a paper to be presented at a national seminar on juvenile justice and human rights. The paper will discuss the contemporary issues around setting a minimum age for criminal responsibility, particularly for serious crimes like rape and murder. It notes that in India, the 2012 Delhi gang rape case sparked debate around lowering the minimum age. The abstract outlines the historical development of juvenile laws in India and the current age of 18. It discusses the legal and scientific basis for setting the age. Global approaches are reviewed, and statistics on rising juvenile crime rates in India are presented. Arguments for and against revisiting the minimum age are summarized. The objective is to analyze the need to amend juvenile laws to curb rising delinquency while
The document discusses juvenile delinquency, which refers to illegal or antisocial behavior by children and adolescents. It outlines several theories for the causes of youth crime, including strain theory proposed by Robert Merton, which suggests that lack of access to legitimate means of success due to factors like poverty can lead youth to crime. The document also describes a new juvenile justice law in the Philippines that emphasizes restorative justice and diversion of youth offenders from the criminal justice system whenever possible.
This document provides an overview of the topic of juvenile delinquency. It discusses what juvenile delinquency is, types of juvenile offenses, factors that contribute to delinquent behavior, and approaches to explaining delinquency such as social disorganization theory and social control theory. The document also covers the development of juvenile delinquency, types of juvenile delinquency (e.g. crimes, status offenses), and social and economic factors related to delinquency such as family issues, poverty, and lack of opportunities. Finally, it discusses the characteristics and types of social movements.
The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2015 repealed the 2000 act and introduced important changes. Key changes included changing the nomenclature from 'juvenile' to 'child' to remove negative connotations, allowing trials of 16-18 year olds in conflict with law in adult courts depending on the crime's severity, and extending evaluation periods for convicted children from 1 to 3 months. The act strengthened provisions for both children in need of care/protection and children in conflict with law. It aims to protect children's rights through bodies like the Child Welfare Committee and juvenile justice boards.
This document summarizes a proposed research study on raising the minimum age of criminal responsibility in Australia from 10 to 14 years old. It provides background on the issue, including that many organizations and the UN recommend increasing the age. The proposed research will analyze the relevant ACT and issues with charging 10-year-olds as criminals. It will recommend increasing the minimum age to 14 to protect children's mental health and development and allow for rehabilitation in a positive environment.
The document discusses child marriage in India, defining it as a marriage where either party is a child under age 18 for girls or 21 for boys. It outlines the reasons child marriages continue such as viewing girls as a liability and reducing marriage costs, and the consequences like health risks, lack of education, and human rights violations. The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act of 2006 is analyzed which aims to prevent, protect from, and prosecute offenders of child marriages in India.
Introduction Government has broken the ACT that the age.pdfbkbk37
The document discusses raising the age of criminal responsibility in Australia from 10 to 14 years old. It provides background on the issue, including that many organizations and the UN recommend increasing the age. Research and analysis is presented on neurobiological impacts on children under 14 and how other countries handle 14-16 as the minimum age. The recommendation is to increase the age to 14 to protect children's mental health and provide a positive environment, in line with international standards. Raising the age could help prevent negative impacts of the justice system on young offenders.
SEXUAL ACTS COMMITTED BY CHILDREN SEXUAL ACTS COMMITTED BY CHILDRENAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The special criminal justice system for children certainly has a special purpose for the benefit of
the future of the child and the society in which the principles of restorative justice are contained, the definition
of restorative justice itself is not uniform, because there are many variations of models and forms that develop in
its application. Therefore, much terminology is used to describe the concept of restorative justice, such as viii
communitarian justice, positive justice, relational justice, reparative justice, and community justice.
KEYWORDS: legal, copulation, criminal
What is Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Crimes in India, What is Juvenile Delinquency, what are their causes and reasons, what is juvenile Justice , Comparison Between Juenile Justice Act 2000 and Juvenile Justice Act 2015, Case study, Pros and cons for Juvenile Justice Act and conclusion
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
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The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
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The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
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Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
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providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
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Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
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changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Juvenile Deliquency In India
1. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN INDIA
Title: Rootoftheproblemneedstobeaddressedinsteadofthepunishment
Submittedby,
AKASHKUMAR
2. (B.Com.M.Com.LL.B.LL.M.)
