Children are one of the most valued assets of the future generation who are required to be protected. Recently, there is an unprecedented increase in the juvenile crime rate. This is due to many changes such as behavioral change, lack of education, subjugation, upbringing environment, harassment, lack of parental care, sexual indulgence, violent treatment, poverty, and the advent of modern lifestyle. Shrewd criminals indulge children in criminal activities especially, the ones between 6-12 years because at this point minds are innocent and can be easily manipulated as well as lure them to the world of crime. However, children below 7 years of age cannot be held criminally responsible for an offence because of a lack of understandability and are known as “Doli Incapax Maxim”.
Internship is one of the main modes of clinical legal education where the students get an opportunity to observe and apply the legal provisions to a particular domain. The process of internship continues during their entire stay at law school. The aim of this presentation is to give them a comprehensive handout in this regard.
LLB LAW NOTES ON LAW OF HUMAN RIGHTS
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when we talk about "right to life" then everyone become curious to know what is their right to life. in this presentation i have tried to show you what is your right to live life
Internship is one of the main modes of clinical legal education where the students get an opportunity to observe and apply the legal provisions to a particular domain. The process of internship continues during their entire stay at law school. The aim of this presentation is to give them a comprehensive handout in this regard.
LLB LAW NOTES ON LAW OF HUMAN RIGHTS
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when we talk about "right to life" then everyone become curious to know what is their right to life. in this presentation i have tried to show you what is your right to live life
As technology infiltrates every aspect of our lives its no wonder solving crimes has become futuristic in its advances.
The benefits of real-time on-site forensic investigations are manifold and such technology has the potential to strongly increase the speed and efficacy of the criminal justice system.
this presentation describes about the internship in law firm ,tasks ,learning skills , court visit ,case studies ,research work and many more about high court Indore and sethi associates
This explains what are parties to a suit, who can be joined as party to suit. It explains joinder, misjoinder, nonjoinder of parties. How parties may be added or struck out.
This paper focuses on various aspects of health care law including the constitutional perspective, obligations, and negligence of medical professionals and remedies available to
consumers of health care.
Human beings are rational beings. They by virtue of their being human possess certain basic and inalienable rights, which are commonly known as Human Rights.
Section 377 of Indian Penal Code
Content : Introduction,Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code,Section 377 is a violation of the fundamental right to life and liberty ! Why?,IPC Section 377 Law and It’s History,Conclusion.
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In our society juvenile offenders are increasing day by day and juvenile delinquency crime is one of the burning
issues in all over the world. So the purpose of the article is to reduce juvenile delinquency from the society. The article explains
who is juvenile. The study focus on reasons behind juvenile offender. The paper argues that family problem, social
environment, mantle torture, educational dissatisfaction and lack of legal provisions are also factors that constitute such
offender. The paper reveals the historical development about the definition, legal provisions and Acts on juvenile offender. The
article describes what step should be taken to improve their situation in the society.
As technology infiltrates every aspect of our lives its no wonder solving crimes has become futuristic in its advances.
The benefits of real-time on-site forensic investigations are manifold and such technology has the potential to strongly increase the speed and efficacy of the criminal justice system.
this presentation describes about the internship in law firm ,tasks ,learning skills , court visit ,case studies ,research work and many more about high court Indore and sethi associates
This explains what are parties to a suit, who can be joined as party to suit. It explains joinder, misjoinder, nonjoinder of parties. How parties may be added or struck out.
This paper focuses on various aspects of health care law including the constitutional perspective, obligations, and negligence of medical professionals and remedies available to
consumers of health care.
Human beings are rational beings. They by virtue of their being human possess certain basic and inalienable rights, which are commonly known as Human Rights.
Section 377 of Indian Penal Code
Content : Introduction,Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code,Section 377 is a violation of the fundamental right to life and liberty ! Why?,IPC Section 377 Law and It’s History,Conclusion.
