1) The Sepoy Rebellion in Central India involved fewer troops than other campaigns like Delhi and Lucknow, and was a more minor affair strategically.
2) However, it was significant due to the involvement of charismatic leaders like the Rani of Jhansi, Tantia Topi, and Feroz Shah, who led rebel forces and troubled the British.
3) The rebellion in Central India developed more slowly than other regions, with Bengal Army troops and princely state contingents rebelling between June and July 1857 across locations like Jhansi, Gwalior, and Saugor.
This Slide was made for my university presentation in "Bangladesh Studies" course.In this slide ,you will get all logical information about Bangladesh from the pre-ancient period to till now.I think that's will help you by giving information about Bangladeshi Political History of All in All.
The document summarizes the Kushan Empire that existed in ancient India and Central Asia. It discusses key emperors like Kujula Kadphises, Vima Taktu, Vima Kadphises, and Kanishka who expanded the empire. The Kushans established an extensive empire from modern-day Afghanistan to northern India and adopted elements of Greek and Buddhist culture. They contributed significantly to the development of art, especially the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara. The empire declined in the 3rd century AD due to invasions from the Sassanid Empire and was broken into eastern and western parts ruled by local dynasties.
This document provides a historical overview of the evolution of Bangladesh, beginning with ancient Bengal and progressing through periods of Muslim rule, Mughal rule, British colonial rule, and the eventual formation of Bangladesh. It discusses the various kingdoms and dynasties that ruled over Bengal in ancient times. During the Muslim period in the 14th century, Bengal was united and took the name Bangla. The British East India Company gained control of Bengal in the 18th century through military victories and political manipulations. Their policies, such as the Permanent Settlement Act of 1793, had long-lasting negative impacts on the population and agrarian system. This led to various resistance movements against British rule among both Hindus and Muslims. The partition
This document provides an overview of the nobility during the reign of Akbar the Great in the Mughal Empire. It defines nobility and discusses the organization, composition, and types of nobility during the Sultanate period and under Babur and Humayun. It then focuses on the nobility during Akbar's reign, describing how he reorganized it and drew nobles from various communities. It discusses the mansabdari system of ranking nobility and their roles, salaries, and maintenance responsibilities. Finally, it notes some problems among the nobility and highlights some of Akbar's key nobles.
,
the political history of bangladesh : development
,
ancient history of bengal: political dynamics
,
mediaeval history of bengal: development trend t
,
pre ancient history of bengal
,
key political person of bangladesh
,
modern history: british colonial ruletime frame:
,
mediaeval history of bengal: political dynamics
Why various regions remained loyal to english east india company myths and mi...Agha A
This document discusses the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857-59 and provides context about the author, Major Agha H Amin. It analyzes why the rebellion was confined to certain regions of India, noting that different areas had different relationships with British rule based on factors like when they were conquered, ethnic ties, and political/military representation. Bengalis in particular had little connection to the sepoys or Mughal empire and saw the British as no worse than previous rulers.
Akbar the Great was the third and one of the greatest emperors of the Mughal Empire, ruling from 1556 until his death in 1605. He significantly expanded the empire, establishing a centralized administration and stable tax system. Akbar was also known for his religious tolerance, abolishing discriminatory taxes on non-Muslims, encouraging interfaith discussions, and even founding his own religion called the Din-i-Ilahi that promoted universal peace and tolerance across religious differences.
This Slide was made for my university presentation in "Bangladesh Studies" course.In this slide ,you will get all logical information about Bangladesh from the pre-ancient period to till now.I think that's will help you by giving information about Bangladeshi Political History of All in All.
The document summarizes the Kushan Empire that existed in ancient India and Central Asia. It discusses key emperors like Kujula Kadphises, Vima Taktu, Vima Kadphises, and Kanishka who expanded the empire. The Kushans established an extensive empire from modern-day Afghanistan to northern India and adopted elements of Greek and Buddhist culture. They contributed significantly to the development of art, especially the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara. The empire declined in the 3rd century AD due to invasions from the Sassanid Empire and was broken into eastern and western parts ruled by local dynasties.