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN INDIA
(i)_Statement of problem:
Juvenile delinquency: Root of the problem needs to be
addressed instead of the punishment and laws to be revised
WHO IS A JUVENILE?
Juvenile means a person who is very young, teenager, adolescent or underage. In other words,
juvenile means children who have not yet reached the age of adults in the sense that they are still
childish or immature. Sometimes the term “child” is also interchangeably used for the term
“juvenile”.
Legally speaking, a juvenile can be defined as a child who has not attained a certain age at which
he can be held liable for his criminal acts like an adult person under the law of the country.
Juvenile is a child who is alleged to have committed certain acts or omissions which are in
violation of any law and are declared to be an offence.
In terms of law, a juvenile is a person who has not attained the age of eighteen years. It has a
legal significance. As per the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act, 2000, a juvenile shall
not be treated as an adult even if he/she is involved in any criminal acts for the purpose of trial
and punishment in the court of law.
3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A JUVENILE AND A MINOR
Though in common language we use both the terms interchangeably but ‘juvenile’ and ‘minor’
in legal terms are used in different context. The term juvenile is used with reference to a young
criminal offender and the term minor relates to legal capacity or majority of a person.
History of juvenile in India:
In India, the first legislation dealing with children in conflict with law or children committing
crime was the Apprentices Act, 1850. It provided that children under the age of 15 years found to
have committed petty offences will be bounded as apprentices.
Thereafter, the Reformatory Schools Act, 1897 came into effect which provided that children up
to the age of 15 years sentenced to imprisonment would be sent to reformatory cell.
After the Independence, with an aim to provide care, protection, development and rehabilitation
of neglected or delinquent juveniles, our Parliament enacted the Juvenile Justice Act, 1986. It
was an Act which brought uniform system throughout the country.
Section 2(a) of the Act defined the term ‘juvenile’ as a “boy who has not attained the age of 16
years and a girl who has not attained the age of 18 years”.
Later on the Parliament enacted the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act, 2000 which
raised the age bar to 18 years for both girl and boy.
JUVENILE CRIMES IN INDIA
4. Petty crimes in general and heinous crimes in particular are being committed regularly in India
by children. Crimes such as theft, burglary, snatching which are not so serious in nature or
crimes such as robbery, dacoity, murder and rape etc which are relatively serious are on the rise
in whole of the country. And the unfortunate thing is that all types of these crimes are also being
committed by children below the age of 18 years.
Among juveniles also there is a specific trend that juveniles between the age of 16 to 18 years are
found to be more involved in heinous criminal acts. According to the National Crime Records
Bureau, the data of 2013 shows that of the 43,506 crimes registered against minors under the
Indian Penal Code (IPC) and the Special Local Law (SLL) by juveniles, 28,830 had been
committed by those between the ages of 16 to 18. The statistics also show the number of
juveniles found to be in conflict with law under the IPC and the SLL has risen 13.6% and 2.5%
respectively in 2013, as compared with 2012.
The recent inhuman gang rape of a young girl on December 16, 2013, shocked the collective
conscience of the nation. The brutality with which the heinous crime was committed was most
shocking; it was later found out that among five accused, one was minor and he was the most
barbaric one.Again, in another brutal gang rape case which is known as Shakti Mill Rape case, a
minor was involved. These and several more recent events have triggered a public debate that the
present Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act, 2000 which treats persons below the age of
18 years as minor or juvenile, should be amended.
Present Legislation:
The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act, 2000 lays down that juvenile in conflict with law
or juvenile offenders may be kept in an ‘Observation Home’ while children in need of care and
protection need to be kept in a ‘Children Home’ during the pendency of proceedings before the
competent authority.
5. A juvenile can be detained only for a maximum period of 3 years irrespective of the gravity of
offence committed by him and he will be remanded to ‘Special Home’. The Juvenile Justice
(Care and Protection) Act, 2000 provides immunity to the child who is less than 18 Years of age
at the time of the commission of the alleged offence from trial through Criminal Court or any
punishment under Criminal Law in view of Section 17 of the Act.
The purpose of this new Act was to rehabilitate the child and assimilate him/her in mainstream
society. The rationale is that a child still has the possibility of getting reformed due to his/her
tender age and lack of maturity and it is the responsibility of the State to protect and reform the
child.