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LAW FIRMS IN DELHI
CA FIRM DELHI
VISIT : https://www.kanoonkerakhwale.com/
VISIT : https://hirelawyeronline.com/
In our society juvenile offenders are increasing day by day and juvenile delinquency crime is one of the burning
issues in all over the world. So the purpose of the article is to reduce juvenile delinquency from the society. The article explains
who is juvenile. The study focus on reasons behind juvenile offender. The paper argues that family problem, social
environment, mantle torture, educational dissatisfaction and lack of legal provisions are also factors that constitute such
offender. The paper reveals the historical development about the definition, legal provisions and Acts on juvenile offender. The
article describes what step should be taken to improve their situation in the society.
Juvenile Justice System in Comparison to Criminal Justice System in Indiaijtsrd
Children and adults are treated differently as far as the legal perspective is concerned. Law considers the offence committed by the child as a delinquent act rather than a crime. Courts have established a different procedure for trial in case of a child. The child and adult not only differ in criminal proceedings but on other grounds also. They do not have the same constitutional rights as adults. The administration of justice system has a different perspective in case of an offence committed by a child. If an offence is committed by an adult, it is perceived as a crime and he or she is taken under legal consideration for the same. On the other hand, if an offence is committed by a child, the court observes the delinquency of the act. However, there is an exception in some case where the child can be treated as an adult. The main objective of the juvenile justice system is to make sure that the child is rehabilitated so that he or she does not repeat the same crime in future. In an adult justice system, the main objective is to threaten the accused by way of punishment so that he or she should not commit such heinous offences in future. Naincy Goyal"Juvenile Justice System in Comparison to Criminal Justice System in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17025.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/17025/juvenile-justice-system-in-comparison-to-criminal-justice-system-in-india/naincy-goyal
SEXUAL ACTS COMMITTED BY CHILDREN SEXUAL ACTS COMMITTED BY CHILDRENAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The special criminal justice system for children certainly has a special purpose for the benefit of
the future of the child and the society in which the principles of restorative justice are contained, the definition
of restorative justice itself is not uniform, because there are many variations of models and forms that develop in
its application. Therefore, much terminology is used to describe the concept of restorative justice, such as viii
communitarian justice, positive justice, relational justice, reparative justice, and community justice.
KEYWORDS: legal, copulation, criminal
this material contains understanding related to juvenile justice system in Nepal's context . further it collaborate with domestic and international convention.
In this letter petition, a very serious issue touching upon he rights of juvenile delinquent is raised. It is pointed out that many times when the accused persons are arrested by the Police and even when they happen to be children, they are lodged in Tihar Jail and subjected to the hardship of Adult Criminal Justice System. This may happen due to sheer negligence, omission or even deliberately.
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
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Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
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Website: www.haqcrc.org
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Juvenile Justice system in Bangladesh - An AppraisalAbsar Aftab Absar
A rare insight into the Juvenile Justice system of Bangladesh. The PPT reflects how a 'third world' country has a progressive intent towards the juvenile justice.
Running Head ANALYSIS1ANALYSIS14Juvenile De.docxhealdkathaleen
Running Head: ANALYSIS 1
ANALYSIS 14
Juvenile Delinquency Analysis
Joshua D. Musick
University of Maryland Global College
PSAD 495
Professor: Barry Titler
November 24, 2019
Introduction
Juvenile delinquency refers to the process of doing criminal acts by juveniles. It is possible for the juveniles to commit serious crimes in the society even though they are still considered children. The way in which the delinquents are dealt with cannot be similar to how adult offenders are treated in the society. The adults who commit offences are considered fully responsible for their behaviors and actions but the delinquents are still legally children (McCord & Conway, 2018). The legal systems in the United States has specific processes that are used to deal with the juveniles, for example, the juvenile detention centers. There are efforts which are there to try and identify the potential delinquents early so that are assisted in a way. The approach that is taken for the delinquents is to guide them towards reforming as opposed to its being a punishment.
It is common for the juveniles to be given suspended sentencing or probation. When the delinquent is unable to meet the conditions under these two conditions then they are under the stricter regimes as per the state standards. There are reform schools in the majority of the states. The hope for the youth in these institutions is for them to be rehabilitated before they become adults so that they can become well behaved adults (Garbarino & Plantz, 2017). The success of the modes of reform is not guaranteed and several of them end up getting into worse habits getting involved in adult crime. The education of the delinquents requires for them to be disciplined under the set laws. Dealing with the problem involves the participation of all stakeholders in public safety as well as support from the parents.
