This document discusses producing biogasoline from used palm cooking oil through catalytic hydrocracking using chromium-activated natural zeolite as the catalyst. Natural zeolite is activated using hydrochloric acid and impregnated with chromium nitrate to add chromium. Characterization shows the activation and impregnation improve the zeolite's crystallinity, surface area, and pore radius. Hydrocracking experiments are conducted with and without catalysts at different temperatures. The highest conversion to liquid products is achieved using chromium-activated natural zeolite at 500°C, producing 76.44% liquid and 23.25% yield.
Synthesis of Oxygenated Fuel Additives via Acetylation of Bio-Glycerol over H...DanesBlake
Abstract
Growing global biodiesel production demands valorization of bio-glycerol derived from biodiesel, which is crucial to make biorefinery process economical. Hence, a series of H2SO4 modified sulfonated Montmorillonite K10 catalysts were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for acetylation of bio- glycerol with acetic acid to produce mono acetin (MAG), di acetin (DAG), tri acetin (TAG), and di-glycerol tri-acetate (DGTA), which are the oxygenated fuel additives and facilitate the economic viability of biodiesel production so the biorefinery. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by a compressive suite of characterization techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), low temperature N2 physisorption, temperature-programmed ammonia desorption (TPAD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The glycerol conversion and product distribution results were found to correlate with the acidity and textural properties of the catalyst. 20% (w/w) SO4/K10 was revealed to be a promising catalyst for glycerol acetylation with 99% glycerol conversion and with respective yield towards MAG, DAG, TGA and DGTA of 23%, 59%, 15%, and 2%. Moreover, 20% (w/w) SO4/K10 catalyst
was found to maintain the stable catalytic activity for three reaction cycles. However, the partial catalyst deactivation was observed after third reaction cycle, partly due to deposition of coke and loss of active sites during the reaction. https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/fulltext/PPS.000501.php
Synthesis of Oxygenated Fuel Additives via Acetylation of Bio-Glycerol over H...crimsonpublisherspps
1) The document discusses the acetylation of glycerol, a byproduct of biodiesel production, using sulfonated montmorillonite K10 catalysts.
2) A series of H2SO4-modified sulfonated montmorillonite K10 catalysts were synthesized and characterized. They were then evaluated for catalyzing the acetylation of glycerol with acetic acid to produce oxygenated fuel additives.
3) The 20% (w/w) SO4/K10 catalyst achieved 99% glycerol conversion and respective yields of 23% for MAG, 59% for DAG, 15% for TAG, and 2% for DGTA. This catalyst also maintained
Biodiesel production via transesterification of palm oilKátia Gabriel
The document summarizes research into producing biodiesel via transesterification of palm oil using sodium hydroxide loaded onto alumina (NaOH/Al2O3) catalysts. NaOH/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by impregnating alumina with sodium hydroxide solutions then calcining. The catalysts were characterized and found to have basic sites suitable for transesterification. Parameters like methanol to oil ratio, catalyst amount, temperature and time were varied to determine optimum conditions. With the optimum conditions, a 99% conversion of palm oil to biodiesel was achieved.
This research article describes a study that produced bio-oil from a mixture of wastes through pyrolysis and thermal cracking in the presence of hydrogen. Four bio-oil fractions were obtained and analyzed: two from pyrolysis alone (OPH and OPL) and two from pyrolysis followed by thermal cracking (OCH and OCL). The fractions obtained from cracking contained lower molecular weight compounds and fewer oxygenated species compared to those from pyrolysis alone. Over 300 compounds were tentatively identified in the fractions using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The fractions obtained from cracking were composed primarily of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, similar to petroleum-based naphtha.
Production and evaluation of biodiesel from palm oil and ghee (clarified butter)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an experimental study on the production of biodiesel from palm oil and ghee (clarified butter) via transesterification. Key factors affecting the yield of biodiesel such as methanol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration, and operating temperature were investigated. The results showed that a methanol to oil ratio of 0.25v/v, catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt%, and temperature of 60°C provided optimal conditions for biodiesel yield. Under these conditions, palm oil produced a higher biodiesel yield of over 90% compared to ghee which had a lower yield. The biodiesel produced from both feedstocks met biodiesel standards according to characterization.
This document describes glyoxalidine corrosion inhibitors for use in hydrocarbon liquids like gasoline and diesel fuel. Specifically, it describes new chemical compounds that are salts of a glyoxalidine and an organic aliphatic dicarboxylic acid with at least 10 carbon atoms. These compounds are effective corrosion inhibitors for ferrous metals in contact with hydrocarbon liquids that contain small amounts of water. Test results show that reactions products of sebacic acid and certain glyoxalidines can inhibit corrosion in gasoline-water systems at low concentrations.
Synthesis and Characterization of Atmospheric Residue Hydrodemetalization (Ar...IOSR Journals
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of an atmospheric residue hydrodemetalization (ARDHM) catalyst for crude oil processing using Indonesian natural zeolite. The zeolite was treated with HCl to increase acidity and then loaded with nickel and molybdenum metals via impregnation. Characterization showed the metals did not block pores or degrade crystallinity and increased acidity. Testing on model compounds like nickel porphyrin, thiophene and pyridine showed the catalyst effectively removed metals and sulfur at temperatures of 360-390°C. The spent catalyst was deactivated by coke deposition but could be regenerated through burning off the coke.
This document summarizes the recent progress of using ammonium chloride as a catalyst in organic synthesis. It discusses various reactions where ammonium chloride has been used as a catalyst, including Claisen rearrangement, Ullmann coupling, thia-Michael addition, multi-component reactions to synthesize compounds such as dihydropyrimidinones, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines, tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-ones, and dipeptides. Ammonium chloride allows these reactions to proceed under mild conditions in a selective and environmentally friendly manner. It is an inexpensive, commercially available catalyst that can catalyze reactions under neutral conditions.
Synthesis of Oxygenated Fuel Additives via Acetylation of Bio-Glycerol over H...DanesBlake
Abstract
Growing global biodiesel production demands valorization of bio-glycerol derived from biodiesel, which is crucial to make biorefinery process economical. Hence, a series of H2SO4 modified sulfonated Montmorillonite K10 catalysts were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for acetylation of bio- glycerol with acetic acid to produce mono acetin (MAG), di acetin (DAG), tri acetin (TAG), and di-glycerol tri-acetate (DGTA), which are the oxygenated fuel additives and facilitate the economic viability of biodiesel production so the biorefinery. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by a compressive suite of characterization techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), low temperature N2 physisorption, temperature-programmed ammonia desorption (TPAD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The glycerol conversion and product distribution results were found to correlate with the acidity and textural properties of the catalyst. 20% (w/w) SO4/K10 was revealed to be a promising catalyst for glycerol acetylation with 99% glycerol conversion and with respective yield towards MAG, DAG, TGA and DGTA of 23%, 59%, 15%, and 2%. Moreover, 20% (w/w) SO4/K10 catalyst
was found to maintain the stable catalytic activity for three reaction cycles. However, the partial catalyst deactivation was observed after third reaction cycle, partly due to deposition of coke and loss of active sites during the reaction. https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/fulltext/PPS.000501.php
Synthesis of Oxygenated Fuel Additives via Acetylation of Bio-Glycerol over H...crimsonpublisherspps
1) The document discusses the acetylation of glycerol, a byproduct of biodiesel production, using sulfonated montmorillonite K10 catalysts.
2) A series of H2SO4-modified sulfonated montmorillonite K10 catalysts were synthesized and characterized. They were then evaluated for catalyzing the acetylation of glycerol with acetic acid to produce oxygenated fuel additives.
3) The 20% (w/w) SO4/K10 catalyst achieved 99% glycerol conversion and respective yields of 23% for MAG, 59% for DAG, 15% for TAG, and 2% for DGTA. This catalyst also maintained
Biodiesel production via transesterification of palm oilKátia Gabriel
The document summarizes research into producing biodiesel via transesterification of palm oil using sodium hydroxide loaded onto alumina (NaOH/Al2O3) catalysts. NaOH/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by impregnating alumina with sodium hydroxide solutions then calcining. The catalysts were characterized and found to have basic sites suitable for transesterification. Parameters like methanol to oil ratio, catalyst amount, temperature and time were varied to determine optimum conditions. With the optimum conditions, a 99% conversion of palm oil to biodiesel was achieved.
This research article describes a study that produced bio-oil from a mixture of wastes through pyrolysis and thermal cracking in the presence of hydrogen. Four bio-oil fractions were obtained and analyzed: two from pyrolysis alone (OPH and OPL) and two from pyrolysis followed by thermal cracking (OCH and OCL). The fractions obtained from cracking contained lower molecular weight compounds and fewer oxygenated species compared to those from pyrolysis alone. Over 300 compounds were tentatively identified in the fractions using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The fractions obtained from cracking were composed primarily of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, similar to petroleum-based naphtha.
