The document summarizes the activities of a project assessing earthquake disaster risk in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. It describes: 1) Three working groups established to conduct seismic hazard assessment, seismic risk assessment, and pilot activities. 2) Results of the seismic hazard assessment including identifying three scenario earthquakes and modeling ground shaking levels. 3) Joint coordination committee and working group meetings held to discuss the project's progress and results.

1. JICA ERAKV
NEWS No. 4
THE PROJECT FOR ASSESSMENT OF EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RISK
FOR THE KATHMANDU VALLEY IN NEPAL
1. Introduction and Project Components
2. Project Summary
3. Activities of Working Groups
4. JCC, Joint Working Group Meetings and Seminar
5. Result of the Seismic Hazard Assessment
6. Result of the Seismic Risk Assessment
7. Pilot Activities: Local Disaster and Climate Resilience Plan
8. Pilot Activities: Standard Operation Procedures
9. Pilot Activities: Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Activities
10. Counterpart Training in Japan
Contents
Februrary 2018
Digest of the Project

2. INTRODUCTION
Katsu KATO
Masato AKASHI
Makoto IKEDA
Junya UMEMURA
Ryoji TAKAHASHIRajendra Prasad
KHANAL
Deependra Nath
SHARMA
Kenpei KOJIKASuman SALIKEDwarika
SHRESTHA
Fumio KANEKOJhanka Nath
DHAKAL
Suresh ADHIKARI Jun MATSUO
Krishna Bahadur
RAUT
Toshio DOI
Koichi HASEGAWA
Shukyo SEGAWA
Michio MORINO
Team Leader /
DM Administration
Director General
Department of Mines
and Geology
Secretary
Ministry of Urban
Development
DeputyTeam Leader/
DM Administration/
Risk Assessment/
DRR Planning
S. D. E./ Project Manager
Ministy of Urban
Development
Joint Secretary /
Project Director
Ministy of Urban
Development
Seismic Hazard
Assessment
(Earthquake)
Under Secretary
Ministry of Home
Affairs
Joint Secretary
Ministry of Federal
Affairs and Local
Development
Seismic Hazard
Assessment
(Ground Modelling)
Joint Secretary
Ministry of Home
Affairs
Soil Survey
Seismic Hazard
Assessment
(Ground motion)
Seismic Hazard
Assessment
(Ground motion)
Seismic Hazard
Assessment
(Topography)
Regional DM Planning
1/ Reconstruction
Planning
Regional DM Planning 2
Emergency response
Planning
Urban Design
and Planning
PROJECT MEMBER
GOVERNMENT COUNTERPARTS TEAM MEMBERS
The project “The study on Earthquake Disaster Mitigation”,
conducted by JICA in 2002, estimated the damage with several
scenario earthquakes. More than ten years have passed since
the project, and, population and the number of buildings
have increased without enough countermeasures against the
earthquake disaster. In this circumstance, the Government of
Nepal (GoN) requested the assistance from the Government of
Japan, and this project was formulated.
On April 25, 2015, just before the commencement of
the project, the Gorkha Earthquake of Mw 7.8 (USGS)
occurred. The experts from the project urgently visited
Kathmandu starting from 6th May and investigated the
damage of buildings, the needs of the GoN for recovery
and reconstruction, and had series of discussions with the
counterparts.
Though the Gorkha Earthquake caused heavy damages both in
and out of Kathmandu Valley, the damage was relatively small
as compared to other earthquakes having similar magnitude.
It was recognized by both JICA and GoN that the quick recovery
and reconstruction with the concept of Build Back Better
(BBB) is an urgent issue and, in the meantime, it is necessary
to promote the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
(DRRM) for the future earthquake. Thus, this project modified
its contents as shown in the next page so as to achieve above
concept.
Regular Meeting with Project Director
Meeting with Mayor of Bhaktapur
Meeting with Mayor of Budhanilkantha

3. The project was planned for Seismic Hazard Assessment, Seismic Risk Assessment and Local Disaster and
Cliamte Resilience plan (LDCRP) based on the Risk Assessment. However, in order to correspond to the needs
after the Gorkha Earthquake, following activities were agreed in the 1st Joint Coordinating Committee (JCC)
meeting held on 18th June, 2015. After the modification of project components , the project was implemented
and will be completed by April 2018.
Kanako IUCHI
Akira INOUE
Akio HAYASHI
Hiroshi IMAIZUMI
Miki KODAMA
Akihiro FURUTA
Abilash POKHREL
Toshikazu HIWAKI
Land Use Planning
Earthquake Disaster
Risk Assessment
(Building)
Earthquake Disaster
Risk Assessment (Infra-
structure)
Earthquake Disaster
Risk Assessment
(Economic and
Social Analysis)
Community Based Dis-
aster Risk Management
GIS and Mapping
Damage Survey
Organization Coordi-
nation
Project Coordinator /
Associate Regional
DM Planning
Hisila MANANDHAR
Apil K.C.
Civil Engineer
Local Consultant
Standard Operation
Procedure
Bisweswor Pd. Regmi
Graphic DesignerLocal Consultant
CBDRRM Activities
Deepak Raj PAGENI
Subhechha SHARMA Sangita ADHIKARI
GIS Engineer
Interpreter /
Civil Engineer
Secretary
Naresh SHRESTHA
PROJECT COMPONENTS
Original Components
WG3: Pilot ActivitiesWG1: Hazard Assessment
WG2: Risk
Assessment
Supplement Components
Safe Kathmandu
Campaign
Construction of
Cut Model
BBB Reconstruction Plan for Pilot
Municipalities
Emergency Response
Chronicle Survey
Standard Operation
Procedures
Seismic Risk
Assessment
Building Damage and
Inventory Survey
Soil Investigation
Scenario Earthquake
Seismic Hazard
Assessment
Evaluation of the Results of
2002 Project
Local Disaster and Climate
Resilience Plan (LDCRP)
1st JCC Meeting
CBDRRM Activties
Contents
1
Project Components