Specifications ad Definition
The definition of a delinquent in the United States is a person who is yet to reach the age of 18 years old which is the age of maturity and one whose behavior has been determined as delinquent by a court of law. The requirements for one to be referred to as delinquent vary from one state to another. The federal government came up with legislation that was meant to unify how the delinquents are handled under the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Act of 1974. It is this act which came up with the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) which is in the Justice Department (McCord & Conway, 2018). The office is the one which administers grants for programs to deal with the delinquency as well as provide statistics on this type of crime. The office also funds research on the crimes of the youth as well as administration of juvenile custody mandates.
There are specific orders that are there and provided under the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Act of 1974. The first one is deinstitutionalization which means that the young people who are charged with ...
Explore the significant distinctions between Hindu and Muslim Laws of Succession in India, including inheritance principles, succession rules, and the impact on property rights. Understand how these legal systems shape property distribution among Hindus and Muslims.
A patent is the protector of the creations of the mind which are of scientific nature. It is an exclusive right given to the inventor by the Government for an invention. This right allows an inventor to exclude others to make, sell, use, or distribute an invention. The primary motive behind the introduction of patent law is to encourage inventors to add more value to their field. The enforcement of a patent ensures the protection of the inventor’s intellectual property rights. Patents prevent theft, ensure exclusivity, help in commercialization, and add money value to the invention.
Constitutional validity of Death Penalty or Capital punishment in India.pdfFree Law - by De Jure
In the Supreme Court of India, the Constitutional validity of the death penalty was challenged many times in different ways. Among different nations in the world, India is one of the nations that have neither totally abolished the death penalty nor passed legislation that may highlight the validity or legality of death penalty or capital punishment. In India, death penalty is awarded on the grounds of rarest of rare doctrine. In 1973, the death penalty was firstly challenged in India in the case of Jagmohan Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh. The judgment and order came before the re-enactment of the CrPC in 1973 whereby the death sentence was determined as an exceptional sentence. In this case, the validity of capital punishment was addressed on the basis that it infringed Articles 19 and 21 of the Indian Constitution. The Supreme Court held that “the choice of death sentence is done by the procedure established by law.” Moreover, during the hearing of the case, it was determined that the top Court decides between a life sentence and a death sentence based on different facts, type of crime, idea of the wrongdoing and circumstances presented before the Court during trial. While delivering the order and judgment on hideous crimes, there is an evolution in the top Court’s views that raises various questions in association with existing judgments.
A document or a piece of paper that guarantees payment of a certain amount of money to a specified person (payee) either immediately upon demand or at a predetermined period is known as a negotiable instrument. It is a document made up of a contract that ensures unconditional payment of money that can be paid now or later. In other words, any document that grants ownership over a quantum of money as well as can be transferred by delivery is addressed as a negotiable instrument. To govern the use of negotiable instruments in India, the Negotiable Instrument Act of 1881 was defined. On March 1, 1881, the Act of 1881, came into force and extends to the whole of India. It is “An Act to define and amend the law relating to Promissory Notes, Bills of Exchange and Cheques.” The Negotiable Instrument Act consists of a total of 147 Sections that are spread over 17 chapters. As per the Negotiable Instrument Act of 1881, no phrase appropriately defines ‘negotiable instrument’ whereas Section 13 of the Act states that “A negotiable instrument means a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque payable either to order or to bearer.”
Property Rights of Daughters under Hindu Succession Act, 1956.pdfFree Law - by De Jure
The inheritance of property to the legal heirs is performed according to testament or will but if a person dies intestate then the transfer of property to the beneficiaries is performed as per the provisions of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956. This article provides a brief discussion of the Hindu Succession Act, of 1956, and its 2005 Amendment highlighting various changes that provide uniform order of succession with respect to the property rights of Hindu daughters.
Humans and animals are living together prosperously for a long time period. As quoted by Kamaran Ihsan Salih, “Lots of humans take a refuge for friendship with animals, because the brutality of human is more dangerous than animal.” Despite this, animals are subjected to cruelty by human beings for their benefit.