Production and evaluation of biodiesel from palm oil and ghee (clarified butter)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an experimental study on the production of biodiesel from palm oil and ghee (clarified butter) via transesterification. Key factors affecting the yield of biodiesel such as methanol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration, and operating temperature were investigated. The results showed that a methanol to oil ratio of 0.25v/v, catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt%, and temperature of 60°C provided optimal conditions for biodiesel yield. Under these conditions, palm oil produced a higher biodiesel yield of over 90% compared to ghee which had a lower yield. The biodiesel produced from both feedstocks met biodiesel standards according to characterization.
This document describes glyoxalidine corrosion inhibitors for use in hydrocarbon liquids like gasoline and diesel fuel. Specifically, it describes new chemical compounds that are salts of a glyoxalidine and an organic aliphatic dicarboxylic acid with at least 10 carbon atoms. These compounds are effective corrosion inhibitors for ferrous metals in contact with hydrocarbon liquids that contain small amounts of water. Test results show that reactions products of sebacic acid and certain glyoxalidines can inhibit corrosion in gasoline-water systems at low concentrations.
Synthesis and Characterization of Atmospheric Residue Hydrodemetalization (Ar...IOSR Journals
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of an atmospheric residue hydrodemetalization (ARDHM) catalyst for crude oil processing using Indonesian natural zeolite. The zeolite was treated with HCl to increase acidity and then loaded with nickel and molybdenum metals via impregnation. Characterization showed the metals did not block pores or degrade crystallinity and increased acidity. Testing on model compounds like nickel porphyrin, thiophene and pyridine showed the catalyst effectively removed metals and sulfur at temperatures of 360-390°C. The spent catalyst was deactivated by coke deposition but could be regenerated through burning off the coke.
This document summarizes the recent progress of using ammonium chloride as a catalyst in organic synthesis. It discusses various reactions where ammonium chloride has been used as a catalyst, including Claisen rearrangement, Ullmann coupling, thia-Michael addition, multi-component reactions to synthesize compounds such as dihydropyrimidinones, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines, tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-ones, and dipeptides. Ammonium chloride allows these reactions to proceed under mild conditions in a selective and environmentally friendly manner. It is an inexpensive, commercially available catalyst that can catalyze reactions under neutral conditions.
Evaluation of titanium in hydrochloric acid solutions containing corrosion in...IOSR Journals
This document evaluates the corrosion of titanium in hydrochloric acid solutions containing various corrosion inhibitors. Laboratory tests were conducted on titanium coupons immersed in 10% hydrochloric acid at 50°C and 70°C with additions of phenylamine, thiocarbamide, β-naphthol, and a mixture of thiocarbamide and β-naphthol. The results showed that thiocarbamide provided the best corrosion protection, reducing the corrosion rate by 50-80% depending on concentration and temperature. Higher temperatures and concentrations increased corrosion, showing the need for effective corrosion inhibitors when using hydrochloric acid in oil and gas operations.
Recycling is an effective technology for minimization of process cost. Recycling of biocatalyst along with recycling of used oil is a new technique for the preparation of alternative fuel Preparation of alternative fuel through cost minimization is supposed to be the most challenging job in the present academicians and researchers. Biodiesel is one of the most important alternative fuels in the near future and it attracts considerable attention as environment friendly, renewable and non-toxic fuel. In the present research investigation, waste cooking oil (WCO) is utilized as cheap raw materials for this purpose and enzyme recycling technology has been adopted to prepare biodiesel. Recycling of enzyme is a novel technology which can reduce the process cost. In our study, nonspecific enzyme Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) is utilized and recycled ten times for the transesterification reaction of WCO and methanol maintaining definite reaction parameters like alcohol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, mixing intensity and biocatalyst concentration. The physical properties of WCO methyl ester and diesel fuel have been compared and it shows significant results. So recycling of enzyme for the production of alternative fuel from recycled oil can be utilized to mitigate scarcity of non-renewable fuel in the future world.
Synthesis of bulk calcium oxide (cao) catalyst and its efficacy (2)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the synthesis and use of calcium oxide as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production. Calcium oxide was prepared from hydrated lime and used to catalyze the transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil with methanol. Biodiesel yields between 94.76-100% were obtained at reaction times of 50-90 minutes and a temperature of 60°C. GC-MS analysis identified the main methyl ester components in the biodiesel samples. The calcium oxide catalyst was found to produce higher biodiesel yields than a conventional homogeneous catalyst and offers advantages for easy separation and reuse.
Presentation by John Frost, University Distinguished Professor of Chemistry, Michigan State University, at the MSU Bioeconomy Institute, Holland, Mich., Feb. 10, 2016
This document provides information about qualitative organic analysis procedures at Tumkur University in India. It discusses preliminary tests, determination of physical properties, elemental detection using sodium fusion, solubility testing, and characteristic reactions to identify functional groups of compounds. The document is from the university's Department of Studies and Research in Organic Chemistry and is part of their practical manual for organic chemistry students, covering topics like separation of mixtures, systematic analysis steps, and specific reactions to identify compounds like alcohols and amides.
Effect of Fractionation and Pyrolysis on Fuel Properties of Poultry LitterLPE Learning Center
The document summarizes research on the effect of fractionation and pyrolysis on the fuel properties of poultry litter. Key findings include:
- Pyrolyzing the coarse fraction of poultry litter at 300°C captured the most energy (68.71%) in the charcoal produced and resulted in the highest calorific value (17.39 MJ/kg).
- Pyrolysis above 500°C captured less carbon but produced a light condensate fraction that could be used as a low-grade liquid fuel.
- The medium condensate fraction captured 27.54% of nitrogen and could be used as fertilizer.
- Pyrolysis significantly reduced nutrients like ammonium
This document describes the procedure for preparing adipic acid from cyclohexanol via oxidation. Cyclohexanol is oxidized using nitric acid and ammonium metavanadate catalyst at 65-70°C to yield adipic acid crystals. The theoretical and experimental yields and melting point of adipic acid are calculated and measured. Adipic acid is an important industrial dicarboxylic acid used to produce nylon polymers.
This document summarizes the synthesis of 7-Hydroxy-4-Methyl Coumarin via the Pechmann condensation reaction of resorcinol and ethyl acetoacetate in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid. Coumarins are an important class of compounds that are found in plants and have various medical applications such as antimicrobial and antitumor properties. The procedure involves cooling concentrated sulfuric acid to below 5°C and adding a solution of resorcinol and ethyl acetoacetate dropwise, followed by workup to obtain an impure product that is recrystallized from ethanol.
1) The document describes a study that used anhydrous trisodium phosphate (TSP) as a reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of glycerol carbonate (GC) from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate (DMC).
2) Under reaction conditions of 70 °C, a glycerol/DMC molar ratio of 2, 60 minutes reaction time, and 3 wt% catalyst loading, TSP achieved 99.5% glycerol conversion and GC yield.
3) Characterization of the TSP catalyst showed it had high basicity and strong basic sites, which contributed to its high catalytic performance. The crystalline phase of TSP was preserved after nine reuses, indicating
This document describes a laboratory experiment on Cannizzaro's reaction of benzaldehyde. Benzaldehyde undergoes a solvent-free disproportionation reaction in the presence of sodium hydroxide to produce benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol. The reaction is carried out by grinding benzaldehyde and sodium hydroxide together for 30 minutes. Benzoic acid precipitates out and is collected by filtration. Benzyl alcohol is extracted from the filtrate using ethyl acetate. The yields of benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol are calculated and their melting points determined and compared to theoretical values.
The document describes a process for producing acetic acid from methane using three steps. First, methane is oxidized in a reactor to produce methanol and acetic acid. The products are separated using flash distillation, yielding methanol and acetic acid. The methanol is then converted to additional acetic acid in a carbonylation reactor using a rhodium catalyst. Mass and energy balances were performed on the overall process. The reactors and separation equipment are also described.
Thomas D. Gregory at the Michigan State University Bioeconomy Insitute, 9-14-16Kathy Walsh
Technoeconomic Analysis Applied to Chemical Processes using Renewable Feedstocks; Advanced Battery Technologies; Back to the Future: Plastics from Plants and Cars that Run on Electricity
This document describes the preparation of p-nitro acetanilide from acetanilide. Acetanilide is nitrated using nitric and sulfuric acid. This produces p-nitro acetanilide as the major product along with a minor amount of o-nitro acetanilide. The p-nitro acetanilide product is purified by recrystallization from ethanol, yielding colorless crystals. Percent yield of the product is calculated and the melting point is obtained and compared to literature values.
