The London Green Fund was established in 2009 to invest £100 million in carbon reduction projects that support the city's climate change goals. It focuses on energy efficiency, waste management, and decentralized energy. The fund includes contributions from the London Development Agency, European Regional Development Fund, and is expected to leverage £50 million in private financing. One example investment is a £35 million waste urban development fund to finance recycling and waste processing facilities like a plant that converts plastic waste into new food-grade plastic.
Germany's decision to phase out nuclear power over the next 11 years will impact carbon prices in the EU. The newsletter discusses various carbon market highlights including an increase in new CDM projects and issuance of CERs in May. It also provides updates on VER and CER prices globally and previews upcoming carbon events.
The monthly carbon newsletter provides the following highlights:
- The issuance of CERs was high in April 2011 at 29.1 million. Togo entered the CDM with its first project and four new programs of activity were added to the pipeline.
- Domestic emissions trading schemes are being implemented or planned in key developing markets like China, India, and South Africa.
- The EU has decided that aviation emissions will be included in the EU emissions trading scheme beginning in 2012, covering about 4,000 aircraft operators. 212 million allowances will be created to cover aviation emissions in 2012.
- Tokyo launched Asia's first mandatory cap-and-trade scheme in 2010 aimed at reducing emissions 25%
This document outlines the penalty system for environmental violations at industrial facilities in Jubail, Yanbu, and Ras Al Khair, Saudi Arabia. It has three main sections.
The first section describes the scope and objectives of the penalty system, which aims to ensure compliance with environmental regulations to protect public health and the environment.
The second section explains how penalties are computed, including fixed penalties based on violation classification and impact, and variable penalties depending on factors like type of violation. It also covers compliance incentives, maximum fines, and penalties for repeated violations.
The third section covers administration of the penalty system, including processes for issuing notices of non-compliance, appeals, and certifying when violations are closed. Appendices
The document summarizes upcoming changes to building regulations in the UK, focusing on the transition to zero carbon homes by 2016. It outlines the timeline and key policy changes, including the introduction of fabric energy efficiency standards and allowable solutions to meet carbon compliance targets. Challenges around achieving low energy performance in practice and closing the performance gap between design and as-built performance are also discussed. Passivhaus principles are presented as a robust methodology to meet stringent energy efficiency standards through high quality construction and attention to thermal bridging and airtightness details.
Royal Commission, Jubail , Environmental regulations 2015-volume Isudeeb kumar
The document outlines the Royal Commission Environmental Regulations-2015 which supersedes the 2010 version. It summarizes the regulations in 8 sections covering air, water, hazardous materials, waste, dredging, noise, reporting and record keeping. The regulations were revised and updated to comprehensively cover all environmental aspects of industrial cities under the Royal Commission's jurisdiction, namely Jubail, Yanbu and Ras Al Khair. Industries in these cities must follow the regulations to protect the environment and public health while enabling industrial growth.
The London Green Fund was established in 2009 to invest £100 million in carbon reduction projects that support the city's climate change goals. It focuses on energy efficiency, waste management, and decentralized energy. The fund includes contributions from the London Development Agency, European Regional Development Fund, and is expected to leverage £50 million in private financing. One example investment is a £35 million waste urban development fund to finance recycling and waste processing facilities like a plant that converts plastic waste into new food-grade plastic.
Germany's decision to phase out nuclear power over the next 11 years will impact carbon prices in the EU. The newsletter discusses various carbon market highlights including an increase in new CDM projects and issuance of CERs in May. It also provides updates on VER and CER prices globally and previews upcoming carbon events.
The monthly carbon newsletter provides the following highlights:
- The issuance of CERs was high in April 2011 at 29.1 million. Togo entered the CDM with its first project and four new programs of activity were added to the pipeline.
- Domestic emissions trading schemes are being implemented or planned in key developing markets like China, India, and South Africa.
- The EU has decided that aviation emissions will be included in the EU emissions trading scheme beginning in 2012, covering about 4,000 aircraft operators. 212 million allowances will be created to cover aviation emissions in 2012.
- Tokyo launched Asia's first mandatory cap-and-trade scheme in 2010 aimed at reducing emissions 25%
This document outlines the penalty system for environmental violations at industrial facilities in Jubail, Yanbu, and Ras Al Khair, Saudi Arabia. It has three main sections.
The first section describes the scope and objectives of the penalty system, which aims to ensure compliance with environmental regulations to protect public health and the environment.
The second section explains how penalties are computed, including fixed penalties based on violation classification and impact, and variable penalties depending on factors like type of violation. It also covers compliance incentives, maximum fines, and penalties for repeated violations.
The third section covers administration of the penalty system, including processes for issuing notices of non-compliance, appeals, and certifying when violations are closed. Appendices
The document summarizes upcoming changes to building regulations in the UK, focusing on the transition to zero carbon homes by 2016. It outlines the timeline and key policy changes, including the introduction of fabric energy efficiency standards and allowable solutions to meet carbon compliance targets. Challenges around achieving low energy performance in practice and closing the performance gap between design and as-built performance are also discussed. Passivhaus principles are presented as a robust methodology to meet stringent energy efficiency standards through high quality construction and attention to thermal bridging and airtightness details.