In this modern era of technology, social media is becoming an important component of daily life and the majority of the youth today prefer to communicate their ideas, thoughts, and opinions through it. There are different social media platforms that allow users to access social news, blogs, vlogs, and others in an easy manner. Some of the social media networking sites used extensively include Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook.
Justice, in its most basic definition, is an ideal that stands for something that and just. Fundamentally, it means acting in a just, unbiased, fair, and proper manner. Justice nowadays essentially refers to the acceptance and application of legislatively enacted laws. Furthermore, unlike ancient states, this function is mostly performed by judicial organs in the present environment.
The creation of tribunals was prompted by the need to resolve the situation brought on by the backlog of cases in various Courts, as well as by the necessity to lessen the workload of courts and speed up judgements.
We have often heard about bank frauds, corruption, fabrication of documents, and evasion of taxes, such Crimes cause harm to the economy of the country or threaten a country's economy, ultimately hurting the society. Well, these are what we call white-collar crimes.
Having secured a job, an individual aspires for a better life, a comfortable home, health care, and a pension to take them easily through retirement blues. Key to lead the life out of retirement blues is pension planning for which the savings through Employees’ Provident Funds are important.
The fourth pillar of a democratic country, which we refer to as the media, is the most effective and significant source of information for the general public. TV channels are the fastest and most efficient means of publishing and disseminating news, however this method has recently been surpassed by a competitive market in the media broadcasting sector. As communication technology advanced and public interest in huge, diverse TV channels increased, the industry for Indian broadcasting media became more competitive.
The general maxim "necessity recognizes no law" and "it is the main obligation of man to first aid himself" serve as the foundation for the right of self-defence. Self-preservation is a human trait that, in all practical terms, he shares with every other creature. The first rule of criminal law is self-help. The right to private defence is a significant one, and it is primarily preventive rather than punitive in character. If state assistance is not available, it is nonetheless accessible despite hostility. The right of private defence is purely preventive and not punitive or retributive. Every person in India has the legal right to self-defence of body and property under the penal code outlined nation governing the right to private defence of person and property outlined in Sections 96 to 106. Private defence is a right for everyone.
The National Policy on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances is based on the Directive Principles, contained in Article 47 of the Indian Constitution, which direct the State to endeavor to bring about prohibition of the consumption, except for medicinal purposes, of intoxicating drugs injurious to health.
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptxanvithaav
These slides helps the student of international law to understand what is the nature of international law? and how international law was originated and developed?.
The slides was well structured along with the highlighted points for better understanding .
A "File Trademark" is a legal term referring to the registration of a unique symbol, logo, or name used to identify and distinguish products or services. This process provides legal protection, granting exclusive rights to the trademark owner, and helps prevent unauthorized use by competitors.
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ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
How to Obtain Permanent Residency in the NetherlandsBridgeWest.eu
You can rely on our assistance if you are ready to apply for permanent residency. Find out more at: https://immigration-netherlands.com/obtain-a-permanent-residence-permit-in-the-netherlands/.
WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
Child In Conflict With Law Under Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act 2015.pdf
1. Child In Conflict With Law Under Juvenile
Justice (Care and Protection) Act 2015
03 February, 2023
Introduction
Children are one of the most valued assets of the future generation who are required to be
protected. Recently, there is an unprecedented increase in the juvenile crime rate. This is due to
many changes such as behavioral change, lack of education, subjugation, upbringing
environment, harassment, lack of parental care, sexual indulgence, violent treatment, poverty, and
the advent of modern lifestyle. Shrewd criminals indulge children in criminal activities especially,
the ones between 6-12 years because at this point minds are innocent and can be easily
manipulated as well as lure them to the world of crime. However, children below 7 years of age
cannot be held criminally responsible for an offence because of a lack of understandability and
are known as “Doli Incapax Maxim”.