This document provides a historical overview of the evolution of Bangladesh, beginning with ancient Bengal and progressing through periods of Muslim rule, Mughal rule, British colonial rule, and the eventual formation of Bangladesh. It discusses the various kingdoms and dynasties that ruled over Bengal in ancient times. During the Muslim period in the 14th century, Bengal was united and took the name Bangla. The British East India Company gained control of Bengal in the 18th century through military victories and political manipulations. Their policies, such as the Permanent Settlement Act of 1793, had long-lasting negative impacts on the population and agrarian system. This led to various resistance movements against British rule among both Hindus and Muslims. The partition
This document provides an overview of the nobility during the reign of Akbar the Great in the Mughal Empire. It defines nobility and discusses the organization, composition, and types of nobility during the Sultanate period and under Babur and Humayun. It then focuses on the nobility during Akbar's reign, describing how he reorganized it and drew nobles from various communities. It discusses the mansabdari system of ranking nobility and their roles, salaries, and maintenance responsibilities. Finally, it notes some problems among the nobility and highlights some of Akbar's key nobles.
,
the political history of bangladesh : development
,
ancient history of bengal: political dynamics
,
mediaeval history of bengal: development trend t
,
pre ancient history of bengal
,
key political person of bangladesh
,
modern history: british colonial ruletime frame:
,
mediaeval history of bengal: political dynamics
Why various regions remained loyal to english east india company myths and mi...Agha A
This document discusses the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857-59 and provides context about the author, Major Agha H Amin. It analyzes why the rebellion was confined to certain regions of India, noting that different areas had different relationships with British rule based on factors like when they were conquered, ethnic ties, and political/military representation. Bengalis in particular had little connection to the sepoys or Mughal empire and saw the British as no worse than previous rulers.
Akbar the Great was the third and one of the greatest emperors of the Mughal Empire, ruling from 1556 until his death in 1605. He significantly expanded the empire, establishing a centralized administration and stable tax system. Akbar was also known for his religious tolerance, abolishing discriminatory taxes on non-Muslims, encouraging interfaith discussions, and even founding his own religion called the Din-i-Ilahi that promoted universal peace and tolerance across religious differences.
The Mughal School of Miniature Painting originated during the reigns of emperors like Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan in the 16th-17th centuries. They patronized artists who created paintings blending Islamic, Persian, and Indian styles. Many miniatures were made for the emperors depicting nature, portraits, and scenes based on their commissions. Artists lived and worked separately in the palaces, producing art that reflected Mughal tastes and culture.
The Mughal Empire began declining in the early 18th century as Emperors lost power and the empire shrank. Bahadur Shah attempted reforms but civil wars erupted after his death in 1712. Ambitious nobles like Zulfiqar Khan gained power and used weak princes to control authority. Zulfiqar Khan reversed harmful policies and tried to strengthen the empire, but faced conspiracies. The empire continued disintegrating amid factionalism, weak Emperors, and rising regional powers.
Aurangzeb was the sixth Mughal emperor who ruled from 1658 until his death in 1707. As a devout Muslim, he imposed strict Islamic policies like reintroducing the jizya tax on non-Muslims and destroying Hindu temples. His military campaigns expanded the empire but overextended its resources. Aurangzeb lost support from Hindus and faced rebellions across the empire. By the time of his death, the once powerful Mughal Empire was greatly weakened.
Akbar faced many threats when he ascended the Mughal throne. Through battles like the Second Battle of Panipat, he defeated challengers like Hemu and established Mughal control over North India. He then spent his reign expanding the empire through both direct conquests and strategic marriages with Rajput rulers. Akbar established a strong centralized administration with efficient revenue and military systems. He implemented uniform currency, weights and measures. Through policies of religious tolerance and alliance building, Akbar was able to consolidate control over a large empire stretching from Afghanistan to the Deccan.
There were three phases of Muslim rule in the Indian subcontinent. The first began with the conquest of Sindh and Multan by Muhammad bin Qasim in the 8th century. The second phase saw invasions by Mahmud of Ghazni in the 11th century. The third phase started with the defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan by Muhammad Ghori in 1192, establishing the Delhi Sultanate. Bengal came under Muslim rule after its conquest by Bakhtiyar Khalji in 1203. Muslim rule in Bengal lasted for around 550 years until the British defeat at Plassey in 1757.