3. Proposed Amendment in Juvenile Justice Act, 2000:
Recently due to major hue and cry in public against the increasing number of crimes being
committed by the juveniles, the Government has decided to present the proposed amendment in
law in the current Parliament itself. This amendment would have far reaching effects on our
criminal justice system.
In brief major changes are as follows:
The proposed legislation would be replacing the existing Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection)
Act 2000.
It has clearly defined and classified offences as petty, serious and heinous.
It has been noticed that the increasing number of serious offences being committed by juveniles
in the age group of 16-18 years. Thus, in recognition of the rights of the victims alongside the
rights of juveniles, it is proposed that such heinous offences should be dealt with in special
manner.
Therefore, it has been proposed that if a heinous crime is committed by a person in the age
6. group of 16 to18 years, the Juvenile Justice Board will first assess if the said crime was
committed by that person as a ‘child’ or as an ‘adult’.
The Juvenile Justice Board will have psychologists and social experts in it which would make
sure that the rights of the juvenile are duly protected if the crime was committed as a child.
The trial of the case shall proceed on the basis of Board’s assessment report that whether the
concerned juvenile has committed the crime as a child or as an adult.
VIEWS ‘FOR’ AND ‘AGAINST’ THE PROPOSED AMENDMENT:
The Government of India has already given approval to the new amendments in the Juvenile
Justice Act. Experts and common public both are having strong views regarding the same. A
brief analysis of views is as follows:
Positive views:
At present there are large numbers of people in the society who are demanding that juveniles and
specially juveniles in the age group of 16 to 18 years should be treated as adult as far as their
conviction in heinous crimes such as rape, gang rape, murder, dacoity etc. is concerned. The
reason is that that in several of the recent incidents as described above, it has been found that the
juveniles of 16-18 age group are involved in serious crimes and they are doing such criminal acts
with full knowledge and maturity.
The maturity level of children has not remain the same as 10-20 years ago, a child gets mental
maturity early in present socio-cultural environment due to the influence of Internet and Social
Media.
Therefore, to have a deterrent effect it is important that such offenders in the age group of 16 to
18 should be punished as adults so that victims’ could also get their justice.
7. Negative views:
The people and experts who don’t subscribe to this view that juveniles in the age group of 16 to
18 should be treated as adults as far as their sentencing in heinous crimes are concerned are of
the opinion that any law should not be amended or enacted by getting influenced from few
incidents, because a law is for all and for all time.
So it should be carefully drafted after taking into consideration all dimensions. For instance, in
case of juvenile crimes, it should be considered that whether by punishing 16, 17 year olds we
are following a punitive form of justice system or reformative system; whether there are no
possibilities that the child would be reformed; and whether it is not true that after spending 10
years in regular adult jails with hardened criminals, the child would come out as a more
toughened criminal.
Also, this view says that it is not only the responsibility of the child that he/she has committed
such heinous crimes but it is also the responsibility of the society that why society has not been
able to provide a proper and healthy childhood to the child and why such types of
discriminations and deprivations, both social and economic, were there that the child was forced
to commit crimes; also, why the State failed to provide care and protection to its children and let
them drift towards criminal activities.
Thus, it can be seen that there are strong views in both far and opposition of the change or
amendment in Juvenile Justice Act.
REASONS FOR JUVENILE CRIMES
No one is a born criminal. Circumstances make him so. Socio-cultural environment, both inside
and outside of home, plays significant role in shaping one’s life and overall personality.
8. Some of the most common causes which are associated with juvenile crimes are: Poverty; Drug
Abuse; Anti-social Peer Group; Easy availability of firearms; Abusive parents; Single-parent
child; Nuclear Family; Family Violence; Child sexual abuse and Role of Media.
However, as far as India is concerned, it is Poverty and the effect of media, especially the social-
media which make juveniles more inclined towards criminal activities.
Poverty is one of the biggest causes which force a child to get involved in criminal acts. Also,
role played by social media today which is having a more negative than positive imprints on
young minds.
Others factors are also there which need greater study and analysis at a later time.