This document provides answers to questions about various methods for treating hazardous waste and petroleum refining processes. It discusses chemical treatment methods, gravity settling, electric desalting, dehydration, atmospheric distillation units, vacuum distillation units, top tray reflux, blending processes, line blending, gasoline blending, the chemical structure of asphalt, the effects of heat on asphalt, types of asphalt, and air blowing of asphalt. The document appears to be fully solved assignments for petroleum management students. It provides contact information at the end for obtaining additional assignments.
Petroleum classification physical propertiesAshik R S
Petroleum classification physical properties.
Petroleum or crude oil
Naturally occurring & flammable liquid
Complex mixture of hydrocarbons & other organic compounds
Found in geologic formations beneath the Earth’s surface
The term ‘petroleum’ first used in the treatise De Natura Fossilium published in 1546- Georg Bauer (German mineralogist).
Derived from the Latin word petra oleum, meaning “stone oil”
Oil and gas provide about 60% of all the energy used by the society today
This document summarizes a study investigating the kinetics of the liquid-liquid-solid phase transfer catalyzed synthesis of dibenzyl disulfide (DBDS) using hydrogen sulfide (H2S) absorbed in monoethanolamine (MEA) and benzyl chloride (BC) as reactants. Amberlite IR-400 resin is used as a heterogeneous phase transfer catalyst. The effects of various parameters such as stirring speed, sulfur loading, and catalyst concentration on the conversion of BC were examined. Optimal conditions for 100% selectivity of DBDS product were determined. A reaction mechanism and kinetic model are proposed to explain the reaction.
Synthesis of 3-Substituted Coumarins by the Knoevenagel Condensation Reactionmariam1020
The document summarizes a study on the synthesis of 3-substituted coumarins via the Knoevenagel condensation reaction of various 2-hydroxyaldehydes and malonate esters under solvent-free conditions using silica gel or basic alumina as catalyst. The reaction was carried out using microwave irradiation. Various coumarin products were obtained in moderate to good yields and characterized using techniques such as IR, NMR, and GC-MS. The method provides an improvement over traditional Knoevenagel condensation reactions through the use of solvent-free conditions and microwave activation.
This document provides information about a design project on acetic acid undertaken by three students at VIT University. It includes a certificate signed by the project guide, Prof. K Rambabu, certifying the work done by the students. The document contains 8 chapters that cover various aspects of the acetic acid production process design including introduction, market analysis, process selection, material balance, energy balance, equipment design, cost estimation, and process flowsheet. It also includes acknowledgements and preface sections.
Las TIC son una herramienta importante para el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje. Se invita a conocer las TIC para aprender con el computador y desarrollar habilidades mediante su uso, ya que constituyen una importante herramienta de trabajo.
Las TIC transforman el ambiente educativo al facilitar la gestión pedagógica y fomentar la creatividad y el trabajo investigativo en un ambiente lúdico.
Las TIC en el aula de clase fortalecen el desarrollo integral de los niños y facilitan el aprendizaje en los educandos, mejorando así el proceso educativo.
Evaluation of titanium in hydrochloric acid solutions containing corrosion in...IOSR Journals
This document evaluates the corrosion of titanium in hydrochloric acid solutions containing various corrosion inhibitors. Laboratory tests were conducted on titanium coupons immersed in 10% hydrochloric acid at 50°C and 70°C with additions of phenylamine, thiocarbamide, β-naphthol, and a mixture of thiocarbamide and β-naphthol. The results showed that thiocarbamide provided the best corrosion protection, reducing the corrosion rate by 50-80% depending on concentration and temperature. Higher temperatures and concentrations increased corrosion, showing the need for effective corrosion inhibitors when using hydrochloric acid in oil and gas operations.
Recycling is an effective technology for minimization of process cost. Recycling of biocatalyst along with recycling of used oil is a new technique for the preparation of alternative fuel Preparation of alternative fuel through cost minimization is supposed to be the most challenging job in the present academicians and researchers. Biodiesel is one of the most important alternative fuels in the near future and it attracts considerable attention as environment friendly, renewable and non-toxic fuel. In the present research investigation, waste cooking oil (WCO) is utilized as cheap raw materials for this purpose and enzyme recycling technology has been adopted to prepare biodiesel. Recycling of enzyme is a novel technology which can reduce the process cost. In our study, nonspecific enzyme Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) is utilized and recycled ten times for the transesterification reaction of WCO and methanol maintaining definite reaction parameters like alcohol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, mixing intensity and biocatalyst concentration. The physical properties of WCO methyl ester and diesel fuel have been compared and it shows significant results. So recycling of enzyme for the production of alternative fuel from recycled oil can be utilized to mitigate scarcity of non-renewable fuel in the future world.
Synthesis of bulk calcium oxide (cao) catalyst and its efficacy (2)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the synthesis and use of calcium oxide as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production. Calcium oxide was prepared from hydrated lime and used to catalyze the transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil with methanol. Biodiesel yields between 94.76-100% were obtained at reaction times of 50-90 minutes and a temperature of 60°C. GC-MS analysis identified the main methyl ester components in the biodiesel samples. The calcium oxide catalyst was found to produce higher biodiesel yields than a conventional homogeneous catalyst and offers advantages for easy separation and reuse.
Presentation by John Frost, University Distinguished Professor of Chemistry, Michigan State University, at the MSU Bioeconomy Institute, Holland, Mich., Feb. 10, 2016
This document provides information about qualitative organic analysis procedures at Tumkur University in India. It discusses preliminary tests, determination of physical properties, elemental detection using sodium fusion, solubility testing, and characteristic reactions to identify functional groups of compounds. The document is from the university's Department of Studies and Research in Organic Chemistry and is part of their practical manual for organic chemistry students, covering topics like separation of mixtures, systematic analysis steps, and specific reactions to identify compounds like alcohols and amides.
Effect of Fractionation and Pyrolysis on Fuel Properties of Poultry LitterLPE Learning Center
The document summarizes research on the effect of fractionation and pyrolysis on the fuel properties of poultry litter. Key findings include:
- Pyrolyzing the coarse fraction of poultry litter at 300°C captured the most energy (68.71%) in the charcoal produced and resulted in the highest calorific value (17.39 MJ/kg).
- Pyrolysis above 500°C captured less carbon but produced a light condensate fraction that could be used as a low-grade liquid fuel.
- The medium condensate fraction captured 27.54% of nitrogen and could be used as fertilizer.
- Pyrolysis significantly reduced nutrients like ammonium
This document describes the procedure for preparing adipic acid from cyclohexanol via oxidation. Cyclohexanol is oxidized using nitric acid and ammonium metavanadate catalyst at 65-70°C to yield adipic acid crystals. The theoretical and experimental yields and melting point of adipic acid are calculated and measured. Adipic acid is an important industrial dicarboxylic acid used to produce nylon polymers.
This document summarizes the synthesis of 7-Hydroxy-4-Methyl Coumarin via the Pechmann condensation reaction of resorcinol and ethyl acetoacetate in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid. Coumarins are an important class of compounds that are found in plants and have various medical applications such as antimicrobial and antitumor properties. The procedure involves cooling concentrated sulfuric acid to below 5°C and adding a solution of resorcinol and ethyl acetoacetate dropwise, followed by workup to obtain an impure product that is recrystallized from ethanol.
1) The document describes a study that used anhydrous trisodium phosphate (TSP) as a reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of glycerol carbonate (GC) from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate (DMC).
2) Under reaction conditions of 70 °C, a glycerol/DMC molar ratio of 2, 60 minutes reaction time, and 3 wt% catalyst loading, TSP achieved 99.5% glycerol conversion and GC yield.
3) Characterization of the TSP catalyst showed it had high basicity and strong basic sites, which contributed to its high catalytic performance. The crystalline phase of TSP was preserved after nine reuses, indicating
This document describes a laboratory experiment on Cannizzaro's reaction of benzaldehyde. Benzaldehyde undergoes a solvent-free disproportionation reaction in the presence of sodium hydroxide to produce benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol. The reaction is carried out by grinding benzaldehyde and sodium hydroxide together for 30 minutes. Benzoic acid precipitates out and is collected by filtration. Benzyl alcohol is extracted from the filtrate using ethyl acetate. The yields of benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol are calculated and their melting points determined and compared to theoretical values.
The document describes a process for producing acetic acid from methane using three steps. First, methane is oxidized in a reactor to produce methanol and acetic acid. The products are separated using flash distillation, yielding methanol and acetic acid. The methanol is then converted to additional acetic acid in a carbonylation reactor using a rhodium catalyst. Mass and energy balances were performed on the overall process. The reactors and separation equipment are also described.