Akbar the Great was the third Mughal emperor who ruled from 1556 to 1605 CE. He consolidated the Mughal Empire and expanded its boundaries. Some key points:
1) He defeated Hemu at the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556 and assumed direct control of the empire in 1560 at age 18 after Bairam Khan's regency.
2) His conquests expanded the empire to include Malwa, Gondwana, Gujarat, Bengal, Kashmir, and parts of the Deccan.
3) He established a centralized administration with the mansabdari military ranking system and Todar Mal's land revenue system.
4)
Akbar was one of the greatest Mughal emperors, reigning from 1556 to 1605 and expanding the empire. He was a religious reformer who promoted tolerance of all faiths and opened government positions to people of all backgrounds. Through his marriages to Hindu, Muslim, and Christian women, he sought to transform Muslim interactions with non-Muslims in India. His empire was the largest and most prosperous in the world at the time, extending from Afghanistan to Bengal.
The document provides details about the Mughal Empire from various literary and architectural sources. It describes Abul Fazl's literary work Ain-i-Akbari which discusses the administration and household of Emperor Akbar across 5 books. It also summarizes important Mughal architectural monuments like Humayun's Tomb, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra Fort, Taj Mahal, Jama Masjid and Red Fort. Furthermore, it outlines the six major Mughal emperors from Babur to Aurangzeb and highlights some of their key military conquests, administrative reforms and policies.
AKBAR'S FULL LIFE, GREAT FOR STUDENTS OF GRADE 6,7,8,9,10Taher Kamari
The provinces were further divided into Sarkars or districts and Sarkars into Parganas or tehsils/sub-districts.
The Sarkar was the unit of provincial administration below the Suba or province. Each Sarkar was under an official called Faujdar or Sarkar-dar.
The Pargana was the lowest unit of administration. It consisted of a group of villages. Each Pargana was under an official called Amil or Pargana-dar. He was responsible for revenue collection and maintenance of law and order in the Pargana.
So in summary:
1. Province (Suba) -> Head: Subedar
2. District (
Akbar the great was the third Mughal emperor who reigned from 1556 to 1605 and significantly expanded and strengthened the Mughal empire. He rose to power at a young age under a regent and spent his early years consolidating control. Akbar implemented major administrative, religious, and economic reforms that established a relatively stable and prosperous empire with religious tolerance. His reign saw great architectural and cultural achievements, including founding a new capital named Fatehpur Sikri.
1. The document discusses the origins and history of the Pala dynasty, which ruled over Bengal from the 8th to the 12th century CE. It describes how Gopal founded the dynasty and ended a period of political chaos in Bengal.
2. Under the rulers Dharampala and Devapala, the Pala empire expanded to control much of northern India, through both military conquests and diplomatic relations. They had changing territorial disputes and alliances with the neighboring Rashtrakuta and Pratihara empires.
3. The Pala rulers were strong patrons of Buddhism and oversaw a period of cultural and educational prosperity, establishing several important universities like Vikramashila and Nalanda.
The Shahis were Hindu kings who ruled the Kabul region from the 9th to early 11th century CE. They faced numerous attacks from neighboring Muslim rulers like the Ghaznavids, leading to the decline of the Shahi dynasty. Key Shahi kings included Kallar, who established the dynasty, and Jayapala and Anandpala, who struggled against Ghaznavid rulers Subuktigin and Mahmud of Ghazni but ultimately lost control of their territories west of the Indus River. The last important Shahi king, Trilochanpala, engaged in battles with Mahmud of Ghazni but was unable to hold his kingdom and fled to Kashmir.
1. Shahab-ud-din Ghori was a sultan of the Ghorid Empire who invaded northern India multiple times in the late 12th century. In 1192 at the Second Battle of Tarain, his forces defeated the army of Prithvi Raj III, the ruler of Delhi and Ajmer. Prithvi Raj was captured and executed, allowing Ghori to extend Muslim rule further into India.
2. Ghori appointed Qutb-ud-din Aibak as the governor of northern India. While Ghori continued to campaign and expand the empire, his armies and generals, led by Aibak, continued conquering northern India after his death in 1206.