(ii) International scenario:
The disturbing realization that world-wide delinquency exists, and shows no signs of tapering
off, has touched many thoughtful citizens whether they live in Vienna or Lagos, New York or
Calcutta. There are ways of diverting us from the problem. Indeed, it can always be pointed out
that juvenile delinquency is not new to the world. There is even proof of its dating back to 306
B.C., for among the first laws of the Romans there were already special provisions for children
who had stolen. The Romans recognized that their responsibility for such crimes was limited.
And it can also be pointed out that juvenile delinquency is by no means a peculiarity of our
generation. And, somewhat defensively, numbers of people can claim that no one country or
culture has a monopoly on it. But such facts are of little consolation. They do not help us to face
the problems or measure it or attempt to solve it. While it is probable, that in many countries the
extent and viciousness of juvenile delinquency has been exaggerated, or exploited, in the press or
by certain films, this hardly
9. explains or refutes the proof that delinquency exists today in virtually all countries of the world.
In the United Nations report, Five- Year Perspective, 1960- 1964, issued by the Department of
Economic and Social Affairs, ‘In the field of crime and delinquency there is a serious and
widespread problem today (but appearing to be particularly acute in some of the most highly
developed countries): that of juvenile delinquency. The various services that experts have hoped
would be effective in preventing juvenile delinquency have not generally succeeded in doing so,
for whatever reason. The question of underlying causes needs to be reviewed from a broad
perspective, and new methods evolved to deal with these causes.’ Almost every language in the
world now yields a phrase labeling those youngsters of many nations whose behavior or tastes
are different enough to incite suspicion if not alarm. They are the ‘teddy boys’ in England, the
‘nozem’ in the Netherlands, the ‘raggare’ in Sweden, the ‘blousons noirs’ in France, the ‘tsotsis’
in South Africa, the ‘bodgies’ in Australia, the ‘halbstarken’ in Austria and Germany, the ‘tai-
pau’ in Taiwan, the ‘mambo boys’ or ‘taiyozuku’ in Japan, the ‘tapkaroschi’ in Yugoslavia, the
‘vitelloni’ in Italy, the ‘hooligans’ in Poland and the .‘stiliugyi’ in the U.S.S.R. But it is not our
right to assume that every Teddy boy or every blouson noir is actively engaged in delinquency.
These names often mislead people. It is unjust to assume automatically that a youngster. Who
likes rock‘n’roll music or bizarre clothing is on his way to becoming a delinquent if he is not one
already. Too often the adult world has used the word ‘delinquent’ to express anger or
bewilderment at adolescent tastes A recent survey in India, conducted in two urban areas,
Lucknow and Kanpur, indicated that the second most common juvenile offence was vagrancy. A
few years ago in Hong Kong, juveniles brought before the magistrate’s court reached the
startling figure of more than 55,000 and yet over 90 per cent of them had committed only
technical breaches of the law such as hawking without a license. In these cases, the outsider can
hardly know if such delinquent acts are not gestures of the abandoned, the ill-fed or the desperate
child. In Kenya, stricter enforcement of the vagrancy and pass regulations some years ago
increased the number of juveniles appearing before the Nairobi Central Juvenile Court to
10. more than 3,000 in one year. Available information from Lagos, Nigeria, shows that a delinquent
there is primarily an offender against the unwritten laws of the home; disrespect and
disobedience are regarded as serious offences. So we see that the numbers of children cited for
delinquent acts can sometimes be misleading unless we are to know the nature of the offences
and what particular law they violate, and how they were apprehended and recorded by the
authorities. There is rarely much in common between the boy who collects cigarette butts in a
Cairo gutter, the Nigerian who defies his family, the American who uses a switch-blade or the
European who commits larceny. The very differences between them are staggering yet all could
possibly be defined as delinquents. It can only be said that delinquents throughout the world are
involved in such a wide range of behavior, from the most trivial to the most serious, that it is
scarcely possible to generalize about all types of
offences except to point out that they are usually committed by boys in an age-range from 7 to
18, depending on the locale. In most countries, the upper age limit under the law for juvenile
offenders varies from 16 to 19. In the United States, it differs very much from State to State. In
Wyoming, for example, a boy is legally an adult at 19 while a girl is considered a minor until 21.