4. PROJECT SUMMARY
Overall Goal
To reduce the earthquake disaster risk through
effective and sustainable measures to be taken
based on the disaster risk assessment.
Project Purpose
To implement the earthquake risk assessment
for future scenario earthquakes considering
the earthquake environment after the Gorkha
Earthquake, and to develop the LDCRP for
concrete and effective promotion of disaster risk
management for future earthquakes.
Project Output
Output 1
Seismic hazard assessment based on scenario earthquakes utilizing the
latest knowledge and creation of detailed ground model for Kathmandu
Valley.
Output 2
Seismic risk assessment based on the results of seismic hazard
assessment (Output 1), and summarize as damage estimation by
considering several occurrence scenes (time, date, etc.) for buildings
and infrastructure damage, and human and economic loss.
Output 3
Enhancement of technical skills for updating risk assessment results in
accordance with the social environment change in the future.
Output 4
To formulate BBB recovery and reconstruction plan utilizing the results
of hazard assessment, and LDCRP based on the results of seismic risk
assessment for the pilot municipalities.
Implementing Agencies
MoUD, MoHA, MoFALD, and DMG
Pilot Municipalities
1) Lalitpur Metropolitan City
2) Bhaktapur Municipality
3) Budhanilkantha Municipality
Duration
Approx. 3 Years
( from April 2015 to April 2018)
Project study area
Image of Output-1- Ground model
Image of Output-2- Heavily Damaged Building Ratio
Image of Output-4- LDCRP Technical Guideline and Plan
Contents
2

5. ACTIVITIES OF 3 WORKING GROUPS
WG 1
Seismic
Hazard
Assessment
WG 2
Seismic Risk
Assessment
WG 3
Pilot
Activities
1st Meeting on 7th Aug 2015
1st Meeting on 5th Aug 2015
Outline and Framework of the activities were discussed and progress
of microtremor measurement was introduced.
1st Meeting on 27th July 2015
Outline and Framework for the activities were explained to the
participants.
Outline and Framework of the Recovery and Reconstruction Plan was
explained. The schedule, image of plan was discussed.
2nd Meeting on 9th Nov 2015
Progress including Scenario Earthquake and Soil Modelling, including
the importance of technical transfer was shared.
2nd Meeting on 8th Feb 2016
The progress of Data collection for Buildings, Infrastructures,
Lifelines, Social Economic situation was explained. The necessity of
more detail data was shared.
2nd Meeting on 1st Mar 2016
(Draft) BBB Recovery and Reconstruction Plan was introduced. The
implementation method and budget were recognized as the main
issues to be further discussed.
3rd Meeting on 11 Sep 2016
Review of project and hazard assessment was made and results of
liquefaction and slope failure were explained.
3rd Meeting on 4th Aug 2016
The risk assessment approaches for building and infrastructure
damage and human and economic loss were discussed.
3rd Meeting on 6th May 2016
The contents of BBB Recovery and Reconstruction Plan was
discussed.
The outline of Local Disaster Risk Management Plan (LDRMP)
guideline anong with structure and contents of DRRM Plan and
Standard Operation Procedure were presented and confirmed.
The progress of formulation of DRRM Plan, SOP and CBDRRM
activities were shared with Draft SOP and draft technical guideline
for formulation of LDRMP.
The progress of formulation of Guideline for Local Disaster and Climate Resilience Plan (LDCRP) and
LDCRP for Pilot Municipalities, formulation of SOP and progress of CBDRRM activities were shared and
confirmed.
The Results of formulation of Technical Guideline for LDCRP and LDCRP for Pilot Municipalities,
formulation of SOP and CBDRRM Activities were discussed and confirmed.
Building damage in 2016 and 2030, damage of infrastructure and
lifelines, human casualty and economic loss were shared. Risk
assessment results were discussed and confirmed.
4th Meeting on 23rd Feb 2017
4th Meeting on 19th December 2016
5th Meeting on 7th June, 2017
6th Meeting on 14th September, 2017
7th Meeting on 20th December, 2017
Contents
3