Thomas D. Gregory at the Michigan State University Bioeconomy Insitute, 9-14-16Kathy Walsh
Technoeconomic Analysis Applied to Chemical Processes using Renewable Feedstocks; Advanced Battery Technologies; Back to the Future: Plastics from Plants and Cars that Run on Electricity
This document describes the preparation of p-nitro acetanilide from acetanilide. Acetanilide is nitrated using nitric and sulfuric acid. This produces p-nitro acetanilide as the major product along with a minor amount of o-nitro acetanilide. The p-nitro acetanilide product is purified by recrystallization from ethanol, yielding colorless crystals. Percent yield of the product is calculated and the melting point is obtained and compared to literature values.
This document provides answers to questions about various methods for treating hazardous waste and petroleum refining processes. It discusses chemical treatment methods, gravity settling, electric desalting, dehydration, atmospheric distillation units, vacuum distillation units, top tray reflux, blending processes, line blending, gasoline blending, the chemical structure of asphalt, the effects of heat on asphalt, types of asphalt, and air blowing of asphalt. The document appears to be fully solved assignments for petroleum management students. It provides contact information at the end for obtaining additional assignments.
Petroleum classification physical propertiesAshik R S
Petroleum classification physical properties.
Petroleum or crude oil
Naturally occurring & flammable liquid
Complex mixture of hydrocarbons & other organic compounds
Found in geologic formations beneath the Earth’s surface
The term ‘petroleum’ first used in the treatise De Natura Fossilium published in 1546- Georg Bauer (German mineralogist).
Derived from the Latin word petra oleum, meaning “stone oil”
Oil and gas provide about 60% of all the energy used by the society today
This document summarizes a study investigating the kinetics of the liquid-liquid-solid phase transfer catalyzed synthesis of dibenzyl disulfide (DBDS) using hydrogen sulfide (H2S) absorbed in monoethanolamine (MEA) and benzyl chloride (BC) as reactants. Amberlite IR-400 resin is used as a heterogeneous phase transfer catalyst. The effects of various parameters such as stirring speed, sulfur loading, and catalyst concentration on the conversion of BC were examined. Optimal conditions for 100% selectivity of DBDS product were determined. A reaction mechanism and kinetic model are proposed to explain the reaction.
Synthesis of 3-Substituted Coumarins by the Knoevenagel Condensation Reactionmariam1020
The document summarizes a study on the synthesis of 3-substituted coumarins via the Knoevenagel condensation reaction of various 2-hydroxyaldehydes and malonate esters under solvent-free conditions using silica gel or basic alumina as catalyst. The reaction was carried out using microwave irradiation. Various coumarin products were obtained in moderate to good yields and characterized using techniques such as IR, NMR, and GC-MS. The method provides an improvement over traditional Knoevenagel condensation reactions through the use of solvent-free conditions and microwave activation.
This document provides information about a design project on acetic acid undertaken by three students at VIT University. It includes a certificate signed by the project guide, Prof. K Rambabu, certifying the work done by the students. The document contains 8 chapters that cover various aspects of the acetic acid production process design including introduction, market analysis, process selection, material balance, energy balance, equipment design, cost estimation, and process flowsheet. It also includes acknowledgements and preface sections.
Las TIC son una herramienta importante para el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje. Se invita a conocer las TIC para aprender con el computador y desarrollar habilidades mediante su uso, ya que constituyen una importante herramienta de trabajo.
Las TIC transforman el ambiente educativo al facilitar la gestión pedagógica y fomentar la creatividad y el trabajo investigativo en un ambiente lúdico.
Las TIC en el aula de clase fortalecen el desarrollo integral de los niños y facilitan el aprendizaje en los educandos, mejorando así el proceso educativo.
El documento describe la importancia de apropiar las TIC en el aula de clases. Al usar las TIC, los estudiantes pueden explorar, conocer, utilizar, compartir, aprovechar y aprender de diferentes áreas del saber de manera más amena y divertida. Las TIC también facilitan el aprendizaje y permiten a los estudiantes obtener un mayor conocimiento a través de videos, grabaciones y otras herramientas.
Las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) constituyen nuevos canales de comunicación en hogares e instituciones educativas que facilitan el aprendizaje. Las TIC interactúan en diversas áreas como ciencias, matemáticas, español, sociales y artísticas. El uso de las TIC en el ámbito educativo tiene ventajas como fortalecer la misión educativa, brindar nuevos conocimientos e innovación, y mejorar la calidad de la enseñanza.
Las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) son importantes en el aula de clase porque permiten ahorrar tiempo y estar actualizado, ofrecen diversos recursos para el aprendizaje, e innovan la educación brindando herramientas que benefician a las escuelas.
Las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) son una innovación educativa importante que permite a las comunidades acceder más fácilmente a oportunidades de formación, información, investigación y comunicación. El documento propone estrategias para usar las TIC en el aula, incluyendo la búsqueda, análisis, socialización y conclusión de información.
La actividad humana modifica el medio ambiente. Las personas cambian sus entornos de vida. El documento se refiere a la acción humana de alterar el ambiente.
Galecto Biotech is focused on developing treatments for fibrotic diseases by targeting galectins, proteins involved in fibrosis. They have developed TD139, a potent and specific galectin-3 inhibitor, as a treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Preclinical studies in mice showed TD139 reduced fibrosis when delivered via inhalation after bleomycin-induced lung injury. A first-in-human study of inhaled TD139 found it was well tolerated with no dose-limiting toxicities. Galecto is currently conducting a Phase II clinical trial testing multiple doses of inhaled TD139 in IPF patients to evaluate safety and efficacy markers.
The document discusses key aspects of human resource management. It describes the core functions of HRM as planning, attracting, developing, and retaining human resources. For each function, it provides details on related processes like recruitment, selection, training, performance appraisal, compensation, and separation. Additionally, it discusses the objectives of HR planning, components of an HRM system, and emerging trends in the field of human resource management. The document serves as an overview of the important concepts in HRM.
Las tres empresas más importantes de videojuegos son Sony, Microsoft y Nintendo. Sony se ha mantenido líder de ventas con franquicias populares como PlayStation y tiene un valor de $13.4 billones. Microsoft también ha tenido mucho éxito con la serie Halo y su estudio Microsoft Studios vale $12.82 billones. Nintendo es reconocida por clásicos como Mario y Zelda y a pesar de críticas, sigue siendo una de las favoritas valuada en $6.28 billones.
Este documento describe la importancia de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) en el aprendizaje. Las TIC proporcionan herramientas que facilitan la creación, procesamiento y difusión de información, rompiendo barreras para adquirir conocimiento y desarrollar habilidades comunicativas entre estudiantes y profesores. Además, las TIC tienen cada vez más importancia en la educación y cultura, como se evidencia por su inserción en escuelas, bibliotecas y museos, aunque todavía
El documento describe los beneficios de implementar las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) en el aula, como facilitar la gestión pedagógica, fomentar la creatividad y la innovación, y favorecer el aprendizaje y la motivación de los estudiantes. También explica cómo se pueden implementar las TIC en el aula utilizando dispositivos como pizarras electrónicas, tabletas, computadoras y plataformas educativas.
The document contains greetings wishing the reader a good morning and to have a nice day. It then welcomes the reader and provides a thank you message.
La tecnología es importante en la educación porque ayuda a que los estudiantes visualicen los conocimientos de manera actualizada, permite desarrollar clases más activas e interesantes para estudiantes y docentes, y ayuda a los docentes a no cansar su voz al permitir que los estudiantes escuchen otras voces y contenidos.
Las opciones pedagógicas apoyadas en las TIC ofrecen varias ventajas sobre la educación tradicional, incluyendo enfocarse más en los intereses del alumno, estimular el pensamiento crítico, usar múltiples medios para presentar información, y permitir un aprendizaje más activo y autónomo. Las TIC también permiten que el maestro sea un facilitador y que el aprendizaje sea más cooperativo y exploratorio.
El arte contemporáneo contribuye al activismo ecológico generando una visión crítica de nuestro entorno y el daño a la tierra, popularizando el tema de la ecología y generando conciencia social sobre la importancia de conservar los espacios naturales. El artista Alan Sonfist propone ver la tierra como historia para desarrollar propuestas plásticas que favorezcan la conservación de áreas verdes en ciudades y prevenir su pérdida.
El documento argumenta que la tecnología digital es importante en el aula porque los estudiantes han crecido con ella y las escuelas deben incorporar tecnologías que favorezcan el aprendizaje de los estudiantes.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
1) Switchgrass was pyrolyzed with and without a ZSM-5 catalyst to produce bio-oil.
2) Without a catalyst, the bio-oil contained many oxygenated compounds and acids but no hydrocarbons.
3) With the catalyst, aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene, toluene, and xylenes were produced, which are components of gasoline and petrochemicals. The catalyst also increased bio-oil yield while decreasing char.