In another State, Connecticut, the upper limit is 16. The minimum age at which a child is held
responsible for his acts and brought before any kind of court again fluctuates from country to
country. For example, it is nixed at 7 in the United States, at 9 in
Israel, 10 in Great Britain, 12 in Greece, 13 in France and Poland, 14 in Austria, Belgium,
Czechoslovakia, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Norway, Switzerland and Yugoslavia.
And, finally, punishments lay down by the laws and also penal methods vary greatly from
country to country. Corporal punishment was once legally accepted by a large number of
countries: today a judge can still order it in Burma, Ceylon, India (with the exception of the
Bombay region), Iran, Iraq, Pakistan and Thailand. Yet even when we take the most cautious
attitude towards statistics on delinquency-for its scope and extent cannot be expressed in rows of
neat figures-from all corners of the world, the evidence mounts. The offences are varied. They
range from stealing, vandalism and property offences, petty
11. extortion and gambling to violent behavior, rowdiness, truancy, immoral or indecent conduct,
and drinking and drug addiction. A taste for violence In almost every city in the world where
delinquency exists, so does the juvenile gang which looms up as a modern social institution.
Despite striking national differences, the teen-age gangs are seemingly aimless groups of
rootless, restless, unemployed adolescents who most frequently meet on street corners. Some
gangs-for example, a few in East Los Angeles, California-have committed murder while others
do nothing more offensive than mimic or insult passers-by in the street. But these gangs,
innocent or evil, are an important element in the over-all pattern of juvenile delinquency.
Looking at delinquency in a world-wide context, one does not often see individual youngsters
becoming delinquent each in his own fashion, but rather a number of boys participating in joint
activities that derive their meaning and pleasure from a set of common sentiments, loyalties and
rules. Many gangs are tightly organized; some are loosely conceived and drift apart quickly. The
majority of these gangs often engage in acts which do not always bring financial gains and to the
rest of the world seem almost purposeless in their malice. In Poland, teen-age gangs have
damaged railroad trains and molested passengers for no apparent reason. In Saskatchewan,
Canada, groups of boys have entered into private homes (when the owners were away) and
mutilated expensive furnishings without attempting to steal a single object. In Chiengmai,
Thailand, a band of male minors, with a symbol of a white eagle tattooed on their arms, found
their greatest diversion in terrorizing or injuring outsiders at such times as they were not engaged
in challenging a rival gang to a war. In Argentina, gangs of boys have gathered in cafés or bars to
insult or humiliate other customers or pedestrians; after this, they have sometimes wrecked a
parked car. In the Philippines, reports on teen-age gangs indicate the same urge for vandalism.
Several youngsters cruised through the city of Manila in a car and went on a rampage, breaking
glass windows of fashionable stores and residences. For several nights this particular gang kept
the police of three adjacent cities busy trying to track them down and guess where they might
strike next. Some juvenile delinquents, however, have clearer goals in mind. Their satisfactions
come
12. from more profitable acts. Racketeering or petty extortion are good examples. A gang in Detroit,
Michigan, which was composed of fifteen boys from 13 to 16 years of age, organized a racket in
which all the smaller children of the neighborhood were forced to pay five cents for the
insurance of not being molested on the way to and from the local cinema. A report from India
indicates that gangs of young boys and girls have learned to be highly successful smugglers of
illicit liquor and drugs. In Israel, a juvenile court judge finds that
groups of young people engaged in stealing cars is a ‘striking new feature’ because gang
behavior has been rare. It should not be assumed, however, that these gangs are always in
constant motion and that their numbers, year in and year out, are fixed. In each country, their
histories fluctuate somewhat as the lines in a fever chart. A German psychologist, Dr. Curt
Bondy, remarked that there seem to be years which are marked by violent outbursts of gang
activities and then years of relative tranquility. An article in The Observer of 15 July 1962,
states: ‘In North London, as the police will tell you, the ‘‘gangs” are no more than social
gatherings in dance halls and cafés of bored youths from the same area. They have no
organization, no accepted leader and no real name, just being referred to as “the mob from
Highbury” or But the danger is that anyone.. . can quickly whip up a gang to “turn over” any
individual or group which has offended him. Then the iron bars and the knives appear like
magic.’ However limited the information on world-wide juvenile delinquency is, several
conclusions have been drawn.