Royal Commission, Jubail , Environmental regulations 2015-volume Isudeeb kumar
The document outlines the Royal Commission Environmental Regulations-2015 which supersedes the 2010 version. It summarizes the regulations in 8 sections covering air, water, hazardous materials, waste, dredging, noise, reporting and record keeping. The regulations were revised and updated to comprehensively cover all environmental aspects of industrial cities under the Royal Commission's jurisdiction, namely Jubail, Yanbu and Ras Al Khair. Industries in these cities must follow the regulations to protect the environment and public health while enabling industrial growth.
Forest in Scotland’s climate change targets | Wendy Aubreyicarb
1. Scotland has climate change targets to reduce CO2 emissions by 80% by 2050 and increase woodland cover to 25% by 2050 through planting 650,000 hectares of new forests.
2. Recent trends show that annual new planting and carbon sequestration have been increasing but remain below target levels.
3. Current projections indicate that Scotland will not meet its full targets for woodland expansion and associated carbon removal based on mid-range emission scenarios and recent planting rates.
This document summarizes the greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation actions reported by various countries to the UNFCCC in 2005. It lists the top emitting countries by amount of emissions, along with each country's reported percentage reduction targets and key domestic policies and measures to reduce emissions by 2020. China, the US, and EU were the top three emitting countries and reported targets of reducing emissions per unit of GDP, establishing emissions trading programs, and adopting renewable energy respectively.
Jennifer Morgan, Director of the Climate and Energy Program at the World Resources Institute, presented on the state of global climate policy at the launch of The Climate Institute's Global Climate Leadership Review 2012.
This document discusses sewage sludge as a renewable energy source. It will summarize a presentation given by Istvan Zsirai at the 2nd European Conference on Sludge Management in Budapest, Hungary on September 9-10, 2010. The presentation covers increasing sewage sludge volumes in the EU, current sludge handling strategies and technologies, using sludge as a renewable energy source, and factors that will influence future sludge handling strategies. It examines trends in sludge production volumes and expected growth drivers. The presentation also reviews approved sludge stabilization and disinfection methods as well as multiple-stage sludge utilization approaches.
In order to achieve current climate change goals, Australia needs to use a long-term carbon budget approach to properly assess the risks, responsibilities and realities of doing its fair share.
This presentation summarises The Climate Institute’s policy brief, Operating in Limits: Defining an Australian Carbon Budget. For more information visit www.climateinstitute.org.au/articles/publications/operating-in-limits.html
September 2011 - Michigan Energy Forum - S. Lee JohnsonAnnArborSPARK
Regulatory Drivers For CleanTech and Green Jobs: When people think of CleanTech, they usually think of wind turbines and solar panels, but there may be a burgeoning opportunity in energy efficiency. Many states, including Michigan, have adopted Renewable Portfolio Standards that requires utilities to generate a portion of their electricity from renewable sources. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recently promulgated a regulation (the GHG BACT) that will require utilities to reduce their carbon emissions, primarily through energy efficiency. However, several members of Congress are trying to cut back on GHG regulations arguing that these regulations are job killers. Come to the Michigan Energy Forum on September 8th to learn about the latest regulatory developments, what they have meant from green jobs in Michigan, and what the future might hold.
Brand-Rex has achieved carbon neutral status through measuring its carbon footprint and implementing initiatives to reduce emissions, such as switching to more efficient heating systems and increasing recycling. It has offset remaining carbon impacts through investment in renewable energy and methane capture projects. Brand-Rex is committed to further reducing its footprint through environmentally conscious product design, packaging improvements, and encouraging sustainable practices across its operations and supply chain.
The document provides an overview of carbon credits and the carbon market. It discusses key topics like global warming, the IPCC, UNFCCC, and Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol established a carbon market and flexible mechanisms like emissions trading, clean development mechanism (CDM), and joint implementation. CDM projects generate carbon credits that can be sold on the market. Requirements for CDM projects and examples of sectors are also outlined. Registry systems are described that record and verify transactions of carbon credits between countries.
Identifying contaminants of concern for ground water monitoring and water sup...WaterWeUpTo
This document aims to identify contaminants of concern for groundwater monitoring and water supply planning by updating an existing Florida Department of Environmental Protection report. The report provides information on contaminants and recommends monitoring parameters for prevalent industries in Florida. This update will help with permitting, investigations of groundwater contamination, and creating future regulations for emerging contaminants related to public health hazards. It also seeks to educate the public. The document reviews several key industries in Florida and the potential contaminants they may release, such as surfactants from car washing facilities, wood preservatives from wood preserving facilities, and chemicals from wastewater treatment plants.
Emerald is a tool that enables companies to accurately measure and report their carbon emissions. It helps companies comply with legislation, enhance their brands, lower costs, and prepare for the low-carbon economy. Emerald calculates carbon footprints across supply chains and allows companies to display dynamic carbon labels on products using technologies like NFC and QR codes. This empowers consumers with information on carbon emissions and helps brands demonstrate their green credentials.
SOLSTICE® LBA LGWP blowing agent for superior environmental and insulation pe...Plastindustrien
Solstice LBA is a blowing agent that provides superior insulation performance and environmental benefits compared to other blowing agents such as HFCs and pentane. It can be used in spray foam, sandwich panels, and flexible foam applications. Some key benefits of Solstice LBA include up to 20% improved insulation, reduced panel thickness, enhanced flammability performance, and compliance with environmental regulations without compromising performance. Several companies have adopted Solstice LBA due to the improved energy efficiency and insulation it provides.