Muhammad of Ghor / Shihab ad din Ghori presentationAsjadAli34
Muhammad of Ghor (1149-1206) was a ruler of the Ghurid dynasty who laid the foundation for Muslim rule in South Asia. He began expanding his empire by conquering territories in modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, and India. Muhammad defeated Prithviraj Chauhan in the decisive Second Battle of Tarain in 1192, ending Hindu rule in North India and allowing the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate under his generals. While returning to Ghazni after the victory, Muhammad was assassinated near Jhelum in 1206. His conquests marked the start of several centuries of Muslim political dominance in the Indian subcontinent.
The document provides an overview of the decline of the Mughal Empire in India. It discusses several key reasons for the empire's decline: [1] The huge empire became difficult to administer over its vast geographic area; [2] The high costs of putting down rebellions and fighting invaders drained imperial finances; [3] Succession disputes between heirs to the throne wasted resources and weakened the empire. Additional factors included the growing pleasure-seeking of the nobility, weakening central control, and the arrival of European powers like the British who were able to take control by 1857, marking the end of the Mughal Empire.
The document provides an introduction to the Mughal Empire that ruled the Indian subcontinent for over 300 years. It discusses the key Mughal emperors like Babur, Akbar, and Aurangzeb and traces the decline of the empire after Aurangzeb's death in 1707. A number of factors contributed to the decline, including difficulties administering the vast empire, high costs of wars and putting down rebellions, succession disputes among heirs, a pleasure-seeking nobility, weak central control, and the rise of the British East India Company. By the 1800s the Mughal Empire was in serious decline and the British had gained control over most of India.
1. The document discusses the origins and spread of Islam in India through Muslim invaders and the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate in the 1100s. It then covers the rise and fall of the Mughal Empire from Babur's founding of the empire in 1526 until its decline in the late 1700s under Aurangzeb's rule as local powers grew stronger. 2. It provides details on key Mughal rulers like Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan who built the Taj Mahal, and Aurangzeb, whose religious oppression weakened the empire. 3. As the Mughal Empire declined in the late 1700s, European powers like the Portuguese, Dutch, French and English established
Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad (15 October 1542[a]– 27 October 1605[10][11]), popularly known as Akbar I (IPA: [əkbər], literally "the great") and later Akbar the Great,[12] was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in India. A strong personality and a successful general, Akbar gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire to include nearly all of the Indian Subcontinent north of the Godavari river. His power and influence, however, extended over the entire country because of Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance.
Hi everyone. I have made this presentation for my college assignment as well as for a quick revision purpose. I researched from various books and sites, and here I am. Thanks for watching :)
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 refers to a rebellion in India against the rule of the British East India Company, that ran from May 1857 to June 1858. The rebellion began as a mutiny of sepoys of the East India Company's army on 10 May 1857, in the cantonment of the town of Meerut, and soon escalated into other mutinies and civilian rebellions largely in the upper Gangetic plain and central India, with the major hostilities confined to present-day Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, northern Madhya Pradesh, and the Delhi region.[2] The rebellion posed a considerable threat to East India Company power in that region,[3] and was contained only with the fall of Gwalior on 20 June 1858.[2] The rebellion is also known as India's First War of Independence, the Great Rebellion, the Indian Rebellion, the Indian Mutiny, the Revolt of 1857, the Rebellion of 1857, the Uprising of 1857, the Sepoy Rebellion, the Indian Insurrection and the Sepoy Mutiny.
The revolt of 1857 was an unsuccessful uprising against British rule in India that began in Meerut on May 10, 1857 by Indian soldiers. It lasted for around a year and resulted in the end of the East India Company's rule in India, with control being transferred to the British Crown. Some of the key leaders of the revolt included Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi, Nana Sahib of Kanpur, and Bahadur Shah II in Delhi. However, the revolt lacked strong centralized leadership and was eventually suppressed by the British military, who regained control of India.
The Mughal School of Miniature Painting originated during the reigns of emperors like Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan in the 16th-17th centuries. They patronized artists who created paintings blending Islamic, Persian, and Indian styles. Many miniatures were made for the emperors depicting nature, portraits, and scenes based on their commissions. Artists lived and worked separately in the palaces, producing art that reflected Mughal tastes and culture.