Trisodium phosphate, TSP was utilized to valorize abundant glycerol to fine chemicals (Glycerol carbonate). The catalyst displayed superior stability and activity over nine times reuse. Hence, its strongly recommended for potential industrial application.
Oil Shale Ex-Situ Process - Leaching Study of Spent Shaleinventionjournals
During the past decade, significant advancement has been made on various extraction technologies to develop U.S. oil shale resources in an environmentally and economically sustainable fashion. This work has been driven by the increasing demand for domestic transportation fuels and the need to improve U.S. energy security. Although conventional hydrocarbon deposits are becoming more difficult to find and limited in volume, unconventional reserves are relatively easy to locate and plentiful. Hence, development of unconventional resources, particularly shale gas, oil sands, and shale oil continues to receive tremendous attention. The present work shows ex-situ process of oil shale in a five ton/day externally heated horizontal rotary reactor, and discuss the process parameters and yield. The main focus of this article is: A) Effect of reactor bed temperature, rotation speed and feed rate on the residence time, fuel consumption and process yield B) Hazardous environmental issue related to leaching of heavy metals and metalloids from spent shale by underground and/or surface water, which prevent further commercialization of this process. In addition, an Aspen diagram of the overall oil shale process is presented as ongoing work focusing on key mechanical issues that affect online reliability and process efficiency including particle size, bed temperature and solid/gas mixing efficiency.
Optimizing Reactor Parameters to Achieve Higher Process Yield in Ex-Situ Oil ...IJERA Editor
Declining worldwide crude oil reserves and increasing energy needs have the attentions focused on developing existing unconventional fossil fuels including oil shale. America’s richest oil shale deposits are found in the Green River Formation of western Colorado, eastern Utah and south-western Wyoming. The current work describes process simulation of an ex-situ oil shale pyrolysis process in a pyrolytic reactor using a novel method involving external and internal heating to increase heat transfer and mixing ratio inside the reactor. Efforts to improve process yield for commercial operation relies on first developing a complete Aspen based process model of a proposed shale refining plant, identifying the key process parameters for the reactor and then optimizing the overall process. Simulation results are compared to earlier experimental data collected from a pilot scale rotary reactor operated by Combustion Resources Inc. (CR). This work identified the critical impact of bed temperature on crude production in such a way that for a bed temperature of less than 400°C, results showed less than 10% conversion in crude production and for bed temperatures between 450 and 500°C, above 90% conversion was achieved. The proposed model consists of four zones including drying, shale reactions, natural gas combustion and gas/oil recovery. Different cases were defined and studied based on various operational conditions. Optimized operational values for the key parameters including reactor temperature, reactor volume and feed rate were given as results to maximum shale oil production.
The document describes a patent for a method of preparing hydrofining catalysts. The method involves reacting sodium aluminate, aluminum sulfate, and sodium silicate in an aqueous solution at pH 9-10 to form an alumina-silica precipitate. This precipitate is then dried, heated, and impregnated with an active hydrofining catalyst like cobalt molybdate. Experiments show this catalyst is very effective at hydrofining heating oil fractions, significantly reducing carbon residue and sulfur levels. It performs particularly well by further reducing carbon residue levels when the hydrofined oils are blended with untreated oils.
The document discusses aqueous phase reforming of sorbitol to produce value-added chemicals. It describes background studies on sorbitol and its potential for hydrogen production. The objectives are to identify value-added chemicals produced from reforming sorbitol over a Ni/Al2O3 catalyst promoted with Ca, and to synthesize and characterize the catalyst. The methodology involves preparing the catalyst using incipient wetness impregnation, characterizing it using TGA, SEM, and H2-TPR, and evaluating its performance in reforming sorbitol to identify products.
This document describes a study that modified cassava starch with soybean oil maleate (SOMA) and used the modified starch as a filler in poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites. SOMA was synthesized by grafting soybean oil with maleic anhydride, and then used to modify cassava starch, resulting in SOMA-g-STARCH. Various ratios of PLA and SOMA-g-STARCH were compounded and tested. The compatibility, morphology, thermal properties, and mechanical properties of the composites were characterized. The results showed that compositions with 90:10 and 80:20 ratios of PLA:SOMA-g-STARCH had the best compatibility, surface
SiO2 beads decorated with SrO nanoparticles for biodiesel production finalAlex Tangy
This document summarizes a study on the development of a heterogeneous solid base catalyst comprising strontium oxide deposited on silica beads (SrO@SiO2) for the conversion of waste cooking oil to biodiesel under microwave irradiation. The catalyst was synthesized by depositing strontium carbonate nanoparticles on silica beads via a microwave irradiation method. The catalyst preparation was optimized with respect to irradiation time, calcination time and temperature, and the ratio of strontium precursor to silica beads. Characterization techniques confirmed the deposition of strontium oxide nanoparticles on the silica beads. Testing showed the SrO@SiO2 catalyst achieved waste cooking oil conversions as high as 99.4% in just 10 seconds of
Chemical and Physical properties of Cassava Starch-Cm-Chitosan-Acrylic Acid Hydrogel prepared from radiation –induced crosslinking
Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso
Center for Application of Isotopes and Radiation- National Nuclear Energy Agency
Jl. Lebak Bulus Raya No. 49, Jakarta-Selatan, Indonesia
Corresponding author; e-mail; gatot2811@yahoo.com ,
Fax: +62-21-.7513270, HP ; 08129419442
Calorimeter to measure the calorific value of fuelsatechnicalboard
Calorimetry is the field of science that deals with the measurement of the state of a body with respect to the thermal aspects in order to examine its physical and chemical changes. The changes could be physical such as melting, evaporation or could also be chemical such as burning, acid-base neutralisation etc.
A calorimeter is what is used to measure the thermal changes of a body.
Calorimetry is applied extensively in the fields of thermochemistry in calculating the enthalpy, stability, heat capacity etc.
What Is a Calorimeter?
A calorimeter is a device used for heat measurements necessary for calorimetry. It mainly consists of a metallic vessel made of materials which are good conductors of electricity such as copper and aluminium etc. There is also a facility for stirring the contents of the vessel. This metallic vessel with a stirrer is kept in an insulating jacket to prevent heat loss to the environment. There is just one opening through which a thermometer can be inserted to measure the change in thermal properties inside. Let us discuss how exactly heat measurements are made. In the previous article, we discussed the specific heat capacity of substances.
Such measurements can be made easily with this. Say in a calorimeter a fixed amount of fuel is burned. The vessel is filled with water, and the fuel is burned, leading to the heating of the water. Heat loss by the fuel is equal to the heat gained by the water. This is why it is important to insulate the calorimeter from the environment; to improve the accuracy of the experiment. This change in heat can be measured through the thermometer. Through such a measurement, we can find out both the heat capacity of water and also the energy stored inside a fuel.
Uses of Calorimetry
It is well known now that matter always obeys the principle of lowest energy i.e. given the option, the matter will exist in the lowest energy state possible. Despite this, matter can have a variety of energetic states. Uranium atoms, for example, are a powerhouse.
The energy of matter has a profound effect on its natural occurrence and its reactivity etc. If we can unravel the relationship between them, then we can predict the natural occurrence, reactivity and physical properties based on the energy measurements we make through calorimetry. Understanding the thermodynamic properties of a substance will inevitably yield answers to structure and other properties.
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed bio-oil produced from pyrolyzing a mixture of discarded soybean oil, coffee grounds, and sawdust. The pyrolysis was conducted in the presence of hydrogen and argon to improve bio-oil stability and quality. The pyrolysis yielded two bio-oil fractions that were condensed at 100°C and 5°C. These fractions along with fractions from subsequent cracking experiments were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The study aimed to characterize the compounds in the bio-oils to better understand their potential as fuels.
This document summarizes a study on the production of bio-oil through the pyrolysis of a mixture of agricultural wastes (discarded soybean oil, coffee grounds, and sawdust), with and without subsequent thermal cracking in the presence of hydrogen. Four fractions were obtained and analyzed: OPH and OPL from direct pyrolysis, and OCH and OCL from pyrolysis followed by thermal cracking. The fractions undergoing thermal cracking contained lower molecular weight compounds similar to petroleum-based naphtha and significantly reduced oxygenated and nitrogenated species compared to the direct pyrolysis fractions. Thermal cracking also increased the yield of condensed oil fractions.
Aluminum doped sba 15 silica as acid catalyst for the methanolysis of sunflow...Solange Quintella
The document summarizes research on using aluminum-doped SBA-15 silica materials as solid acid catalysts for the methanolysis (biodiesel production) of sunflower oil. Different Si/Al molar ratios were tested after post-synthesis alumination of SBA-15 silica. The catalyst with a Si/Al ratio of 20 achieved 96% biodiesel yield using only 10% catalyst at 200°C over 4 hours and showed good stability and recyclability. The catalysts were able to simultaneously catalyze transesterification of triglycerides and esterification of free fatty acids, even with 9% free fatty acids present.