This document discusses carbon dioxide (CO2) capture from power plant flue gases. It begins by outlining the need to reduce CO2 emissions due to constraints on emissions and fossil fuel resources. It then discusses various CO2 capture technologies currently used or under development for post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxy-fuel combustion processes. These include chemical absorption, adsorption, membranes, and cryogenic separation. The document also addresses the costs, challenges, and energy penalties associated with implementing CO2 capture at power plants.
Main findings Working Group 3: Mitigation of Climate ChangeAndy Dabydeen
The document summarizes key findings from the IPCC's 4th Assessment Working Group III report on mitigating climate change. Some of the main points include:
1) Human activities have increased global greenhouse gas emissions 70% between 1970-2004 and emissions are projected to continue growing in the coming decades without mitigation policies.
2) Significant emission reductions are possible through technologies available now or by 2030 across energy supply, transportation, buildings, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste sectors.
3) Modeling estimates mitigation policies could limit GDP impacts to below 3% and even provide economic benefits in some cases, while still allowing emissions to peak and decline below current levels by 2030.
4
The document discusses international agreements and regulations related to protecting the ozone layer and phasing out ozone depleting substances (ODS). It summarizes the Vienna Convention of 1985, which established a framework for reducing CFC production, and the 1987 Montreal Protocol, which set timelines for phasing out various ODS groups. The document also outlines India's role in these agreements and its national efforts to phase out ODS through various country programs and management plans. It notes challenges in transitioning to alternatives for the foam industry given technical and economic limitations.
03 Gtz Proklima Hc Residential Ac Systems In India & China Markus WypiorKoeppen Halvart
- Hydrocarbon refrigerants like HC-290 (propane) are a safe and excellent alternative to HCFCs in residential air conditioners.
- Demonstration projects in China and India are optimizing air conditioner designs using HC-290 to reduce refrigerant charge and improve energy efficiency.
- The projects aim to support manufacturers in transitioning production to HC-290 units, helping to avoid future HFC emissions from the rapidly growing air conditioner market in developing countries.
Taiwan announced INDC target voluntarily to combat climate changeepaslideshare
Taiwan has committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 50% from projected business-as-usual levels by 2030 in its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution. This targets a reduction to 214 million tons of CO2 equivalent emissions by 2030, down from a projected 428 million tons if no action was taken. Taiwan considered factors like future economic and population growth, existing emissions reduction policies, and targets set by other countries in determining its 2030 target. The target will help Taiwan meet its long-term goal under domestic law of reducing emissions 50% below 2005 levels by 2050.
The document discusses the role of aviation alternative fuels in climate change mitigation. It notes that while there is interest and progress in biofuel trials, today's biofuels may have higher greenhouse gas emissions than conventional fuels. Alternative fuel supply is also constrained and unlikely to significantly reduce aviation emissions in the short to medium term. The document calls for ICAO to address aviation's large and growing climate impact through additional policy measures like emissions standards and market-based approaches, in addition to promoting sustainable alternative fuels.
The document summarizes the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty signed in 1987 to protect the ozone layer by phasing out ozone depleting substances. It discusses how the protocol has been amended over time, identifying several ozone depleting compounds and setting timelines for their phase out. Key achievements of the protocol include worldwide participation, elimination of most ozone depleting substances, support for developing countries, and expectations that the ozone layer will fully recover by 2050 if compliance continues. The document also notes that without the Montreal Protocol, significant depletion of the ozone layer and increased health impacts from UV radiation would have occurred.
Carbon Footprint is an emerging ISO standard to quantify greenhouse gas emissions associated with products and organizations. It involves calculating the carbon dioxide equivalent emissions over the life cycle of a product or system. The standard uses global warming potentials to convert emissions of different greenhouse gases into a common unit. While the standard aims to address climate change, there are concerns about its methodology and potential negative impacts on trade. Defense sectors will need strategies to reduce their carbon footprints in production, operations, and disposal of equipment and materials.
The document discusses complacency in phasing down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) despite international agreement. While the Montreal Protocol successfully phased out ozone-depleting substances, HFC replacements for those substances have high global warming potential. Developed countries led the phase-out of substances like CFCs and HCFCs but relied heavily on HFC replacements. Though HFCs currently contribute little to climate change, their use and emissions are growing rapidly and could undermine the climate benefits achieved under the Montreal Protocol. There is a need to match the international commitment to phasing down HFCs with concrete actions.
Andrea Voigt - EPEE - UN TETTO AI GAS FLUORURATI E LA LORO GRADUALE RIDUZIONE Centro Studi Galileo
1) The document discusses the challenges facing the refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pump (RACHP) sector in Europe in meeting environmental and economic objectives. It summarizes two studies on the sector's emissions and potential for reduction.
2) The studies found that while the refrigerant bank doubled from 1990-2010, emissions decreased over 10% due to phase-outs. A "business as usual" scenario could reduce emissions 15% by 2030, while more ambitious scenarios showed over 60% reduction potential.
3) The European Commission has proposed a revised F-Gas Regulation with a 37% reduction by 2020 and 79% by 2030, along with certain bans. The EU Parliament seeks steeper targets
Forest in Scotland’s climate change targets | Wendy Aubreyicarb
1. Scotland has climate change targets to reduce CO2 emissions by 80% by 2050 and increase woodland cover to 25% by 2050 through planting 650,000 hectares of new forests.