6. JCC, JOINT WORKING GROUP MEETINGS AND SEMINAR
1st JCC Meeting on 18 June 2015
The Project Component was modified (Content 1) and 3 Pilot Municipalities were determined.
1st JWG Meeting on 6 December 2015
1st Joint Working Group (JWG) meeting was organized to share the works of each working group before the 2nd JCC meeting
and the comprehensive ideas including the themes of 3 WGs were discussed.
2nd JCC Meeting on 16 December 2015
The activities of the three WGs were presented by Nepali representative of each WG. Scenario Earthquakes were determined.
The framework for Recovery and Reconstruction Plan was confirmed.
2nd JWG Meeting on 11 April 2016
Progress of Seismic Hazard Assessment, calculation of PGA (Peak Ground Acceleration) for the Scenario Earthquakes and
importance of PGA for Risk Assessment and Disaster Management was shared.
3rd JCC Meeting on 10 May 2016
Results of Hazard assessment (the Scenario Earthquakes and Seismic Motion) and Finalization of the Recovery and
Reconstruction Plans in Pilot Municipalities were discussed and confirmed.
4th JCC Meeting on 14 September 2016
Result of hazard assessment, coverage items for risk assessment, methodology for risk assessment, disaster occurrence scenes,
target scenarios for full scale risk assessment and activities at pilot municipalites in phase 2 were discussed and confirmed.
Results of Seismic Hazard Assessment and Result of formulation of BBB Recovery and Reconstruction Plans were made open
to the public. Also presentation on Fragility Curves for the building related to 2015 Gorkha Earthquake and implementation of
disaster reduction measures to build disaster resilient KV were made.
1st Seminar on 16 September 2016
Confirmed commencement of risk assessment and output image of results of risk assessment. Indicators of Global Targets of
the Sendai Framework for DRR and contribution by the project was discussed.
5th JCC on 12 December 2016
Seismic Risk Assessment Results of building damage in 2016 and 2030, Damage of Infrastructure and lifeline, Human
Casualty and Economic Loss were discussed and confirmed. Target levels of scenario earthquake ground motion were
discussed and confirmed.
Pilot activities, revision mechanism, data sharing, implementation process, and equipment handover were discussed and
confirmed. Finally, the completion of all the project activities was confirmed.
6th JCC on 06 April 2017
7th JCC on 12 February 2018
Procedure of Seismic Risk Assessment, Targets of Seismic Risk Assessment and Results of Seismic Risk Assessment based on
Seismic Hazard Assessment were made open to public. Presentation on Results of Estimation of Damage to Buildings, Critical
Infrastructures and Lifeline were made. Guest Presentation on Investment based on Risk Assessment and Past Disaster
Experience was also made.
Presentations about the activities and accomplishment of the project will be presented in the first half of the seminar. In
the second half, Nepalese and Japanese presenters will present construction of robust and resilient society against natural
disaster risk.
2nd Seminar on 11 April 2017
Final Seminar on 14 February 2018 (Scheduled)
Contents
4

7. RESULT OF THE SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT
As the resource information for reducing the damage due to future earthquakes to the Kathmandu Valley, “Seismic Hazard
Assessment” has been conducted. Firstly, the scenario earthquakes were set. Secondly, the seismic motions due to the
scenario earthquakes were calculated by considering the propagation of the seismic waves from the epicentre to the bottom
rock of the Valley. Then, the amplification of earthquake motions within the sub-surface of the Valley was analysed. Finally, the
earthquake shaking at the ground surface and collateral hazards like liquefaction and slope failure were investigated.
Scenario Earthquake
Amplification of Seismic Motion
The possible earthquakes affecting the Kathmandu
valley were investigated in order to prepare for future
earthquakes. They were derived from the following
information: active faults, crustal movement, historical
earthquakes and current seismic activity. During the
process, the opinions of national and international
experts including that of DMG were taken into account.
As a result, the following 3 scenario earthquakes were
set: 1) Far- Mid Western Nepal Scenario Eq., 2) Western
Nepal Scenario Eq., and 3) Central Nepal South Scenario
Eq. In addition, the information of the past earthquakes
is effective for verification. Therefore, the information
due to the 1934 Nepal-Bihar Earthquake, as well as the
main shock and the largest aftershock of the 2015 Gorkha
Earthquake were used.
SCENARIO EARTHQUAKE GROUND SHAKING
LEVEL
Western Nepal Scenario
Earthquake
(M = 7.8)
Normal Attenuation
(WN)
Central Nepal South
Scenario Earthquake
(M = 7.8)
Normal Attenuation *
1/3 (CNS-1)
Normal Attenuation *
1/2 (CNS-2)
Normal Attenuation *
2/3 (CNS-3)
Kathmandu Valley shows complicated features, as the sub-
surface ground is covered by the strata deposited at the time
of the Paleo-Kathmandu Lake, and river and terrace deposits.
Features of the amplification and the predominant period
calculated from the ground models greatly influence ground
motion distribution. Depending on the level of the input ground
motion, a nature of nonlinearity of soil appears.
Amplification of Sub-surface GroundEstimated Predominant Period of the Ground
Scenario Earthquake Fault Model
‘‘Scenario Earthquakes are not prediction of future Earthquakes, they are technical assumption of possible earthquakes based on
the studies of historical earthquakes, recent seismicity, tectonics and active faults.’’
Scenario Earthquake Ground Motion for Risk
Assessment
Contents
5
weak
Strong
STRENGTH

8. MMI Distribution of Kathmandu Valley
Using the ground models for sub-surface of the Kathmandu Valley, the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) by 3 scenario
earthquakes and verification earthquakes were calculated by equivalent linear soil dynamic response analysis. PGAs of the
sediment area of the valley are mainly ranged in 150-200 gal for Gorkha earthquake and Western Nepal Scenario earthquake,
200-400 gal for CNS-1 and increased to 250-600 gal and 300-800 gal for CNS-2 and CNS-3 respectively.
Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)
Western Nepal
Central Nepal South-1 Central Nepal South-2 Central Nepal South-3
Western Nepal 2015 Gorkha Earthquake (Estimated for Verification)
Central Nepal South-1 Central Nepal South-2 Central Nepal South-3
Seismic intensity is the most popular index of earthquake motion. Among several intensity scales in the world, the Modified
Mercali Intensity Scale (MMI) is most popularly used in many countries. This scale, composed of increasing levels of intensity
that range from imperceptible shaking to catastrophic destruction, is designated by Roman numerals.
150-200 gal
200-400 gal
150-200 gal
250-600 gal 300-800 gal
2015 Gorkha Earthquake
(Estimated for Verification)