Enhanced fluidized bed methanation over a Ni Al2O3 catalyst for production of...Pengcheng Li
This document summarizes a study that investigated the fluidization behavior and CO methanation performance of a Ni/Al2O3 catalyst in a fluidized bed reactor for producing synthetic natural gas. The researchers found that the pure Ni/Al2O3 catalyst failed to properly fluidize on its own due to particle sizes between 10 and 100 μm, but fluidization was improved by adding larger Al2O3 particles. Methanation performance in the fluidized bed reactor increased substantially with the Al2O3 addition. Temperature was found to control the methanation reaction mechanism, with surface reactions dominating at lower temperatures and external diffusion controlling at higher temperatures. Stability tests showed the fluidized bed reactor had higher CO conversion, methane selectivity
Material Science and Engineering-B_Synthesis of ultra high molecular weight p...Shashi Kant
This document summarizes an article that appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is provided to the author for non-commercial research and education purposes only. The author is permitted to share the copy with colleagues and use it for teaching. However, reproducing, distributing, selling, licensing or posting the copy online is prohibited without permission from Elsevier. The authors are allowed to post their version of the article in Word or Tex format on their personal or institutional websites. Further information about Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies can be found online.
1) The document discusses the synthesis of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) using traditional Ziegler-Natta catalyst systems.
2) Different catalyst batches were prepared with varying amounts of trivalent titanium (16-32%) and used to polymerize ethylene under various conditions.
3) Process parameters like ethylene pressure, temperature, and hydrogen pressure can be tuned to control the properties of the resulting UHMWPE, including molecular weight, bulk density, and particle size distribution. Fine-tuning these conditions allows for consistent, high-quality UHMWPE production.
The document summarizes research into the effect of different catalysts on the conversion of plastic waste to fuel oil through pyrolysis. Experiments were conducted pyrolyzing plastic waste with four catalysts (sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate, zinc oxide, zeolite) at 500°C. Zeolite produced the highest yield of fuel oil at 15.2% while zinc oxide had the lowest yield at 13.77%. The properties of the resulting fuel oils were analyzed and showed varying results depending on the catalyst used, with zeolite producing oil most similar to diesel. FTIR analysis identified various functional groups in the produced oils.
Activation Of Carbon Produced From Coconut Shell By Using Fluidized Bed ...Ratan Kumar
The document summarizes the production of activated carbon from coconut shells using pyrolysis and a fluidized bed reactor. The process involves two stages: 1) pyrolysis of coconut shells at 600°C produces char, bio-oil, syngas, and steam byproducts. 2) The char is activated in a fluidized bed reactor at 900°C with steam, producing activated carbon. Fluidized bed reactors are well-suited for activation due to their excellent gas-solid contact and heat transfer. Key parameters that affect activation include temperature, particle size, fluidizing velocity, and static bed height.
Recovery of Platinum and Rejuvenation of Alumina From Spent Reforming Catalys...Waqas Tariq
Abstract Recovery of platinum from spent naphtha reforming catalyst (Pt/γ-Al2O3) which contain 0.30 wt % of Pt was conducted using two methods, the first one was treatment of the spent catalyst with aqua regia whereas the second one involved chlorination of the spent catalyst. The results show that the chlorination method is more efficient than the acid treatment one as 93 % platinum can be recovered, in addition to reserving the γ-Al2O3 skeletal structure from serous changes. The recovered platinum was converted to hexachlorplatinic acid, a material that can be used to prepare the catalyst again by impregnation method using either new alumina or certain proportion of it and recovered one.
This document describes a two-step process to produce polyols from soybean oil for use in polyurethane applications. The first step involves thermally polymerizing soybean oil through a Diels-Alder reaction to produce bodied soybean oil (BSBO). The second step involves transesterifying the BSBO with glycerol at temperatures over 200°C to introduce hydroxyl functionality and produce glycerol-transesterified bodied soybean oil (GLYC-BSBO) polyols. The properties of the polyols such as hydroxyl number, acidity, and viscosity were characterized. The polyols were then evaluated in elastomers and rigid foams to assess their potential as
A Comprehensive Guide on Cable Location Services Detections Method, Tools, an...Aussie Hydro-Vac Services
Explore Aussie Hydrovac's comprehensive cable location services, employing advanced tools like ground-penetrating radar and robotic CCTV crawlers for precise detection. Also offering aerial surveying solutions. Contact for reliable service in Australia.
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation data
Jurnal 1
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INTRODUCTION
The limitation of fossile fuel energy and the increasing
necessity of fuel has been motivating scientists on finding al-
ternative energy as a subtituent of fossil fuel and natural gas
which has renewable and environmental friendly properties.
The inclined of increasing price of fossil fuel and the high
dependable on fossil fuel is one of the fundamental reason in
order to reach an alternative energy. Indonesia, known as oil
producer, is finally becoming nett importer of fuel because its
nation necessity and demand on oil is higher than its produc-
tion. In line with the decreasing natural resources on fossil
fuel and also the increasing price of raw fuel around the world,
scientist has been developing and searching an alternative
energy as subtituent of fossil fuel1-5
.
Renewable energy sources beneficial become solution in
order to fulfill the higher number energy necessity in the fu-
ture time. The research development on fuel production using
Crude Palm Oil has been attracting many scientist and re-
searcher. Cracking process becomes the most interested
method because the method is relatively easier and cheaper.
Synthesis of Biogasoline from Used Palm Cooking Oil Through Catalytic
Hydrocracking by Using Cr-activated Natural Zeolite as the Catalyst
JUJARAMA
1
, KARNA WIJAYA
2,*
, MOHAMMAD FAHRURROZI
3
and SUHERYANTO
4
1
Magister of Engineering System, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
3
Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
4
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya, South Sumatera, Indonesia
*Corresponding author: karna_ugm@yahoo.com, karnawijaya@ugm.ac.id
(Received: ; Accepted: ) AJC-0000
This study was concerning on production biogasoline from used palm cooking oil through Cr-activated natural zeolite catalyzed
hydrocracking. Natural zeolite was activated using 6M hydrochloric acid. The precursor Cr(NO3)3.9H2O was impregnated on activated
natural zeolite. Catalysts characterization including catalysts crystallinity using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and catalysts porosity using the
BET method. The used palm cooking oil was vaporized at 350 °C and then flowed into the reactor bed which temperature was set at 400,
450 and 500 °C. Hydrogen was feed into the reactor bed at a constant rate of 40 mL/min. The variation of reactor conditions was with no
catalysts, with zeolite catalysts and with catalyst Cr-activated natural zeolite. The product was then condensed in a water cooled condensor.
The condensed products was analyzed using GC, GC-MS,ASTM D 1298,ASTM D 130, ASTM D 323 andASTM D 86/99a to determine
the formed fraction. The results show that the acid activation and impregnation reaction at zeolite samples can improve it crystallinity,
surface area and pore radius.Active natural zeolite sample has a specific surface area of 43.815 m2
/g while Cr-activated natural zeolite has
a specific surface area of 89.514 m2
/g. The highest conversion was gained by using Cr-activated natural zeolite catalysts at 500 °C reactor
temperature which produced 76.44 % liquid product and 23.25 % yield
Keywords: Biogasoline, Used Palm Cooking Oil, Catalysts, Cr-activated natural zeolite, Hydrocracking.
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Asian Journal of Chemistry; Vol. 26, No. 15 (2014), 0000-0000
http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2014.
The most dominant content on fatty acid in crude palm oil is
palmityc acid having unbonding 16 carbon atom and oleic
acid having 18 carbon atom with one double bond in the cen-
ter of its structure. Fatty acids bonded on triglceryde structure
on crude palm oil can be changed into biogasoline (C16-C12)
or other fuel through chain carbon breaking process on fatty
acid, so that through crude palm oil can be be produced
deravatives products similar with fossil fuel process result such
as diesel fuel, kerosene or gasoline2-5
.
Indonesian is commonly using crude palm oil as frying
oil. Used frying oil occurs structure changing that produce
carsonigenic content. As the result, many restorants and food
courts used to throw away the used frying oil to keep their
food quality. On the contrary, they are also many restorants or
food courts that reseller the used frying oil in lower price. The
usage of the used frying oil can give negative impact on health.