(iii) Inter-Disciplinary relevance:
Children are considered to be gifts from God and are greatest personal as well as national assets.
We as individuals, parents, guardians and society as a whole have a duty that children should be
allowed and provided opportunity to grow up in a healthy socio-cultural environment so that they
could become responsible citizens, physically fit, mentally alert and
13. morally healthy. It is the duty of the State to provide equal opportunities for development to all
children during the period of their growth which would reduce inequality and ensure social
justice. Children are expected to be obedient, respectful and have virtues and good quality in
them. However, due to various reasons certain percentage of children do not follow settled social
and legal dictum. Such children are most often than not get involved in criminal behavior which
is known as juvenile delinquency or juvenile crime.
Crime by juveniles is a harsh reality in India. In recent times juveniles were found to be
involved in most heinous of the crimes such as murder and gang rape. It’s a disturbing trend and
society as a whole is anguished by such criminal acts by children. Many experts believe that the
present law is inadequate to deal with the situation and we need changes in it so that for heinous
crimes juveniles may also be tried and punished as adults. But there are views in opposition as
well which do not subscribe to this view.
In the present article, we would try to understand who is a juvenile; crimes committed by
juveniles; its reasons; laws and proposed changes by the Government in the same.
REASONS FOR JUVENILE CRIMES
No one is a born criminal. Circumstances make him so. Socio-cultural environment, both inside
and outside of home, plays significant role in shaping one’s life and overall personality.
Some of the most common causes which are associated with juvenile crimes are: Poverty; Drug
Abuse; Anti-social Peer Group; Easy availability of firearms; Abusive parents; Single-parent
child; Nuclear Family; Family Violence; Child sexual abuse and Role of Media.
However, as far as India is concerned, it is Poverty and the effect of media, especially the social-
media which make juveniles more inclined towards criminal activities.
14. Poverty is one of the biggest causes which force a child to get involved in criminal acts. Also,
role played by social media today which is having a more negative than positive imprints on
young minds.
Others factors are also there which need greater study and analysis at a later time.
(iv) National scenario
The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention and the Federal Bureau of
Investigation providing current statistical data on juvenile arrests reported continuing decline in
almost every major category of crime. However, despite the continuing decline in arrest rates,
juvenile offenders in residential placement (n= 108,931 on 10/27/99) increased by 3% from 1997
to 1999. The total includes a 12% increase in placement of juveniles in a residential facility for a
technical violation. Between 1980 and 2000, the arrest rate for all offenses reflected a 35%
increase for juvenile females and a decline of 11% for juvenile males . The United States
Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children, Youth and Families,
through the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System, released April 2002, reported that
879,000 children were found to be victims of child maltreatment. Maltreatment categories
typically include neglect, medical neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and psychological
maltreatment. Almost two-thirds of child victims (63%) suffered neglect (including medical
neglect); 19% were physically abused; 10% were sexually abused; and 8% were psychologically
maltreated . According to a report 8 , in 1981, juveniles accounted for over one out of three
arrests for robbery, one out of every three arrests for crime against property, one out of six
arrests for rape, 70 J Indian Acad Forensic Med, 31(1) and one out of eleven arrests for murder.
In 1981, about one teenager out of every fifteen in the nation was arrested. Between 1983 and
1991, crimes committed by juveniles
15. under eighteen showed another staggering increase: robberies increased five times, murders
tripled, and rapes doubled. More than five hundred children arrested for rape in 1991 were
twelve. During the 1996-1997 academic school year, 6,093 students were expelled for bringing
firearms or explosives to school. Some 14000 young people were attacked on school property
every day, and 160 thousand children missed school every day because of the fear of violence. A
large percentage of these at-risk, antisocial youth are vulnerable to gang recruitment and
membership8 . In Britain, the total rate of violent crimes against individuals has increased a
frightening 1,200% during the period 1960 to 1993. The number of robberies has increased by
2,700% in the same period. 93% of Britain's crime was against property. Although the total
number of reported crimes in France has fallen slightly in recent years, juvenile delinquency has
continued to rise sharply by 81% over the past ten years. One in five of those charged was under
eighteen . Other Western countries' crime rates parallel the trend of the United States, Canada,
Britain and France. In Australia, the number of serious assaults, for example, has risen 391%
between 1973 and 1992, while the robbery rate increased 190%. In New Zealand, the total
number of violent offences increased 615% between 1960 and 1990, from 2,937 to 20,987. The
crime rate in Greece also increased 1,268% between 1980 and 1990. In Germany the assault and
theft rose 71%. During 1993 - 1997, the number of crimes committed by German children up to
age fourteen surged 10.1% . According to a report, juvenile courts, all over China tried 393,543
defendants aged less than 18 years during the period 1999 to 2005 convicting 393,115 and
acquitting 428 . A study of data published by the National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of
Home Affairs, Government of India, reporting the incidence and rate of juvenile delinquency in
India reveals that the incidents of juvenile crimes have declined from 12588 in 1991 to 9267 in
2000. However, during the same period offences like burglary, arson, hurt, molestation etc. have
increased. Despite the declining incidence of juvenile delinquency both at the absolute, and the
relative levels, it is too often reported that rural and urban India have pervasive
practices of child labor, juvenile servitude, domestic juvenile servitude and trafficking of
juvenile girls. Such reports demand for examination of the problems confronting juveniles.