9. Seismic Risk Assessment is based on the results of seismic hazard assessment and diverse information. The major targets
of the assessment are buildings, road network, bridges, water supply and sewage pipelines, power distribution network
and telecommunication system. The results have been summarized in tables and maps by each sector such as building,
infrastructure, lifelines, human damage and economic losses.
Contents of Risk Assessment
Earthquake Occurrence Scenes
Category Items of Risk Assessment
Building
Damage of General Building
Damage of School Building
Damage of Health Facility Building
Damage of Governmental Building
Infra-
structure
Road
Hazardous Points due to Slope Failure
and Liquefaction
Road Link Blockage by Collapsed
Building
Bridge Damage Degree of Bridge
Lifeline
Water Supply Damage Points of Pipeline Network
Sewage Length of Pipeline Damage
Power
Distribution
Network
Damage of Utility Pole
Telecom
Network
Damage of Mobile BTS Tower
Human Casualty Death, Injured and Evacuee
Economic Loss
Direct Damage (Building, Infrastructure
and Lifeline)
Indirect Damage (Tourism Revenue)
The Project has conducted the earthquake risk
assessment with a quantitative method. Earthquake
risk is estimated by the results of hazard analysis and
the vulnerability of buildings and infrastructures. In
reality, the damage of structures will be estimated by
the ground acceleration or velocity of each 250m x
250 m grid, used in hazard analysis, and the number
and characteristics of the structures in the same grid.
The results of the assessment are plotted in GIS format and
a series of risk maps are prepared. The maps include the
items explained in the right handside table and the scale
of the map is the entire Kathmandu Valley.The boundaries
such as district boundary, municipality boundary and ward
boundary set by the government has been used while
preparing the map.
The basic principle for risk assessment is to consider the
real vulnerability of the structure of Nepal. Method for risk
assessment has been referred to that used by the local
governnment of Japan, but necessary modifications have
been made to reflect the characteristics of structures of
Nepal.
Risk assessment of this project has been conducted for
two cases: (1) the risk of 2016 and (2) 2030 to match
with target year for Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction. The purpose of risk assessment for 2030 is to
see how the risk could be reduced through strengthening
building seismic performance, comparing with that the
simple extrapolation of current situation.
The risk assessment for 2016 considers different
earthquake occurrence scenes (occurrence time) based
on the damage situation of Nepal and available data. With
the investigation on inside building ratio in daytime, night,
weekday, weekend and the other data availability, the
earthquake occurrence scene for the project is concluded.
RESULT OF THE SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT
Contents
6

10. DAMAGE ESTIMATE FOR KATHMANDU VALLEY (Case CNS-2)
General Building Damage
School Building Damage
HUMAN CASUALTY
BUILDING
Government Building Damage
Out of 444,554
Out of 5,731 Out of 478
Out of 2,786,929
Out of 584
Case of Earthquake occurrence at midnight
1,057
(18.4%)
Damage estimation is based on available data with some assumpt
1,196,080 Evacuees
(42.92%)
85
(17.8%)
22,180 Dead
(0.80%)
810
(14.1%)
66
(13.8%)
1,654
(28.9%)
126
(26.4%)
Slight
Slight Slight
Moderate
Moderate Moderate
Heavy
Heavy Heavy
77,713
(17.5%)
Slight
62,691
(14.1%)
Moderate Heavy
136,060
(30.6%)
Health Facility Damage
105
(18.0%)
83
(14.2%)
153
(26.2%)
86,860 Injured
(3.12%)

11. tions, therefore, actual damage might not be exactly as above.
Water Supply (Existing)
Water Supply (Planned)
INFRASTRUCTURELIFE LINE
Sewage
Power Distribution
Mobile BTS Tower
Out of 190,851 Poles
Out of 1,192 km
Out of 5,811 km
Out of 1,167 km
Out of 699 km
Out of 45
Out of 1,043 Total Economic loss = 765,678
Tower Damage
(35.7%)
Damage length
(1.0%)
372
11.9 km
Bridge Damage
Road Damage
Susceptibility
(RC Sub-structure)
RC= Reinforced Concrete
Buildings Infrastructure & life
line
761,534 4,144
DIRECT ECONOMIC LOSS
(Million NPR)
By landslide By Liquefaction
98.5 km
(1.7%)
274.9 km
(4.7%)
Broken Electricity Pole
(4.8%)
9,156
12
(26.7%)Heavy
3,496
460
6
(13.3%)
Slight
27
(60 %)Moderate
Damage points
Damage points