This case can be anticipated through managing those used fry-
ing oil by converting them into biogasoline so that it can be
increasing its value. Cracking is commonly a process on which
big molecule has broken into smaller size. Cracking is a pro-
cess to crack long chain hydrocarbon into smaller hydrocar-
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bon through the catalyst and hydrogen present. Hydrocarbon
molecule cracking mechanism contains of C-C bonding break-
ing. Based on Gates (1979), hydrocarbon catalytic cracking is
predicted through linking material that is carbonium ion known
as carbocation formed through the breaking process C-H bond-
ing from its hydrocarbon molecule. Cracking reaction is pre-
dicted through 3 steps reaction i.e. initiation process, propa-
gation process and termination process4-9
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Zeolite is porous silica-alumina crystal, containing alu-
mina group and silica group on which each material has tetra-
hedral form and connected with oxygen atom so that it has 3
dimensions backbond. Zeolite is solid on which has wide range
surface because its solid shape has many porouses. The higher
and the bigger porous, the wider its solid surface. Porous on
its solid carrying agent that can catch metal particle so that
they can be trapped. Through the process, it is hopefully all of
the surfaces as carrying agent, either in outer or inlet surface
can be shielded by metal catalyst7-12
.
The research aim is to study the production of biogasoline
from used palm oil through hydrocracking process on Cr-ac-
tivated natural zeolite catalyst. Furthermore, it aims also to
study the effectiveness of crude palm oil cracking process us-
ing Cr-activated natural zeolite catalyst.
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Materials that were used are aquadest, used palm oil, HCL
6M, natural zeolite, Chromium nitrate nonahydrate
Cr(NO3)3·9H2O as Cr source, hydrogen gas, nitrogen gas. This
research were using many laboratorium tools such as cracking
reactorequippedwithcondenser,oxidation tools,beaker glasses,
evaporating dish, Buchner filter, vacuum pump, magnetic stir-
rer, 100 mesh filter, digital weight, oven, furnace, hot plate stir-
rer. Instrument for material characteristic that were used are x-
ray difractometer, IR spectrofometer,AtomicAbsorbtion Spec-
trophotometer, Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectroscopy.
Natural zeolite preparation: Zeolite was washed twice
using aquadest then submerged for 3 × 24 h. After that it was
filtered dan dried in oven for 12 h on 120 °C. Dried zeolite
were grinded and filtered using 100 mesh. The result was la-
beled as natural zeolite. 300 grams of 100 mesh zeolite, was
refluxed on HCl 6 M (comparison 1:2) for 0.5 h on 90 °C
strring using stirrer. Refluxed zeolite was washed using
aquadest on pH 6. After that it was dried on 120 °C for 2 h in
oven. The result was labeled as natural active zeolite.
Chrom metal impregnation: Chrom metal impregna-
tion (Cr 1 % (b/b)) on zeolite surface uses wet impregnation.
300 grams of active natural zeolite was submerged using
Cr(NO3)3·9H2O 0,05 M and stirred for 5 h on 80-90 °C. Re-
sulted solution was filtered and heated using oven for 2 h on
120 °C. Calcination process was done on 500 °C for 2 h using
N2 gas flow. Gas flow rate on calcinations process was 25 mL/
min. The formed catalyst was inserted on furnace tube for re-
ducing process using H2 gas set on 15 mL/min for 1,5 h on 400
°C. Cr content that was absorbed on solid phase was analyzed
usingAAS method. Cr -activated natural zeolite was analyzed
using X-ray Diffraction and BET for qualitative analysis.
Used plam cooking oil catalytic cracking: Five hun-
dreds mL used palm cooking oil was set on feeder column on
which had been set on upside of catalytic reactor. Cracking
processes were set for 4 conditions i.e. condition with no cata-
lyst and hydrogen, with no catalyst, with natural zeolite and
with Cr-activated natural zeolite. Using zeolite or Cr- acti-
vated natural zeolite catalyst, it was placed for 50 grams. Feeder
column was set on 350 °C further the reactor was heated on
different temperature i.e. 400, 450 500 °C using H2 gas flow
40 mL/min. Cracking result was condensed using cooler and
the resulted product was distilled on 100-150 °C in order to
get the main product. Furthermore, it was characterized using
GC-MS and ASTM method.
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Crystalinity test for catalyst: Crystalinity test for natu-
ral zeolite catalyst and Cr-natural activated natural zeolite used
X-ray Diffraction (XRD) in order to study the effect of Cr
metal on natural zeolite. Solid analysis result of X-ray Dif-
fraction for natural zeolite, acid activated (H)-natural zeolite
and Cr-activated natural zeolite could be seen on Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Difractogram for natural zeolite, acid activated (H) natural zeolite
catalyst and Cr-activated natural zeolite
The figure was shown that the addition of Cr metal on
natural zeolite was not changing the natural zeolite crystal
structure. It could be shown from natural zeolite 2θ peak that
occurred. Standard natural zeolite has 5 main peaks of 2θ :
13, 48°; 21, 93°; 23, 48°, 25, 69°, dan 27,74° on which those
peaks could be still shown on acid activated (H)-natural zeo-
lite and Cr-activated natural zeolite (Table-1). Metal on solid
phase was commonly forming crystal oxide so that it could
TABLE-1
INTENSITIES OF FIVE MAIN PEAKS OF XRD OF CATALYST
Natural zeolite Acid activated (H)-natural zeolite Cr-activated natural zeolite
2θ (deg) Intensity (Count) 2θ (deg) Intensity (Count) 2θ (deg) Intensity (Count)
13,4821 2320 13,4821 2577 13,4821 3074
21,9388 6219 21,9388 7190 16,1512 7064
23,4864 2768 23,4864 3746 23,4864 3728
25,6972 5398 25,6420 5826 25,6972 6019
27,7423 5098 27,6318 5351 27,7423 7279
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change its intensity when it was submerged. It could appear
because metal existence could contribute for catalyst crystal
value.
Crystalinity increasing on activated zeolite using HCl 6M
was caused by impurities loss on natural zeolite so that bond-
ing backbond on zeolite tetrahedral structure has becoming
more similar and neat. The similar case was also happened for
natural zeolite supported on Cr metal. The increasing intenstity
has shown that there are also increasing on its crystallinity. It
is because calcinations process after impregnation causing
those organic impurities on zeolite was aparted and also the
formation of metal compound and metal oxide on which are
stable and rigid.
Surface area, average pore radius and total pore vol-
ume: The result of surface area, porous diameter average and
catalyst porous volume for acid activated (H)-natural zeolite
and Cr-activated natural zeolite using BET method was shown
on Table-2
TABLE-2
RESULT OF SURFACE AREA, AVERAGE PORE RADIUS
AND TOTAL PORE VOLUME FOR ACID ACTIVATED
(H)-NATURAL ZEOLITE AND CR-ACTIVATED
NATURAL ZEOLITE USING BET METHOD
Catalyst
Specific
surface area
Average pore
radius
Total pore
volume
(m2
/g) (Å) (cc/g)
Natural zeolite 18.02 9.69 8.73
Acid activated (H)-
zeolite 43,82 4.82 1.06
Cr-activated natural
zeolite 89.51 7.63 3.42
The result has shown that Cr-activated natural zeolite cata-
lyst has surface area wider besides porous diameter average
and porous volume total is smaller than natural zeolite cata-
lyst. It was caused by supported Cr metal on surface of cata-
lyst would increase its specific surface area, Cr metal that had
been added into zeolite would patch on porous surface neatly
so that total of porous volume would be decreasing. Porous
diameter average on natural zeolite would be decreasing after
it had supported on Cr metal, it caused by metal existence that
patched on zeolite porous on which would be covering zeolite
porous. The highest size of triglyceride was 1,5 nm (15 Å)
and The smallest size was 12 µm so that hydrocracking reac-
tion on triglyceride would be only happened on surface of Cr-
activated natural zeolite catalyst. The smaller porous diam-
eter average was expected to select small or lighter molecule
as gasoline fraction. Through this catalyst characteristic re-
sult was expected that using Cr-activated natural zeolite would
be more selective and optimal on used palm oil cracking for
gasoline fraction.
Catalyst activity test: Used palm oil hydrocracking pro-
cess using catalyst was done by using 500 mL-feed/catalyst
ratio 10/1 and hydrogen flow rate of 40 mL/min with tem-
perature variation: 400, 450 and 500 °C. Cr metal docking
into natural activated zeolite was done by using Atomic Ab-
sorption Spectroscopy and Cr metal content was 0,53 %. Cata-
lyst activity can be seen through the conversion factor of used
palm oil resulted into liquid product. The distribution of used
palm oil hydrocraking process can be seen on Table-3
Hydrocracking composition on reactor condition com-
parison shown on Fig. 2 saw the catalyst activity working on
feed conversion of used palm oil.