Conclusion Juvenile Delinquency and the problems related to it have been faced by all societies,
16. all over the world; however, in the developing world the problems are all the more formidable.
The process of development has brought in its wake a socio-cultural upheaval affecting the age-
old traditional ways of life in the congenial rural milieu. In fact, various scientific advances and
concomitant industrialization and urbanization have ushered in a new era, which is characterized
by catastrophic changes and mounting problems. Cities have sprung up with heterogeneity of
population, cultural variations, occupational differentiations and overcrowded conditions. As a
result, social disorganization and maladjustment have taken place following a perennial influx of
people from their rural habitat to the urban squalid slums.Juveniles are adversely affected by
these changing conditions.
During the debate in the Lok Sabha in May 2015, Shashi Tharoor, an INC Member the
Parliament (MP), argued that the law was in contradiction with international standards and that
most children who break the law come from poor and illiterate families. He said that they should
be educated instead of being punished.[2]
Child Rights Activists and Women Rights Activists have called the bill a regressive step and
have criticized the Bill. Many experts and activists viewed post December 2012 Delhi Gang
Rape responses as creation of media sensationalisation of the issue, and cautioned against any
regressive move to disturb the momentum of Juvenile Justice Legislation in the Country.
However some sections in the society felt that in view of terrorism and other serious offences,
Juvenile Justice Act of 2000 needed to be amended to include punitive approaches in the existing
Juvenile Justice Law, which so far is purely rehabilitative and reformative. Some argued that
there is no need of tampering with Juvenile Justice Act for putting up effective deterrent against
terrorism. Retired Judge of Delhi High Court, Justice RS Sodhi on 8 August 2015 told Hindustan
Times, "We are a civilised nation and if we become barbaric by twisting our own laws, then the
enemy will succeed in destroying our social structure. We should not allow that but we must
condemn this move of sending children to fight their war"
(v) Methodology
17. Legal research and writing is a discipline dealing with adequate skills and techniques for finding
relevant legal materials and using them in the process of writing either in law or about law. The
focus of this study will be on the following vital areas:
1. Review of literature
2. Study methods - examinations or investigations
3. Sampling
4. Data collection
5. Data analysis
6. Questionnaire
7. Visits
Conclusion:
In conclusion it can be said that whatever changes be made in the Act, it should be the interest of
justice which must prevail. A law must not be made or amended due to single act of barbarism;
because a law is for all and for all time to come. Though it is true that children in the age group
of 16 to 18 are increasingly being found in commission of heinous crimes but it is still only a
little percentage of all the crimes committed every year in India. As per National Crime Records
Bureau, in the year 2013, juveniles were charged with only 3.4 per cent of total number of rapes
registered in India. Also, there is nothing to prove that harsher laws will lead to fewer crimes.
Therefore while debating the amendment in Parliament it must be discussed that whether we as a
society want to have a justice system based on retribution and punishment or a system which is
reformative and assimilative for the juvenile offenders. The State as well as the society has a
responsibility towards our children in the sense that they would not become wayward and remain
in the social mainstream; hence, ‘care and protection’ must be the main motto while amending
the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act and not punishment.
(vi) Review of literature
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