2. Recent trends show that annual new planting and carbon sequestration have been increasing but remain below target levels.
3. Current projections indicate that Scotland will not meet its full targets for woodland expansion and associated carbon removal based on mid-range emission scenarios and recent planting rates.
This document summarizes the greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation actions reported by various countries to the UNFCCC in 2005. It lists the top emitting countries by amount of emissions, along with each country's reported percentage reduction targets and key domestic policies and measures to reduce emissions by 2020. China, the US, and EU were the top three emitting countries and reported targets of reducing emissions per unit of GDP, establishing emissions trading programs, and adopting renewable energy respectively.
Jennifer Morgan, Director of the Climate and Energy Program at the World Resources Institute, presented on the state of global climate policy at the launch of The Climate Institute's Global Climate Leadership Review 2012.
This document discusses sewage sludge as a renewable energy source. It will summarize a presentation given by Istvan Zsirai at the 2nd European Conference on Sludge Management in Budapest, Hungary on September 9-10, 2010. The presentation covers increasing sewage sludge volumes in the EU, current sludge handling strategies and technologies, using sludge as a renewable energy source, and factors that will influence future sludge handling strategies. It examines trends in sludge production volumes and expected growth drivers. The presentation also reviews approved sludge stabilization and disinfection methods as well as multiple-stage sludge utilization approaches.
In order to achieve current climate change goals, Australia needs to use a long-term carbon budget approach to properly assess the risks, responsibilities and realities of doing its fair share.
This presentation summarises The Climate Institute’s policy brief, Operating in Limits: Defining an Australian Carbon Budget. For more information visit www.climateinstitute.org.au/articles/publications/operating-in-limits.html
September 2011 - Michigan Energy Forum - S. Lee JohnsonAnnArborSPARK
Regulatory Drivers For CleanTech and Green Jobs: When people think of CleanTech, they usually think of wind turbines and solar panels, but there may be a burgeoning opportunity in energy efficiency. Many states, including Michigan, have adopted Renewable Portfolio Standards that requires utilities to generate a portion of their electricity from renewable sources. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recently promulgated a regulation (the GHG BACT) that will require utilities to reduce their carbon emissions, primarily through energy efficiency. However, several members of Congress are trying to cut back on GHG regulations arguing that these regulations are job killers. Come to the Michigan Energy Forum on September 8th to learn about the latest regulatory developments, what they have meant from green jobs in Michigan, and what the future might hold.
Brand-Rex has achieved carbon neutral status through measuring its carbon footprint and implementing initiatives to reduce emissions, such as switching to more efficient heating systems and increasing recycling. It has offset remaining carbon impacts through investment in renewable energy and methane capture projects. Brand-Rex is committed to further reducing its footprint through environmentally conscious product design, packaging improvements, and encouraging sustainable practices across its operations and supply chain.
The document provides an overview of carbon credits and the carbon market. It discusses key topics like global warming, the IPCC, UNFCCC, and Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol established a carbon market and flexible mechanisms like emissions trading, clean development mechanism (CDM), and joint implementation. CDM projects generate carbon credits that can be sold on the market. Requirements for CDM projects and examples of sectors are also outlined. Registry systems are described that record and verify transactions of carbon credits between countries.
Identifying contaminants of concern for ground water monitoring and water sup...WaterWeUpTo
This document aims to identify contaminants of concern for groundwater monitoring and water supply planning by updating an existing Florida Department of Environmental Protection report. The report provides information on contaminants and recommends monitoring parameters for prevalent industries in Florida. This update will help with permitting, investigations of groundwater contamination, and creating future regulations for emerging contaminants related to public health hazards. It also seeks to educate the public. The document reviews several key industries in Florida and the potential contaminants they may release, such as surfactants from car washing facilities, wood preservatives from wood preserving facilities, and chemicals from wastewater treatment plants.
Emerald is a tool that enables companies to accurately measure and report their carbon emissions. It helps companies comply with legislation, enhance their brands, lower costs, and prepare for the low-carbon economy. Emerald calculates carbon footprints across supply chains and allows companies to display dynamic carbon labels on products using technologies like NFC and QR codes. This empowers consumers with information on carbon emissions and helps brands demonstrate their green credentials.
SOLSTICE® LBA LGWP blowing agent for superior environmental and insulation pe...Plastindustrien
Solstice LBA is a blowing agent that provides superior insulation performance and environmental benefits compared to other blowing agents such as HFCs and pentane. It can be used in spray foam, sandwich panels, and flexible foam applications. Some key benefits of Solstice LBA include up to 20% improved insulation, reduced panel thickness, enhanced flammability performance, and compliance with environmental regulations without compromising performance. Several companies have adopted Solstice LBA due to the improved energy efficiency and insulation it provides.
This document discusses carbon dioxide (CO2) capture from power plant flue gases. It begins by outlining the need to reduce CO2 emissions due to constraints on emissions and fossil fuel resources. It then discusses various CO2 capture technologies currently used or under development for post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxy-fuel combustion processes. These include chemical absorption, adsorption, membranes, and cryogenic separation. The document also addresses the costs, challenges, and energy penalties associated with implementing CO2 capture at power plants.