12. PILOT ACTIVITIES: LOCAL DISASTER AND CLIMATE RESILIENCE PLAN
As a revision to Local Disaster Risk Management Planning
Guideline 2011, Local Disaster and Climate Resilience Plan
(LDCRP) guideline was formulated by MoFALD in 2018. JICA
Project Team developed a Technical Guideline for formulation of
LDCRP.
Technical Guideline (TG) for Formulation of Local Disaster and
Climate Resilience Plan
Technical Guideline has been developed by the project to
be utilized as a reference document by the local governing
bodies for the formulation of practical and effective
LDCRP, as well as, to provide guidance with detail contents,
formulation procedures and examples of description for
easy conceptualization of the actual contents.
TG is not just a template but a manual which includes the
methodology for collection of data and information and
ways of deciding priority activities.
Structure of TG
The structure of TG is in accordance with the LDCRP guideline developed by MoFALD. Local governing bodies can easily
understand its contents and formulate a practical LDCRP.
Chapter1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Objective of Plan
1.3 Rationale and Significance of Plan
1.4 Limitation of Plan
1.5 Methodology
1.6 Plan Implementation Strategy
Chapter2 General Description
2.1 Physical Condition
2.2 Social Condition
Chapter3 Hazard, Vulnerability, Capacity and Risk Assessment
3.1 Historical Disaster Events
3.2 Hazard Identification and Ranking
3.3 Hazard Analysis
3.4 Vulnerability Analysis
3.5 Capacity Analysis
3.6 Risk Identification and Assessment
Chapter4 Local Disaster and Climate Resilience Policy
4.1 Vision and Mission
4.2 Disaster and Climate Resilience Strategy
4.3 Institutional Structure of Disaster and Climate Resilience
Chapter5 Local Disaster and Climate Resilience Activities
5.1 Understanding disaster risk
5.2 Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk
5.3 Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience
5.4 Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response, and to
«Build Back Better» in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction
Chapter6 Monitoring, Evaluation and Update of LDCRP
6.1 Monitoring and Evaluation
6.1 Review and Update of LDCRP
Additionally, several reference information and sources are included in TG to support in formulating LDCRP such as information
from the Japanese experiences, the contents of Sendai Framework etc.
Contents
7
Concept of LDCRP
DCR Policy
Structure of LDCRP
Table of Contents of LDCRP TG

13. Formulation of TG:
On the basis of the above mentioned structure, TG has been formulated. The distinctive points of TG are as follows:
1) Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (VCA) and Risk Assessment
In 2011 LDRMP guideline, there was only one VCA tool for the hazard and risk identification. The LDCRP guideline now comprises
of two ways of hazard and risk identification using VCA tool and risk assessment.
VCA is concerned with collecting, analyzing and systematizing information of a given community’s vulnerability to hazards in a
structured and meaningful way in order to diagnose the key risks and existing capacities of the community and formulating and
implementing plans aimed at reducing vulnerability to potential disasters.
On the other hand, Seismic Risk Assessment is scenario oriented deterministic approach. The risk is estimated by considering
seismic hazard, vulnerability of structure and exposure as an engineering assessment. Benefits of risk assessment for LDCRP
are as follows:
• It can be utilized to set the numerical DRR target based on
the engineering results.
•On the basis of the target, the countermeasures to achieve
DRR targets can be considered.
• It can be used for the prioritizing of countermeasures for
critical infrastructures such as schools, health facilities,
governmental buildings and bridges.
• Activities can be implemented with effective monitoring
based on the DRR ratio (what level of DRR target to achieve)
Reference of Japanese Experience
Procedure of LDCRP

14. Consideration of the DCR activities
2) Structure in accordance with Sendai Framework
Several contents in the TG are based on the Sendai
Framework, particularly Chapter 4 and Chapter 5. Chapter
4 relates to global targets whereas Chapter 5 relates to the
four priority for actions of Sendai Framework – prevention
and mitigation, preparedness, emergency response,
recovery and reconstruction.
3) Consistency with legal Framework
The TG is consistent with the existent law of Nepal.
Additionally, changes have been appropriately reflected
according to the recent law formulated during the project
period such as Constitution of Nepal, Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Act 2017, Local Government
Operation Act 2017.
4) Consideration of disaster and climate resilience activities.
TGsummarizesonhowtoconsiderthedisasterandclimateresilient(DCR)activitiesindetail.DCRactivitiesshouldbeconsidered
based on the results of hazard, vulnerability, capacity and risk assessment, vision and mission, and should be prioritized based
on the strategies as shown in the figure. Additionally, National and provincial action plans should be integrated in DCR activities
to reduce local level residual risks.
Setting of DRR targets In accordance With SFDRR
Prioritization of local disaster risk and climate resilience activities is important to implement efficiently and effectively on a
limited budget of the local level. Prioritization should be done by taking into account the fundamental steps of disaster risk
management such as understanding risks, strengthening governance, investing in disaster risk reduction and enhancing
disaster preparedness for effective response, and to Build Back Better in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. Activities
shall be divided as per the priorities for action of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.
5) Development of an example of disaster and climate resilience activities.
The JICA project Team developed the example of disaster and climate resilience activities as an appendix of TG so that the local
governing bodies can refer to it for considering their action plans. Example of activities shows not only the title of activity but
also its detail contents.