Fig. 2. Graph of reactor condition comparison versus liquid product on
various temperature (1) no catalyst and hydrogen flow, (2) no
catalyst, (3) natural zeolite, (4) Cr- activated natural zeolite
The graph has shown that Cr-activated natural zeolite cata-
lyst has the higher catalyst activity compared with natural zeo-
lite catalyst and without catalyst with the highest liquid prod-
uct conversion on each temperature. It was caused by the ef-
fect of Cr metal docked into natural activated zeolite catalyst
on which has ability to increase specific surface area so that
the active site could be more optimal in order to catalyze the
hydrocracking process. Cr metal has forming and cutting off
TABEL-3
PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION OF USED PALM OIL HYDROCRAKING PROCESS
Catalysts H2 Flow (mL/min) Temp (o
C) Liquid Product (% b/b) Residue (% b/b) Gas Product (% b/b)
- 0 400 74,22 8,89 16,88
- 0 450 74,66 8,22 17,11
- 0 500 75,33 9,33 15,33
- 40 400 74,66 9,56 15,77
- 40 450 75,11 9,78 15,11
- 40 500 76,00 9,33 14,67
Natural zeolite 40 400 74,66 10,88 14,44
Natural zeolite 40 450 74,66 8,89 16,44
Natural zeolite 40 500 76,44 8,44 15,11
Cr-activated natural zeolite 40 400 75,55 10,67 13,78
Cr-activated natural zeolite 40 450 75,77 10,44 13,78
Cr-activated natural zeolite 40 500 76,44 8,67 14,89
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155
156
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161
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164
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166
167
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174
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176
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the bonding caused by the existence of the half lower energy
of orbital. The electron valence on d orbital connected with s
and p electron on which gave availability a low energy elec-
tronic condition on high amount and it was an ideal condition
for catalytic reaction. It can be conclude that Cr-activated natu-
ral zeoite has higher catalyst activity rather than natural zeo-
lite or without catalyst in order to convert used palm oil on
hydrocracking reaction.
Catalyst selectivity test and the effect of temperature
in hydrocracking reaction: Liquid product of hydrocrack-
ing was predicted consist of hydrocarbon compound on which
has less 18 carbon chains forming stable compound. Hydroc-
racking process was analyzed using reactor on 400, 450 and
500 °C. The resulted gas coming from hydrocracking reac-
tion was condensed to produce liquid fraction.
At the end of condensation product, it resulted blackist
brown and strictly odor that was the product of hydrocracking
process. Liquid product as a result of catalytic activity test on
used palm oil hydrocracking for various temperature were ana-
lyzed using Gas Chromatography. It aims to know the amount
of conversion result fraction of liquid product of used palm oil.
This can be calculated based on large area of chromatogram
where gasoline fraction occurs on 0-10 min retention time mean-
while diesel fraction occurs on 10-20 min retention time.
The chromatogram of liquid product of hydrocracking
on 400, 450 and 500 °C can be seen on Figs. 3-5.
Fig. 3. Chromatogram of liquid product of used palm oil hydrocracking
on 400 °C for condition (a) with no catalyst and hydrogen (b) with
no catalyst (c) with natural zeolite (d) with Cr-activated natural zeoli
Fig. 4. Chromatogram of liquid product of used palm oil hydrocracking
on 450 °C for condition (a) with no catalyst and hydrogen (b) with
no catalyst (c) with natural zeolite (d) with Cr-activated natural zeolite
Fig. 5. Chromatogram of liquid product of used palm oil hydrocracking
on 500 °C for condition (a) with no catalyst and hydrogen (b) with
no catalyst (c) with natural zeolite (d) with Cr-activated natural zeolite
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Hydrocracking process using catalyst aims to break down
long saturated carbon chain, cyclic or non-cyclic so that it
produce carbon chain on lower weight molecule. The func-
tion of catalyst usage on hydrocracking reaction is its activity
and selectivity. Catalyst activity is stated as catalyst perfor-
mance on conversion of the total of used palm oil resulting on
liquid product, gas product or coke. While the catalyst selec-
tivity is stated as catalyst performance resulting on liquid prod-
uct on which are having a tendency to form gasoline fraction,
diesel or heavy oil. Based on the result of liquid product chro-
matogram of hydrocracking result of used palm oil shown that
each catalyst different selectivity, It can be seen on different
peaks formed on chromatogram. Specific peaks chromatogram
noted as the product on gasoline fraction, or heavy oil. Cata-
lyst selectivity on the fractions is based on the chromatogram
large area. The highest amount of biogasoline fraction quali-
tatively can be obtained on reactor condition using catalyst
Cr-activated natural zeolite on 500 °C. Liquid product of its
condition was done further using distillation process on 150
°C in order to get the biogasoline fraction.
GC-MS analysis: GC-MS analysis is used to find the
suitability ranges for peak biogasoline products produced with
commercial gasoline. GC-MS QP2010S Shimadzu with Rastek
Rxi-5MS colomn and 30 meter of its length using helium gas
carrier is used for the research.
From the results of the analysis contained 11 peaks with
a large area that is above 4 %, it can be seen from Table-4
TABLE-4
COMPOUNDS IN PRODUCT WITH LARGEST AREA
No. Peak Percentage
Area (%)
Compound Name
Possibility
Number of
C Atoms
1. 2 5,09 Hexanol 6
2. 4 5,13 Heptane 7
3. 5 4,01 Heptane 7
4. 10 6,69 Octane 8
5. 11 5,67 Octane 8
6. 15 6,30 Nonane 9
7. 17 6,98 Nonane 9
8. 24 5,89 Decane 10
9. 26 3,61 Decane 10
10. 30 4,85 Octyl
silicopropane
11
11. 31 7,03 6-Ethyl-2-methyl
decane
12
Total percentage 61,25
Based on the results of GC-MS analysis can be seen that
compound formed from catalytic hydrocracking process of
used palm oil using Cr-activated natural zeolite catalyst is a
compound on which similar with gasoline on the number of
total carbon atoms between 6-12. As a result, it can be known
that Cr-activated natural zeolite catalyst is effective and selec-
tive to forming the gasoline using crued palm oil as raw mate-
rials through hydrocracking catalystic process.
Physical properties of product: Product distilled cata-
lytic cracking can be physically tested to determine the simi-
larity between the character of the product by gasoline sold
commercially. In this study, the resulting product was tested
using ASTM method D-1298 (Specific Grafity), ASTM D
323 (Reid Vapour Pressure), ASTM D 130 (Copper Strip
Corrotion) and IKU/5-4/TK (Distillasi ASTM) and the cal-
culation of heating value. Characteristics testing of
biogasoline can not be done thoroughly because of the limi-
tations of the product.
This test can hopefully provide an overview of the physi-
cal properties of biogasoline compared to commercial gaso-
line. Comparison of the physical properties of gasoline and
biogasoline are presented in Table-5.
From Table-5 it can be seen that biogasoline generated in
this study have similar physical properties of gasoline. So that
further testing using bioasoline as fuel can be done to know
the engine performance.
Conversion of used palm oil into biogasoline: Having
characterized using GC-MS as well as the physical test to
compare the product with a commercial gas density test, con-
ducted to determine the effectiveness of the conversion of
Cr-activated natural zeolite catalyst. Obtained from the cal-
culation was resulted a conversion as 76.44 % and a yield as
23.25 %.
Conclusion
The catalyst, Cr-actived natural zeolite is quite effective
in the process of used palm cooking oil hydrocracking into
biogasoline. The catalyst Cr-actived natural zeolites have a
higher surface area than the natural zeolite. Compounds that
formed from used palm cooking oil through catalytic hydroc-
racking process on Cr-actived natural zeolite is a compound
which almost similar to gasoline by the number of carbon at-
oms between 6-12. Biogasoline generated in this study has
physical properties similar to premium gasoline
TABLE-5
COMPARISON OF THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GASOLINE AND BIOGASOLINE
No. Type of Testing Unit Premium 88*
Biogasoline**
Test Methods
1 Specific Grafity at 60/60 °F kg/m3
715 739 ASTM D 1298
2 Copper Strip Corrotion - 1 A 1 B ASTM D 130
3 Gross Heating Value Btu/lb 19.800 20.255 Calculated
4 Reid Vapour Pressure Kpa 62 61,9 ASTM D 323
5 Distillasi ASTM D 86/99a
IKU/5.4/TK-01
10 % Vapor o
C 74 52
50 % Vapor o
C 125 93
90 % Vapor o
C 180 170
End Point o
C 215 235
*
Decision of the Director General of Oil and Gas Republic of Indonesia, 2006
**
Biogasoline test results on Technology Oil, Gas, and Coal laboratory, Chemical Engineering UGM
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A
LLEY
PR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Financial supports from the Directorate of Higher Edu-
cation, Republic of Indonesia and Gadjah Mada University,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Hibah Kerjasama Institusi 2013,
Project No. LPPM-UGM/1401/LIT/2013) are gratefully ac-
knowledged.
A
LLEY
PR
O
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