The Final Seminar of the Project for Assessment of Earthquake Disaster Risk for the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal was held on 14 February 2018. The public seminar was held three times during the project. The Final Seminar, “ Understanding Disaster Risks and Moving Towards DRR and Resilience”, presented on the activities and accomplishment of the project, construction of robust and resilient society against natural disaster risk. Thank you all for your support and enthusiastic participation in this seminar. Presentation: Towards Disaster Resilient Kathmandu Valley (Infrastructure and Lifeline)

1. T H E P R O J E C T F O R A S S E S S M E N T O F
E A R T H Q U A K E D I S A S T E R R I S K F O R
T H E K A T H M A N D U V A L L E Y I N N E P A L
JICA ProjectTeam
Towards Disaster Resilient KV
(Infrastructure and lifeline)
Akio Hayashi
14th February 2018
Final Seminar
- Understanding Disaster Risks and Moving
Towards DRR and Resilience -

2. 2
What is Infrastructure ？
Infrastructure is the facility that supports city life
Ttransportation
Road: Indispensable for transportation and logistics
Bridge: If the bridge falls, that route will be interrupted
Electricity: Support all energy
Telecommunication: Control city life, electricity required
Water supply: Indispensable for civic sanitation
Sewage: Not only sanitation, but also cause the road failures
Control of city life
Sanitary role

3. 3
Death due to earthquake
Direct death ------ Due to building collapse
of environment
Disaster related death --- Due to Deteriorating
Number of death in major earthquakes in Japan
Year Earthquake
Number of death
Direct
death
Disaster
related death
1995 Hanshin・Awaji 5,483 919
2004 Niigata・Chuuetsu 16 52
2011 Great East Japan 15,893 3,523
2011 North Part of Nagano 0 3
2016 Kumamoto 50 175
Crushing death and
suffocate
Sick and Extreme degradation on
quality of life after earthquake

4. 4
What is the most essential part
Road
Emergency relief immediately ----- Save lives
Emergency transportation ------- Rebuild civil life
Bridge
after earthquake
and supply materials

5. 5
Emergency transportation road network
62 bridges from DOR bridge database
83 bridges from project survey
Total 145 bridges
Single-span bridges: 73
Multi-span bridges: 72
 RC pier: 45 for Evaluation
 Others: 27
Proposed by JICA RRNE (the Project on Rehabilitation and Recovery
from Nepal Earthquake)

6. Mass of girder
Stiffness of pier
Ground
Earthquake motion
How estimate
earthquake resistance
As Response spectrum
Single Degree of
Freedom model

7. 7
How estimate earthquake resistance
Displacement δHorizontal
force F
“Response ductility factor”
Displacement
No significant damage
Slight damage
Moderate damage
Heavy damage
1 く μ ≦ 1.5
μ ≦ 1
1.5 く μ ≦ 3
3 く μ

8. 8
Evaluated results

9. 9
What kind of bridge is vulnerable ?
Multiple simple beam girder
Foundation with single row piles
River bed reduced due to
scouring
Example of conceptual diagram
explaining falling down caused
by irregular behavior of girder

10. 10
What kind of bridge is vulnerable ？ -2
Examples of collapse caused by large deformation of substructure
1964 Niigata Earthquake
1978 Off-Miyagi Earthquake
1995 Han‐Shin Awaji Earthquake
1948 Fukui Earthquake①
②
③
④

11. 11
Disaster prevention measures
Retrofitting
Demolish
and
Build new
bridge
Affordable
price
Incomplete
Even if reinforcing frame part
was strengthened
Foundation can not support
upper part
Expensive Safety can be ensured
However, understanding and
compliance with earthquake
resistance standards is required.

12. 12
Retrofitting method
Measures for frame “Jacketing”
Source :]From:National Highway 2 Nagareya Lamp Kitabashi Outside Seismic Retrofitting Repair Work
Under construction
Before retrofitting
After construction
Under construction
Assemble the reinforcing bars
around the current pier frame.
and cast concrete.

13. 13
Retrofitting method
Measures for foundation
Source :From:High strength micro pile study group Web etc.
Extended footing
Additional pile
Front view Side view Plan
Under construction
Example of retrofitting for single row piles
Example of extending footing

14. 14
About rebuilding new bridge
reduction factor R

15. 15
About rebuilding new bridge
Limit of stable
behavior
safety factor
Peel-off
of urface
Breakage of
rebar①

16. 16
 Japanese design code was revised on the basis of experience of the earthquake damages.
 Code recommend ductility design method.
Failure shown at
Hanshin ・Awaji Eq.
Standard arrangement of Hoop tie
and intermediate tie
About design principle

17. 17
Best alternative policy
Sourse;Newtec Kowa Web
An example of connecting device for steel girder
An example of connecting device for RC girder
An example of supporting length widening
Under construction

18. 18
Electricity
Power station
Substation
変電所
distribution network
household
Factory
High-voltage line
Substation
Estimated distribution of utility pole broken
building number without electricity due to CNS-2

19. 19
telecommunication
Rooftop antenna system
Concept of mobile phone network
Distribution of the
damage rate of
rooftop BTS

20. 20
Water Supply system
Example of Water pipe fallout Example of new type flexible joint currently applied in Japan
Number of water leakage points
Current distribution pipe
network
Planned pipeline network

21. 21
Sewage
Damage at 2016 Kumamoto earthquake
Breakage distribution of the sewage pipe network

22. 22
Disaster Risk Reduction policy
A considerable budget is required for earthquake resistance of infrastructure
Long term measures
Short-term measures
Recognize the distinction between spending time and doing
things right away
Long term
measures
Seismic
evaluation of
each bridge
Short-term
measures
For example, about Bridge
Prioritize
Implementation
Best alternative
policy
Build a new
bridge

23. 23
Disaster Risk Reduction policy
Prioritize Reasonably determine the order of construction
Ex. Insufficient degree of earthquake resistance
Facility importance
budget allocation
Start sequence
score
＝
Importance
score
Vulnerability
score
×
In this survey, 145 bridges
were investigated
sorted into five grades of
evaluation
Path to a place with a lot of human
damage
Route of high economic inflow
Path to a place with ruinous damage
Alignment with
urban planning
Example of Start sequence score

24. 24
Disaster Risk Reduction policy
Hardware
countermeasure
・
Software
countermeasure
What is supplement with software ?
・ Procedure when road traffic is interrupted by falling bridge and
slope failure Ex. Simulation, Table Top eXercise
・ Respond to obstacles such as electricity and telecommunication
Ex. Preparation of material for emergency restoration
Operation of mobile stations during disasters
Control of communication congestion
Preparation of material
Table Top eXercise
Temporary mobile stations
Control of communication
congestion
Disaster Countermeasure
Headquarters

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