Juvenile Justice Act and Amendment
In the year 1986, Juvenile Justice (JJ) Act was enacted by India to provide protection,
development, care, treatment, and rehabilitation of delinquent juveniles. The Act was also
responsible for the adjudication of certain matters regarding neglected juveniles. Following this,
the United Nations general assembly adopted a convention that primarily deals with the rights of
a child in 1989. The main focus of the convention was on cherishing and upholding the right of
the child to reintegrate into society. To do so, there was a requirement to upgrade the existing
law. India signed and ratified the UNCRC (UN Convention on the Rights of the Child) in 1992
which repealed the earlier JJ Act of 1986. Therefore, the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of
Children) Act of 2000 was introduced to secure the interest of juveniles. The role of NGOs was
one of the most significant changes addressed with the 2000 amendment of the JJ Act. Under
Sections 8, 9, 34, 37, and 45 of this Act, the NGOs or other organizations were certified to
maintain homes.
In the light of the 2012 Delhi gang rape and murder case (Mukesh & Anr. vs. State for NCT of
Delhi & Ors.), the juvenile accused was sentenced to three years in a reformation home under the
provisions of the JJ Act, 2000. Following the Supreme Court verdict upholding the constitutional
validity of the Act, the Delhi High Court refused to extend the sentence of the accused in
December 2015. This results in a failure of justice and a huge protest by the masses along with
the victim’s family. Considering this, the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Bill,
2014 was delivered by the government and came into existence as the Juvenile Justice (Care
and Protection of Children) Act, 2015. This Amendment introduced various changes to the
existing JJ Act, reforming laws and making a more responsive juvenile justice system. The Act is
mainly focused to hold the child accused of a crime accountable through counseling rather than
punishment. Some of the features identified through this Act include:
2. ● Orphaned, abandoned, and surrendered children were defined after the enactment of this
Act.
● More clarity on the powers and functions of the Child Welfare Commission and Juvenile
Justice Board.
● The Act defined the crimes or offences into three categories, petty (maximum 3 years of
imprisonment), serious (imprisonment of 3 to 7 years), and heinous (maximum 7 years of
imprisonment).
● Appropriate system to adopt orphaned, abandoned, and surrendered children.
● Mandatory registration of childcare institutions.
● In case of heinous crimes, minors of the age group 16-18 years are treated as adults.
● Distinguish between children in need of care and protection and children in conflict with
the law.
Following this, different policies, organizations, and Acts for child welfare emerged which include
the National Child Labor Scheme, the National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights, the
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), Child Labor (Protection and
Regulation) Act, Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act (POCSO), and the POCSO
Amendment Act 2019.
Recently, the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Amendment Bill, 2021 was
passed by the Lok Sabha that ensures the strengthening of provisions for adopting and
protecting children. It was analyzed that various adoption cases were pending because the final
issuance of the adoption order was delivered by the civil court; therefore, the 2021 Amendment
stated that the District Magistrate will issue adoption orders instead of the civil court.
Juvenile Justice Board
Juvenile Justice Board is a judiciary body or a concerned authority with a primary motive to deal
with juveniles detained or accused of a crime (Children in conflict with Law). It acts as a separate
court for juveniles accused of petty, serious, or heinous crimes as they cannot be taken to a
regular criminal court. The main responsibility of the board is to provide care, treatment,
protection, developmental needs, inquiry, and final order for the ultimate rehabilitation of
juveniles in conflict with the law.
JJB consists of a Chief Judicial Magistrate or Metropolitan Magistrate (experience of at least 3
-years) and two social workers, provided that at least one of them should be a woman. The Board
ensures to keep the accused juvenile’s parents or guardians informed at every step of the
process. Also, they ensure that all the rights of the child are protected as well as legal aid via
legal service institutions should be made available for juveniles. In short, JJB plays a significant
role in protecting, monitoring, and controlling every process involved in investigating a juvenile in
conflict with the law.
Effect of IPC and CrPC on Juvenile Justice
Indian Penal Code (IPC) and the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) play an important role in
deciding the cases related to juvenile crimes by implementing different sections of Criminal law.
IPC deals with both adult and juvenile offences as well as demarcates the punishment based on
age. As per Section 82 of IPC, “Nothing is an offence which is done by a child under seven years
of age.” This means that anything performed by an individual whose age is under 7 years is not
3. addressed as an offence. According to Section 83 of IPC, “Nothing is an offence which is done by
a child who is above seven years of age and under the age of 12 who has not attained sufficient
maturity to understand the consequences of their actions.”