15. Formulation Process of LDCRP
Local Disaster and Climate Resilience Plan for Pilot Municipalities.
The JICA project formulated the Local Disaster and Climate Resilience Plan (LDCRP) for 3 pilot municipalities - Lalitpur
Metropolitan City, Bhaktapur Municipality and Budhanilkantha Municipality. The purpose of earthquake hazard and risk
assessment which the project implemented was not only for assessment but also to connect the results to the real disaster
management countermeasures and disaster risk reduction. Therefore, LDCRPs for pilot municipalities were developed by
utilizing the result of the earthquake risk assessment to consider the target for disaster risk reduction according to Sendai
Framework and consider the necessary activities to achieve its targets.
Formulation of LDCRP
The JICA Project Team formulated the Local Disaster and
Climate Resilience Plan (LDCRP) for pilot municipalities
based not only on the collected information but also by
holding workshops as a part of participatory planning.
The following figure shows the planning framework and
processes of LDCRP.
JICA Project Team discussed the contents of LDCRP with
counterparts from each pilot municipality, and organized
three workshops in each pilot municipality.
The details of the workshop are as follows:
Workshop Date Purpose Output
Lalitpur Bhaktapur Budhanilkantha Lalitpur Bhaktapur Budhanilkantha Lalitpur Bhaktapur Budhanilkantha
Orientation for
Plan making
(1st Workshop)
30 June,
2017
25 June,
2017
12 June,
2017
Orientation for Plan making
Explanation of the Project
Explanation and discussion about the outline,
procedure and contents of LDCRP
Discussion about the Vision and Mission of
LDCRP
Vision and Mission of LDCRP was set
Hazard,
Vulnerability,
Capacity (VCA) and
Risk Assessment
(2nd Workshop)
13 Sep,
2017
22 Sep,
2017
11 Sep,
2017
◆ Explanation of Local Disaster and Climate
Resilience Plan (LDCRP),
Chapter 1: Introduction,
Chapter 2: General Description
◆ Discussion on Chapter 3: Hazard,
Vulnerability, Capacity and Risk Assessment
3-1 Historical Disaster Events
3-2 Hazard Identification and Ranking
3-3 Hazard Analysis
3-4 Vulnerability Analysis
3-5 Capacity Analysis
3-6 Risk Identification and Assessment
◆ Discussion on Chapter 4: Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Policy
4-1 Vision and Mission
4-2 Strategy
1) Collection of Historical Disaster Events
2)Hazard Identification and Ranking
other than Earthquake
3) Vulnerabiltiy and Capacity
Identification
4)Setting of DRR target
Prioritization
of Disaster and
Climate Resilient
Activities
(3rd Workshop)
19 Dec,
2017
20 Dec,
2017
18 Dec,
2017
◆ Explanation of Local Disaster and Climate
Resilience Plan (LDCRP), Chapter 1-4
◆ Discussion on Local Disaster and Climate
Resilience Activities
(1) Prioritization of Activities
(2) Designation of Location for
Evacuation and Priority Activities
1)DCR activities were prioritized
2) Additiion or modification of Priority
activities as per the local context
3) Identification of Location for
evacuation

16. Risk Maps(Example of LDCRP for Lalitpur Metropolitan City)
Flood and Fire
Capacity Map (Example of LDCRP
for Lalitpur Metropolitan City)
Vulnerability Map (Example of LDCRP
for Lalitpur Metropolitan City)
Hazard Map for disasters except earthquakes
(Example of LDCRP for Lalitpur Metropolitan City)
Note: Information is based on the workshop
for formulation of LDCRP in LMC
Based on the discussion on the 2nd workshop for formulation
of LDCRP, disaster identification and ranking was summarized
for the pilot municipalities with priority. Earthquakes were
prioritized as the most hazardous disaster according to the
LDCRP guideline (MoFALD). Flood disasters were the second
prioritized disaster for all of the three pilot municipalities.
However, other target disasters and priorities are different for
each municipality.
In addition, Disaster Risk Reduction target for
2030 were discussed and determined in the 2nd
workshop for formulation of LDCRP based on the
comparison of the result between the present and
future seismic risk assessment. On the basis of
these target numbers the target value in the form
of disaster and climate resilience strategy were
summarized according to Sendai Framework.
Thus, in order to achieve the strategies, the
necessary activities to be implemented were
considered.
Priority
Lalitpur
Metropolitan City
Bhaktapur
Municipality
Budhanilkantha
Municipality
First Earthquake Earthquake Earthquake
Second Flood Flood Flood
Third Road Accident Fire Landslide
Fourth Fire Windstorm Wild Fire
Fifth Landslide Road Accident Wildlife Attack
Sixth Drought - -
Disaster Ranking of Pilot Municipality
Disaster Risk Reduction target for 2030
DRR target for 2030
Lalitpur
Metropolitan City
Bhaktapur
Municipality
Budhanilkantha
Municipality
Heavy damage of
building
35%
(12,362 → 8,035)
40%
(3,730 → 2,238)
40%
(1,380 → 828)
Target of Sendai Framework
(a)Mortality
Approx. 35% Reduce
(1,761 → 1,150)
Approx. 40% Reduce
(546 → 330)
Approx. 40% Reduce
(235 → 140)
(b)Number of affect-
ed people
Approx. 35% Reduce
(Evacuees)
(118,485 → 77,000)
Approx. 40% Reduce
(Evacuees)
(37,843 → 22,700)
Approx. 40% Reduce
(Evacuees)
(20,803 → 12,000)
(c) Economic Loss
Approx. 15% Reduce re-
lated to heavy damage of
building
(43,377 → 37,000(mil.
NPR))
Approx. 20% Reduce
related to heavy dam-
age of building
(8,433 → 7,000(mil.
NPR))
Approx. 20% Reduce re-
lated to heavy damage
of building
(4,373 → 3,500(mil.
NPR))
(d)Critical
infrastructure
Reduce Reduce Reduce
(e)Local disaster risk
reduction strategy
LDCRP and above strategy
Landslide Drought
Road Accident

17. Members of municipal assembly along with the members of local disaster and climate resilience committee showed active
participation in the workshops. MoFALD and WG3 members also provided comments and suggestions in the WG3 meetings.
LDCRP of pilot municipalities were finalized based on the suggestions and feedbacks that were received in those workshops
and meetings
Strategic Map for Disaster and Climate Resilience (Example of LMC)
Cover Page of LDCRP