The Mughal Empire began declining in the early 18th century as Emperors lost power and the empire shrank. Bahadur Shah attempted reforms but civil wars erupted after his death in 1712. Ambitious nobles like Zulfiqar Khan gained power and used weak princes to control authority. Zulfiqar Khan reversed harmful policies and tried to strengthen the empire, but faced conspiracies. The empire continued disintegrating amid factionalism, weak Emperors, and rising regional powers.
Aurangzeb was the sixth Mughal emperor who ruled from 1658 until his death in 1707. As a devout Muslim, he imposed strict Islamic policies like reintroducing the jizya tax on non-Muslims and destroying Hindu temples. His military campaigns expanded the empire but overextended its resources. Aurangzeb lost support from Hindus and faced rebellions across the empire. By the time of his death, the once powerful Mughal Empire was greatly weakened.
Akbar faced many threats when he ascended the Mughal throne. Through battles like the Second Battle of Panipat, he defeated challengers like Hemu and established Mughal control over North India. He then spent his reign expanding the empire through both direct conquests and strategic marriages with Rajput rulers. Akbar established a strong centralized administration with efficient revenue and military systems. He implemented uniform currency, weights and measures. Through policies of religious tolerance and alliance building, Akbar was able to consolidate control over a large empire stretching from Afghanistan to the Deccan.
There were three phases of Muslim rule in the Indian subcontinent. The first began with the conquest of Sindh and Multan by Muhammad bin Qasim in the 8th century. The second phase saw invasions by Mahmud of Ghazni in the 11th century. The third phase started with the defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan by Muhammad Ghori in 1192, establishing the Delhi Sultanate. Bengal came under Muslim rule after its conquest by Bakhtiyar Khalji in 1203. Muslim rule in Bengal lasted for around 550 years until the British defeat at Plassey in 1757.
Akbar the Great was the third Mughal emperor who ruled from 1556 to 1605 CE. He consolidated the Mughal Empire and expanded its boundaries. Some key points:
1) He defeated Hemu at the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556 and assumed direct control of the empire in 1560 at age 18 after Bairam Khan's regency.
2) His conquests expanded the empire to include Malwa, Gondwana, Gujarat, Bengal, Kashmir, and parts of the Deccan.
3) He established a centralized administration with the mansabdari military ranking system and Todar Mal's land revenue system.
4)
Akbar was one of the greatest Mughal emperors, reigning from 1556 to 1605 and expanding the empire. He was a religious reformer who promoted tolerance of all faiths and opened government positions to people of all backgrounds. Through his marriages to Hindu, Muslim, and Christian women, he sought to transform Muslim interactions with non-Muslims in India. His empire was the largest and most prosperous in the world at the time, extending from Afghanistan to Bengal.
The document provides details about the Mughal Empire from various literary and architectural sources. It describes Abul Fazl's literary work Ain-i-Akbari which discusses the administration and household of Emperor Akbar across 5 books. It also summarizes important Mughal architectural monuments like Humayun's Tomb, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra Fort, Taj Mahal, Jama Masjid and Red Fort. Furthermore, it outlines the six major Mughal emperors from Babur to Aurangzeb and highlights some of their key military conquests, administrative reforms and policies.
AKBAR'S FULL LIFE, GREAT FOR STUDENTS OF GRADE 6,7,8,9,10Taher Kamari
The provinces were further divided into Sarkars or districts and Sarkars into Parganas or tehsils/sub-districts.
The Sarkar was the unit of provincial administration below the Suba or province. Each Sarkar was under an official called Faujdar or Sarkar-dar.
The Pargana was the lowest unit of administration. It consisted of a group of villages. Each Pargana was under an official called Amil or Pargana-dar. He was responsible for revenue collection and maintenance of law and order in the Pargana.