CrPC discusses the jurisdiction of juveniles with the help of different Sections including Sections
27 and 437. According to Section 27 of CrPC, any offence committed by a person who is below
the age of 16 and whose punishment does not include death or imprisonment will be dealt with
by the law which provides treatment, training, imparting good social values, and rehabilitation of
convicted minors.
Can a Juvenile be tried as an adult?
As per the JJ Act of 2015, juveniles under the age group of 16 to 18 years are allowed to be tried
as an adult if they are accused of a heinous crime which is done by putting them on trial under
the criminal justice system. According to the law, a heinous crime is defined as an offence that is
punishable with more than seven years of imprisonment. An offence may include rape, waging
war against the government, murder, robbery, human trafficking, acid attacks, drug trafficking,
and various others.
The Act allows juvenile offenders to be tried as adults only after the Board along with
psychologists, psycho-social workers or others has assessed them on certain factors such as
the juvenile’s capability to commit a murder, circumstances in which the murder was committed,
and an offender’s ability to understand the consequences of an offence. It is the responsibility of
the JJ Board to complete the assessment within three months. After this, they can transfer the
juvenile offender to the Children’s Court if he committed the crime with knowledge of the
consequences of the offence. Further, the Children’s Court will determine whether the offender is
to be tried as an adult under the provisions of CrPC (Code of Criminal Procedure). It is their
responsibility to make sure that orders are passed under consideration of fair trial and a
child-friendly environment. The first production of a juvenile is performed by the Board in form of
a “First Summary Inquiry” and different orders are passed including, dispose of the case,
juvenile’s transfer to Child Welfare Centre, the release of juvenile on bail under the supervision of
probation officers and detain the juvenile in an Observation Home.
Determination of age
According to the provisions of the Juvenile Justice Act, when an individual (who appears to be a
juvenile) is presented before the JJB, it is the responsibility of the Board to inquire and confirm
the age of the person. This is done by following some points which are discussed below:
● Individuals who have not completed the age of 18 years during the date of committed
offence are treated as “Juvenile in Conflict with Law”.
● The process of age determination should be completed within a time period of 30 days.
● Juvenility of a person is decided on the basis of physical appearance and documents by
the Board and is sent to Jail or Observation Home.
● Matriculation certificate, date of birth certificate from school, and birth certificate by
Municipal Authority, Corporation, or Panchayat are used as evidence in inquiring about
age by the Board.
● If these documents are not available then Medical Board’s opinion is considered.
4. In the State of Jammu & Kashmir (now U.T. of Jammu & Kashmir) & Ors. vs. Shubam Sangra
case, a question was answered by the Supreme Court bench, “Whether the respondent was a
juvenile on the date of commission of the offence?” Here, a Special Medical Board comprising
five doctors was established to examine the age of the respondent who urged to be a juvenile.
This Board was introduced because of the contradiction of birth dates on the respondent’s birth
certificate and school certificate. The report presented by the Medical Board stated that the
respondent was not a juvenile at the time of the commissioning of the crime; therefore, the case
was sent back to the High Court for further proceeding, “Juvenile to be tried as an adult”.
Rights of Juvenile offenders
When a juvenile is tried for crimes, some basic rights are provided to them which are listed as
follows:
● Right to cross-examine witnesses, Right to remain silent, Right to a transcript of a trial,
Right to have no juries in juvenile cases, Right to have a lawyer, Right to provide evidence
to support their own case, Right to an appeal, Right to have parents or guardians present
at hearings, and Right to have fair and speedy trials.
● Moreover, any child who is convicted of any crime can request or demand anticipatory
bail which is maintainable in the High Court as well as the Court of Session, according to
Section 437 of CrPC.
● As per the JJ Act of 2000, hearing of cases via Juvenile Justice Board, Bail provisions, no
imprisonment, removal of disqualification attached to conviction, and no joint proceeding
of non-juvenile and juvenile are some of the rights provided to the juvenile to ensure that
they are not treated like hardened criminals.
Conclusion
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act is aimed to reduce crimes or offences committed by
Children who lie between the age group of 16-18 years. Juvenile offences are increasing at a
greater pace because of certain changes in their behavior due to lack of education, lack of
parental care, and various others. This Act provides various rights to protect the juveniles and
help them to enjoy legal remedies as mentioned above.