Main findings Working Group 3: Mitigation of Climate ChangeAndy Dabydeen
The document summarizes key findings from the IPCC's 4th Assessment Working Group III report on mitigating climate change. Some of the main points include:
1) Human activities have increased global greenhouse gas emissions 70% between 1970-2004 and emissions are projected to continue growing in the coming decades without mitigation policies.
2) Significant emission reductions are possible through technologies available now or by 2030 across energy supply, transportation, buildings, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste sectors.
3) Modeling estimates mitigation policies could limit GDP impacts to below 3% and even provide economic benefits in some cases, while still allowing emissions to peak and decline below current levels by 2030.
4
The document discusses international agreements and regulations related to protecting the ozone layer and phasing out ozone depleting substances (ODS). It summarizes the Vienna Convention of 1985, which established a framework for reducing CFC production, and the 1987 Montreal Protocol, which set timelines for phasing out various ODS groups. The document also outlines India's role in these agreements and its national efforts to phase out ODS through various country programs and management plans. It notes challenges in transitioning to alternatives for the foam industry given technical and economic limitations.
03 Gtz Proklima Hc Residential Ac Systems In India & China Markus WypiorKoeppen Halvart
- Hydrocarbon refrigerants like HC-290 (propane) are a safe and excellent alternative to HCFCs in residential air conditioners.
- Demonstration projects in China and India are optimizing air conditioner designs using HC-290 to reduce refrigerant charge and improve energy efficiency.
- The projects aim to support manufacturers in transitioning production to HC-290 units, helping to avoid future HFC emissions from the rapidly growing air conditioner market in developing countries.
Taiwan announced INDC target voluntarily to combat climate changeepaslideshare
Taiwan has committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 50% from projected business-as-usual levels by 2030 in its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution. This targets a reduction to 214 million tons of CO2 equivalent emissions by 2030, down from a projected 428 million tons if no action was taken. Taiwan considered factors like future economic and population growth, existing emissions reduction policies, and targets set by other countries in determining its 2030 target. The target will help Taiwan meet its long-term goal under domestic law of reducing emissions 50% below 2005 levels by 2050.
The document discusses the role of aviation alternative fuels in climate change mitigation. It notes that while there is interest and progress in biofuel trials, today's biofuels may have higher greenhouse gas emissions than conventional fuels. Alternative fuel supply is also constrained and unlikely to significantly reduce aviation emissions in the short to medium term. The document calls for ICAO to address aviation's large and growing climate impact through additional policy measures like emissions standards and market-based approaches, in addition to promoting sustainable alternative fuels.
The document summarizes the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty signed in 1987 to protect the ozone layer by phasing out ozone depleting substances. It discusses how the protocol has been amended over time, identifying several ozone depleting compounds and setting timelines for their phase out. Key achievements of the protocol include worldwide participation, elimination of most ozone depleting substances, support for developing countries, and expectations that the ozone layer will fully recover by 2050 if compliance continues. The document also notes that without the Montreal Protocol, significant depletion of the ozone layer and increased health impacts from UV radiation would have occurred.
Carbon Footprint is an emerging ISO standard to quantify greenhouse gas emissions associated with products and organizations. It involves calculating the carbon dioxide equivalent emissions over the life cycle of a product or system. The standard uses global warming potentials to convert emissions of different greenhouse gases into a common unit. While the standard aims to address climate change, there are concerns about its methodology and potential negative impacts on trade. Defense sectors will need strategies to reduce their carbon footprints in production, operations, and disposal of equipment and materials.
The document discusses complacency in phasing down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) despite international agreement. While the Montreal Protocol successfully phased out ozone-depleting substances, HFC replacements for those substances have high global warming potential. Developed countries led the phase-out of substances like CFCs and HCFCs but relied heavily on HFC replacements. Though HFCs currently contribute little to climate change, their use and emissions are growing rapidly and could undermine the climate benefits achieved under the Montreal Protocol. There is a need to match the international commitment to phasing down HFCs with concrete actions.
Andrea Voigt - EPEE - UN TETTO AI GAS FLUORURATI E LA LORO GRADUALE RIDUZIONE Centro Studi Galileo
1) The document discusses the challenges facing the refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pump (RACHP) sector in Europe in meeting environmental and economic objectives. It summarizes two studies on the sector's emissions and potential for reduction.
2) The studies found that while the refrigerant bank doubled from 1990-2010, emissions decreased over 10% due to phase-outs. A "business as usual" scenario could reduce emissions 15% by 2030, while more ambitious scenarios showed over 60% reduction potential.
3) The European Commission has proposed a revised F-Gas Regulation with a 37% reduction by 2020 and 79% by 2030, along with certain bans. The EU Parliament seeks steeper targets
This document provides an overview of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol. It discusses the problem of climate change and the UNFCCC/Kyoto Protocol framework. It then describes the CDM process, including eligible project types, environmental benefits, project cycle, and financing options. It concludes with requirements for the Philippines to participate in CDM, including ratification of the Kyoto Protocol and establishing a Designated National Authority.
Climate change is being driven by global warming which is caused mainly by greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. Buildings contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions through their operations and electricity usage for HVAC equipment. As developing countries like India experience rapid growth and construction of new buildings, the emissions from building HVAC systems are projected to rise substantially and comprise a larger share of countries' total emissions over time if no action is taken. More sustainable 'green' building practices that improve energy efficiency can help reduce the environmental impacts of buildings and their HVAC systems.