18. PILOT ACTIVITIES: STANDARD OPERATION PROCEDURES
As a part of pilot activity, Standard Operation Procedures (SOP) were prepared for 3 pilot municipalities. The preparation activity
was started in December 2016. To start with, research on existing manuals and guidelines of Nepal as well as Japan was car-
ried out. Several meetings and workshops were conducted with MoHA and pilot municipalities in order to collect feedbacks and
suggestions. SOP was then finalized based on the results of these workshops in December 2017.
Workshop at Municipalities in June 2017
Workshop at Municipalities in September 2017
Budhanilkantha Bhaktapur Lalitpur
Budhanilkantha Bhaktapur Lalitpur
Contents
8

19. The finalized SOP consists of 4 chapters and 4 appendices.
Chapter 1 consists of introduction and objectives of the SOP
document. Preparedness of officials as well as basic duration
of the emergency response activities are also illustrated in this
chapter.
Chapter 2 describes the standard flow and preparation of
mobilization in case of an earthquake. The flow of mobilization
is demonstrated for both “On duty” as well as “Off duty”
purposes.
Chapter 3 includes the project team’s novel suggestion of
establishment of Emergency Response Head Quarter (ERHQ).
Responsibility to establish ERHQ, its organizational structure
and its functions are also described in this chapter.
Chapter 4 comprises of preparedness and response activities
against earthquake. Necessity of collecting information and
regular verification of official facilities have been emphasized
for preparedness.
AppendixAis the “Activity Flowchart” for emergency response.
This figure shows specific activities to be followed by each
division/ section of the municipality in case of a disaster.
Officers can easily understand what, when and how should the
activities be performed.
Appendix B is the “Disaster Information Format”. A standard
disaster information format has been suggested through this
SOP for each municipality.
Appendix C is the “List of Evacuees at Evacuation Shelter”.
This format has been prepared referring to the Japanese
Guidelines and Manuals.
Appendix D is the “Personal Data of Officials”. This form has
been suggested in order to collect necessary information of
officials so that contacting them in case of a disaster would
be easy. This format is expected to be compiled and regularly
updated beforehand.
Mutual consensus from Municipalities, MoHA and related stakeholders was carried out for formulation and finalization of SOP. It
is highly recommended that SOP be regularly updated as per the revision in government structure.
[Cover pages of 3 SOPs]
Workshop at Municipalities in December 2017
Budhanilkantha Bhaktapur Lalitpur

20. PILOT ACTIVITIES: COMMUNITY BASED DISASTER RISK
REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT (CBDRRM) ACTIVITIES
As a part of pilot activity, with the aim of enhancing people’s awareness and understanding on the result of the earthquake risk
assessment, and utilizing the result for the improvement of community disaster risk reduction and management (CBDRRM),
a series of pilot CBDRRM activities were conducted as a part of implementation of BBB recovery and reconstruction plan and
LDCRP.
Target Wards of the Pilot CBDRRM Activities
As shown in the above figure, the ERAKV CBDRRM Activities was started by the 3-day CBDRRM training for the municipality
officers and relevant stakeholders (STEP 1) on 20-22 February, 2017 for the purpose to make the municipality officers actively
involve the pilot activities with a sound understanding of the importance of the CBDRRM activities.
After the training, the CBDRRM activities (STEP 2) in the pilot wards were conducted with the involvement of the municipality
officers.
In the 1st workshops, the participants of the pilot wards learned their own disaster risks and DRRM system in the community
through interactive lectures and participatory discussion, including of hazard, vulnerability, and capacity assessment activities
(HVCA). In the 2nd workshops, the participants specifically identified their issues and problems in DRR through field survey and
DRR mapping, as well as utilizing the result of the HVCA discussion. Also, they drafted the DRM plan of the community referring
to the “Local Disaster Risk Management Planning (LDRMP) Guideline, 2011.” Through the discussion in the 3rd workshops,
Flow of the pilot Activities
Pilot Municipalities Budhanilkantha Lalitpur MC Bhaktapur
Target Wards Ward 2 Ward 8 Ward 3
Step 1: CBDRRM Training for Municipality Officers and Relevant Stakeholders
Step 2: CBDRRM Activities in a Selected Pilot Ward in Each Pilot Municipality
*MCs: Minimum Characteristics of NRRC Flagship 4
March
Pre- Coordination
Coordination for Designation of the Participants(CDMC Members + @)
April - July 2017 June- August 2017 August- September 2017
9 MCs*: No.1
1st Workshop (2 day)
Learning Risk and DRRM System in
Community
2nd Workshop (2 day)
Formulation of Community based
DRRM Map
3rd Workshop (1 day)
Formulation of Action Plan/ DRRM Plan
for Community
1) Learning Earthquake Hazard and Risks.
2) Learning Basics of Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management.
3) Review and Discussion on Community’s
Current Situation of DRRM and HVCA
Assessment
+ Follow up Acticities (Apr-Jul)
(Documentations, etc.)
9 Mcs: No. 2& 3
Basic Information
Risk Assessment Hazard & Risk Maps LDCRP
A community Activity based on
Action plan (each pilot ward)
9 Mcs: No. 3, 4 & 9 9 Mcs: No. 5, 6, 7 & 8
1) DRRM Town Watching (Field Survey by
Community)
2) Community DRRM Mapping
3) Discussion on Evacuation Plan
+ Follow up Acticities(Jul-Aug) (Finalization
of Map, Documentations, etc.)
1) Disaster Response Plan for Community
(Information Disseminaion/ Response
Teams/ Equipment and Stocks)
2) Discussion on Action Plans for Improving
DRRM System and Condtions in Community.
3) Ward-level DM Planning
+ Follow up Acticities(Sep-Oct) (Finalization
of Plans, Approval Procedure, etc.)
Step 3: Feedback to the Local DRRM Plans
Contents
9