IRJET- CO2 as a Refrigerant in Supermarket Refrigeration Systems: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a refrigerant in supermarket refrigeration systems. It discusses how CO2 is a natural refrigerant that offers advantages over conventional refrigerants like CFCs and HCFCs in terms of being non-toxic, non-flammable, and having no ozone depletion or low global warming potential. The document outlines the ideal properties of CO2 as a refrigerant, including its thermal, physical and chemical characteristics. It also discusses safety aspects and the advantages and disadvantages of using CO2, such as its low critical temperature and high working pressure. The document concludes by suggesting areas for future work to improve CO2 refrigeration technology.
Croatia has ratified the Kyoto Protocol and aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 5% below 1990 levels by 2012 in line with EU policy. Key measures to achieve this include increasing renewable energy sources such as wind, biomass, and hydropower, improving energy efficiency in industry and buildings, and developing sustainable transport options. Long-term goals beyond 2012 involve stabilizing emissions and transitioning to a low-carbon economy through greater renewable energy usage, energy efficiency, connecting to the EU emissions trading system, and potential future measures such as carbon capture and storage or nuclear energy.
The document discusses new developments in foam production, including preliminary results from tests of waterblown polyurethane (PU) foams in Iran. It provides an overview of projects funded by GIZ Proklima to phase out HCFCs and transition foam production to low-GWP alternatives like CO2 and waterblown systems. Details provided include a conversion of an extruded polystyrene (XPS) foam line in China from HCFC-142b and HCFC-22 blowing agents to a CO2 and ethanol system.
The document provides an overview of global warming and climate change topics, including:
- The causes and dangers of global warming from greenhouse gas emissions
- International efforts to address climate change through the UNFCCC, IPCC, Kyoto Protocol, and other agreements
- Market-based mechanisms to reduce emissions like carbon credits, carbon trading, clean development mechanism, and joint implementation projects
- Examples of emissions trading programs and their effectiveness in reducing pollution
CIWM Geotech Award Presentation October 09kofiapea
This document summarizes a presentation on renewable energy, landfill gas, and energy from waste technologies. It provides an overview of these technologies and their current and potential future contributions to UK energy supply and climate change mitigation goals. In particular, it discusses the opportunities for expanding energy from waste through biomethane use in transport and community-level energy from waste microgeneration. The presentation concludes that greater government support is needed to more rapidly deploy renewable technologies and ensure they can meet targets for the UK's energy mix by 2020.
Similar to International Workshop on next-generation technologies for Mobile Vehicles’ Air Conditioning (20)
What can we do in Hungary for safer environment in utilization of SF6UNEP OzonAction
The Hungarian Electrotechnical Association (MEE) established itself as the personnel certification body for working with SF6 gas in Hungary according to EU regulations. MEE developed a training program and examination process to certify personnel in maintenance, installation, and handling of SF6. Over 100 technicians received certification in the first year of the program by completing training and passing the examination administered by MEE. MEE also collects annual reports on SF6 usage in Hungary and shares this data with environmental authorities.
Proper management and responsible use of refrigerantsUNEP OzonAction
The document summarizes Hungary's refrigerant management and certification structure as of October 2011. Key aspects include personnel and company certification in four categories, a real-time IT system for certification and monitoring, and requirements for trace-keeping of the refrigerant lifecycle from production and import through use, recovery, reclamation, and disposal. The goal is a well-organized monitoring system and database to track refrigerant quantities and flows within Hungary and support reporting to EU and Hungarian authorities.
The influence on leakage rate of RAC equipmentUNEP OzonAction
The document describes the Dutch approach to reducing refrigerant leakage from HVAC systems through certification of personnel. It began in 1991 with mandatory CFC reduction and a bottom-up certification process for the predominantly small HVAC businesses in the Netherlands. Personnel were required to pass an assessment on refrigerant handling, brazing, and system knowledge. This increased awareness and led to quality improvements like proper refrigerant accounting and leak prevention practices. As a result, refrigerant leakage rates dropped rapidly from over 30% in 1990 to under 5-10% by 1999. The audit process for certified companies and technicians is also summarized.
Energy Performance of Building Directive, energetic inspection, equipment and...UNEP OzonAction
This document summarizes a presentation on the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) and its recast. It discusses key aspects of the EPBD including its requirements for energy performance standards, energy certification, and inspection of HVAC systems. The recast aims to strengthen these provisions, calculate cost-optimal energy levels, and set a roadmap for increasing nearly zero-energy buildings. It also discusses Hungary's implementation of the EPBD and certification programs from Eurovent.
Registration of Operators and administration of refrigeration circuits, IT ba...UNEP OzonAction
The document summarizes Hungary's system for registering operators and administering refrigeration circuits using an IT-based logbook to implement ODS and F-Gas regulations. It describes how personnel and companies are certified in different categories. Operators of equipment with over 3kg of refrigerant and mobile systems must register circuits and appoint certified partners. The Hungarian Monitoring and Certification Body's online system allows real-time registration of circuits and storage of technical and administrative documents like leak checks and repairs. Over 31,000 refrigeration circuits have been registered in the system since its launch in 2009.
Scope and tools of theoretical traning and assassementUNEP OzonAction
This document describes the scope and tools used for theoretical and practical training at a vocational school for refrigeration and air conditioning tradespeople established in 1995. It provides details on the school's facilities, equipment, certification, course outlines covering relevant topics, and tools used for hands-on training. The goal is to improve students' knowledge and apply up-to-date information and standards to prepare them for work in the field.
Hungarian Refrigeration and Air Conditioning AssocitationUNEP OzonAction
The Hungarian Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Association (HRACA) was established in 1993 and has 350 members. It aims to connect members, provide information, protect interests, set training standards, and manage events. HRACA oversees personnel certification and established departments for various refrigeration and air conditioning specialties after reforms in 2010 to address new challenges. It has a general assembly, president, department leaders, and central office to carry out its activities.
The document summarizes Hungary's personnel and company certification structure for implementing ODS and F-Gas regulations, as presented in October 2011. It outlines the certification process for personnel, including requirements, categories, interim certificates, assessments, and restrictions. It also describes the company certification process and Hungary's monitoring and certification structure for refrigerants.
"Closed-technology" Certification and Monitoring tools for RAC and HP sectorUNEP OzonAction
The document summarizes Hungary's implementation of certification and monitoring for ozone depleting substances and fluorinated greenhouse gases. It describes the development of Hungary's certification system over time, including establishing a certification body. It also outlines Hungary's current system which includes certification of personnel and companies, registration of operators and equipment, and a database to monitor refrigerants and improve compliance.
The document discusses refrigerant policy and the phase out of HCFCs in Hungary. Key points:
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The Duch approch - Netherlands experience from 1991 till F-gas regulation in ...UNEP OzonAction
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This document provides an overview of French regulations for implementing the F-Gaz regulation, which concerns refrigerants like CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs. It describes the French system, which requires operator certification and staff certification, equipment traceability, leak reporting, and other obligations. It also introduces DATAFLUIDES, a centralized online computing system that allows all actors like certified companies and the Ministry to track information on refrigerant operators, staff certifications, and annual reporting obligations. The system aims to improve traceability and help ensure all actors comply with regulation requirements.
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- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
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International Workshop on next-generation technologies for Mobile Vehicles’ Air Conditioning
1. United Nations Environment
Programme
International Workshop on next-
generation technologies for
Mobile Vehicles’ Air Conditioning
June 7, 2010
Julius Banks
U.S EPA
Office of Air and Radiation
Stratospheric Protection Division
2. Welcome
Julius Banks
Team Lead Refrigerant Recycling and Recovery
Regulatory Programs
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air and Radiation; Stratospheric Protection
Division
www.epa.gov/ozone/strathome.html
banks.julius@epa.gov; (202) 343-9870
3. Scope of Briefing
Overview of EPA’s Ozone Layer Protection
Program
U.S. transition from ODS in motor vehicle
air conditioning
Regulatory Framework
MVAC transition in U.S.
HFC reductions via voluntary initiatives
Future alternatives in Ref A/C sectors?
4. Turn Off Production Tap & Improve Public Health
UNEP/WMO Ozone Assessment, 2006
The Montreal Protocol has
slowed and reversed the
accumulation of ozone
depleting substances
(ODSs) in stratosphere
By 2165, actions to protect
the ozone layer will prevent
millions of U.S. skin cancer
deaths
EPA SunWise program in
22,000 schools K-8
UV Index
(Effective stratospheric chlorine is the
weighted sum of chlorine and bromine
gases in the stratosphere.)
6. Global Warming Potential (GWP)
of ODS Emissions
World Avoided
(2-3%/yr growth) 2010: MP will have reduced net*
GWP-weightedt emissions 5-6
times the reduction target of
Kyoto’s first commitment period
*Net offsets for ozone depletion and
ODS substitutes, approximately 3.9
G. Velders et al., PNAS, 2007
GtCO2-eqyr-1, not shown. t100-yr GWPs.
7. 2007 Montreal Protocol Agreement Added Significant
Climate Protection
With U.S. leadership, Parties agreed to more
aggressive phaseout for ozone-depleting
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
Overall, dramatic HCFC reductions 2010-2040
compared to prior commitments, strengthening
ozone layer protection
Climate benefit 2010-2040: 3,000-16,000 MMTCO2E
Approximate midpoint is equivalent to eliminating climate
emissions from 50% of all U.S. passenger cars each year for
next 30 years
9. Montreal Protocol Caused Switches to New
Chemicals With Significant Environmental Benefits
2,500
2,000 U.S. Consumption
Million Metric Tons CO 2 Equivalent
1,500 ODS Other
1,000
ODS Ref/AC
500 Service HFC Ref/AC
Service
HFC Other
ODS Ref/AC New
HFC Ref/AC New
0
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
10. Regulatory Tools to Reduce ODS/GHG
Emissions & Encourage Smooth Transitions
Conserve and Manage Existing Supplies
U.S. Clean Air Act (CAA) Title VI
Section 604/605 phaseout on production and consumption of ODS
Section 608 safe disposal requirements
Safe disposal requirements for small appliances and motor vehicle air
conditioners at end-of-life
Section 609 motor vehicle a/c service requirements
Restriction on the sale of small cans of CFC-12
Required technician training
Mandatory service requirements for MVACs
Section 612 identify safer alternatives to ODS in Ref A/C systems
(SNAP)
R-152a (Aug 2008)
R-744 (Mar 1994)
HFO-1234yf (Oct 2009)
Complementary voluntary programs that encourage safer
outcomes
Mobile Air Conditioning Climate Protection Partnership
GreenChill for Supermarkets
Responsible Appliance Disposal (RAD) program
11. Step 1- Phaseout Manufacture and Import
January 1, 1994; 75% for CFC
January 1, 1996; 100% for CFCs
January 1, 2010; 75% HCFC-22
January 1, 2015; 90% for HCFC-22
January 1, 2020; 100% for HCFC-22
Excise tax $12/lb on CFC
12. Step 2- Conserve Existing Stocks
No ban on continued use of
CFC or HFC in existing
MVACs
Use of existing technology
still allowed
Focus is on conservation and
recovery/recycling/reclamatio
n/reuse
Service requirements and
end-of-life recovery
13. Acceptable Alternatives
Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP)
Program
No mandate on alternative selection
Suite of alternatives for use in retrofit/new
MVAC
Option to revisit alternatives as technology
evolves
14. MVAC Refrigerants
CFC-12 (or R-12)
100 yr atmospheric lifetime
Potent ozone depleting potential (ODP = 1.0 )
Also contributes to climate change (GWP ~ 10,890 WMO)
HFC-134a (or R-134a)
14 yr atmospheric lifetime
Non-ODS (ODP = 0)
Greenhouse gas (GWP ~ 1400)
Future in U.S.??