21. the participants reviewed the draft DRM plans and DRR carte compiled based on the result of the 1st and 2nd workshops.
Further, they discussed the priority activities in the DRM plans and decided one of the activities to be implemented with the
budgetary support by the Project. The DRM plan and DRR carte in each ward were finalized by some follow-up meetings after
the workshops.
Implementation of the selected priority activities was realized in December 2017 in each pilot ward. All of the pilot wards
stockpiled emergency management tools and equipment in the community after they got the orientation program for
operation and maintenance. A program for handover of the final outcomes of the Project activities was conducted in December
2017 and all the community activities in the Project were completed.
HVCA Discussion in the 1st Workshop
Discussion on Finalization of DRRM Plan
Field Survey in the 2nd Workshop
Orientation of DRM Tools in the final
Workshop
DRR Carte (front page) and DRR Map of Ward 8 of the Lalitpur MC
DRR Mapping in the 2nd Workshop
Handover of the Project Outcomes and
DRM Tools
DRR Map Set Up in the Communities

22. Necessary and Important Points for the Effective and Successful Implementation of the CBDRRM Activities Identified
through the Experience of the Pilot Activities
◆ Update and promotion of the guideline for the CBDRRM activities, such as “Minimum Characteristics of a Disaster
Resilient Community in Nepal” proposed by the NRRC Flagship4
◆ Sound understanding and active involvement of the representatives of the wards about the CBDRRM activities
◆ Consideration of the promotion of the collaboration between the existing community groups and the CDMC
◆ Securing budget for the involvement of the NGOs or other organizations for the support of the implementation of the
CBDRRM activities
◆ Further consideration of the timing and venue for the involvement of the wider sectors in the community in the CBDRRM
activities
Points to be considered for the Promotion of the CBDRRM Activities
◆Provide regular opportunities of the training for municipality officers to learn CBDRRM activities as well as the DRRM
matters
◆ Increase the number of the municipality officers in charge of DRRM
◆ Increase allocation of the regular budget for the sustainable CBDRRM activities
Summary of the DRRM Plan Distributed to Each Household in the Pilot Wards
Distributed DRR Brochure Operation and Maintenance Manual for the Emergency Management
Tools and Equipment

23. 1st
Counterpart
Training
(24 Oct 2015 - 8 Nov 2015)
BBB Recovery and Reconstruction and
Disaster Management System
11 participants from MoUD, MoFALD including 2
participants from Pilot municipalities, MoHA and DUDBC
Objectives
1) To become able to propose measures for recovery and reconstruction
planning and disaster management planning in each level of government
2) To become able to propose measures for Strengthening the cooperation
among organizations in Kathmandu Valley
3) To become able to propose measures for Concrete initiatives, activities for
recovery, reconstruction and DM Planning.
COUNTERPART TRAINING IN JAPAN
Counterpart training in Japan had been scheduled to be held three times and all the counterpart training has been completed
as shown below.
2nd
Counterpart
Training
3rd
Counterpart
Training
(15 Mar 2016 - 27 Mar 2016)
Seismic Hazard and Risk Assessment
(23 Jan 2017 - 02 Feb 2017)
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Planning
12 participants from MoUD, MoFALD, MoHA, DMG and
DUDBC
12 participants from MoUD, MoFALD, MoHA, DUDBC, KVDA
including 3 participants from Pilot
Municipalities
Objectives
1) To become able to propose measures for ”Seismic Hazard Analysis” of the
future earthquake in Kathmandu Valley.
2) To become able to propose measures for ”Seismic Risk Assessment” based
on the Hazard analysis in Kathmandu Valley.
3) To increase knowledge on “total disaster risk management”, and become
able to propose measures for utilizing the result of Seismic risk assessment
into the BBB reconstruction from the Gorkha Earthquake and disaster risk
management.
Objectives
1) To understand and to be able to propose measures for formulation and
nationwide dissemination of ”DRRM Plan” based on the Hazard and Risk
assessment in KV and Nepal.
2)To understand and to be able to propose measures for establishment
of ”Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) System” for future
disasters in KV and Nepal.
3)To increase knowledge on “Comprehensive DRRM”, and be able to propose
measures for utilizing the result of Seismic risk assessment into the BBB
reconstruction from the Gorkha Earthquake and DRRM.
Seminar at GRIPs (University)
National Research Institute for earthscience and disaster prevention
Tokyo Rinkai Disaster Prevention Park
Japan Meteorological Agency
Tokyo Rinkai Disaster Prevention Park, Observation of Facilities
Mashiki Town, Kumamotu Prefecture, Site Visit of Disaster Striken
area
Contents
10

24. https://www.facebook.com/JICA-Earthquake-Risk-Assessment-PJ-in-KV-Nepal-Community-690728411055174/
The Project for Assessment of Earthquake Disaster Risk for the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal
(ERAKV) would like to extend its cordial gratitude, on the occassion of completion, to
the counterparts, related organizations and individuals for their continuous support and
cooperation for the successful implementation. It is expected the results and activities of
the Project could contribute to the disaster risk reduction and management for a safe and
resilient Nepal against natural disaster in the future.
“
“
The Project for Assessment of
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RISK
for the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal
Japan International Cooperation AgencyGovernment of Nepal
Ministry of Urban Development
Ministry of Home Affairs
Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development
Department of Mines and Geology