HR 2454 and other previous House and Senate bills signal
need for low GWP alternatives
Need to expand the suite of potential alternatives
15. Regulatory Considerations
Listing of acceptable refrigerants in MVACs
Concern is recovery of blends or concern for reverse
retrofit if new options are scarce or too expensive
Infrastructure for reclamation or destruction –
financial incentive/disincentive for service
technicians (sales restriction, cylinder return, tax)
Ability to destroy blends at service/end-of-life
16. Statutory Requirements
CAA 609 no later than 1991 required EPA to promulgate regulations
establishing standards and requirements regarding the servicing of
motor vehicle air conditioners
No person repairing or servicing motor vehicles for consideration may
perform any service on a motor vehicle air conditioner involving the
refrigerant for such air conditioner without properly using approved
refrigerant recycling equipment and no such person may perform
such service unless such person has been properly trained and
certified.
Certification that each person performing service on motor vehicle air
conditioners for consideration shall certify to EPA that they have
acquired, and are properly using approved refrigerant recycling
equipment in service on motor vehicle air conditioners involving
refrigerant and that each individual authorized by such person to
perform such service is properly trained and certified
Prohibit the sale and distribution of any ozone depleting refrigerant
suitable for use in an MVAC in a container which contains less than
20 pounds of such refrigerant.
17. Expanding Alternatives Menu:
Some ref/AC transitioned to high-GWP HFCs; some are moving beyond
‣Current SNAP activities includes evaluating substitutes
that, compared to current options, offer significantly
lower- or no-GWP options:
‣HFO-1234yf NPRM proposed for MVACs, final rule
under development
‣Supports OTAQ GHG rule
‣CO2 NODA issued for MVACs, final rule under
development
‣CO2 found acceptable (Notice 24) for commercial
refrigeration
‣HC domestic refrigeration NPRM issued 5/10/10
‣Key sectors still need choices, i.e., unitary
18. What’s Ahead for SNAP: Expanded
Menu
Some ref/AC uses have transitioned from
ODS to HFCs; some have not
Consumption Reductions (MMTCO2eq)
SNAP evaluating substitutes that, 25
compared to current options, offer
significantly lower- or no-GWP choices
Lower-GWP alternatives in SNAP review 14
(examples):
Hydrocarbon (HC) ice cream cabinets
HCs for refrigerators, freezers, self-
contained refrigeration equipment, and
window AC units
Residential refrigerator/freezer with HC
refrigerant
New motor vehicle air conditioning (MVAC)
alternative with 99.7% lower GWP
Supermarket refrigeration using CO2 as a 0
refrigerant
MVAC using R-1234yf, HFC-152a (finalized)
or CO2
19. Title VI Regulatory Initiatives &
Mobile Air Conditioning Climate Protection Partnership
SNAP Program
International standard for ODS alternatives review
Menu approach not mandate or endorsement of specific alternatives
Next generation of air conditioning technology- HFO -1234yf
Component of OTAQ rulemaking on tailpipe emissions reduction
PMN under TSCA still ongoing
SNAP review still ongoing
Sec 608/609 Service Practices to reduce emissions of CFC-12 and HFC-134a
Work with MACS and SAE to adopt recovery/recycling equipment standards into
regulation
Adopted MACS training requirements into mandatory technician certification
program
Mandatory recovery of refrigerant prior to auto shredding or crushing
MAACPP reduces the environmental impact of mobile air conditioning
recovery and recycling of CFC-12 and HFC-134a refrigerants
development of new, environmentally superior air conditioning technologies
increased cooling efficiency
improved service procedures
end-of-life servicing
MAACPP provided
Partnership with industry groups
Research cooperation
Development and testing of next-generation mobile air conditioning systems, and
Technical assistance
20. Next Steps
Julius Banks
Team Lead, Refrigerant Recovery and Recycling
Programs
U.S. EPA Office of Air and Radiation, Office of
Atmospheric Programs, Stratospheric Protection
Division
(202) 343-9870
banks.julius@epa.gov
www.epa.gov/ozone/strathome.html