So in summary:
1. Province (Suba) -> Head: Subedar
2. District (
Akbar the great was the third Mughal emperor who reigned from 1556 to 1605 and significantly expanded and strengthened the Mughal empire. He rose to power at a young age under a regent and spent his early years consolidating control. Akbar implemented major administrative, religious, and economic reforms that established a relatively stable and prosperous empire with religious tolerance. His reign saw great architectural and cultural achievements, including founding a new capital named Fatehpur Sikri.
1. The document discusses the origins and history of the Pala dynasty, which ruled over Bengal from the 8th to the 12th century CE. It describes how Gopal founded the dynasty and ended a period of political chaos in Bengal.
2. Under the rulers Dharampala and Devapala, the Pala empire expanded to control much of northern India, through both military conquests and diplomatic relations. They had changing territorial disputes and alliances with the neighboring Rashtrakuta and Pratihara empires.
3. The Pala rulers were strong patrons of Buddhism and oversaw a period of cultural and educational prosperity, establishing several important universities like Vikramashila and Nalanda.
The Shahis were Hindu kings who ruled the Kabul region from the 9th to early 11th century CE. They faced numerous attacks from neighboring Muslim rulers like the Ghaznavids, leading to the decline of the Shahi dynasty. Key Shahi kings included Kallar, who established the dynasty, and Jayapala and Anandpala, who struggled against Ghaznavid rulers Subuktigin and Mahmud of Ghazni but ultimately lost control of their territories west of the Indus River. The last important Shahi king, Trilochanpala, engaged in battles with Mahmud of Ghazni but was unable to hold his kingdom and fled to Kashmir.
1. Shahab-ud-din Ghori was a sultan of the Ghorid Empire who invaded northern India multiple times in the late 12th century. In 1192 at the Second Battle of Tarain, his forces defeated the army of Prithvi Raj III, the ruler of Delhi and Ajmer. Prithvi Raj was captured and executed, allowing Ghori to extend Muslim rule further into India.
2. Ghori appointed Qutb-ud-din Aibak as the governor of northern India. While Ghori continued to campaign and expand the empire, his armies and generals, led by Aibak, continued conquering northern India after his death in 1206.
Muhammad of Ghor / Shihab ad din Ghori presentationAsjadAli34
Muhammad of Ghor (1149-1206) was a ruler of the Ghurid dynasty who laid the foundation for Muslim rule in South Asia. He began expanding his empire by conquering territories in modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, and India. Muhammad defeated Prithviraj Chauhan in the decisive Second Battle of Tarain in 1192, ending Hindu rule in North India and allowing the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate under his generals. While returning to Ghazni after the victory, Muhammad was assassinated near Jhelum in 1206. His conquests marked the start of several centuries of Muslim political dominance in the Indian subcontinent.
The document provides an overview of the decline of the Mughal Empire in India. It discusses several key reasons for the empire's decline: [1] The huge empire became difficult to administer over its vast geographic area; [2] The high costs of putting down rebellions and fighting invaders drained imperial finances; [3] Succession disputes between heirs to the throne wasted resources and weakened the empire. Additional factors included the growing pleasure-seeking of the nobility, weakening central control, and the arrival of European powers like the British who were able to take control by 1857, marking the end of the Mughal Empire.
The document provides an introduction to the Mughal Empire that ruled the Indian subcontinent for over 300 years. It discusses the key Mughal emperors like Babur, Akbar, and Aurangzeb and traces the decline of the empire after Aurangzeb's death in 1707. A number of factors contributed to the decline, including difficulties administering the vast empire, high costs of wars and putting down rebellions, succession disputes among heirs, a pleasure-seeking nobility, weak central control, and the rise of the British East India Company. By the 1800s the Mughal Empire was in serious decline and the British had gained control over most of India.
1. The document discusses the origins and spread of Islam in India through Muslim invaders and the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate in the 1100s. It then covers the rise and fall of the Mughal Empire from Babur's founding of the empire in 1526 until its decline in the late 1700s under Aurangzeb's rule as local powers grew stronger. 2. It provides details on key Mughal rulers like Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan who built the Taj Mahal, and Aurangzeb, whose religious oppression weakened the empire. 3. As the Mughal Empire declined in the late 1700s, European powers like the Portuguese, Dutch, French and English established
Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad (15 October 1542[a]– 27 October 1605[10][11]), popularly known as Akbar I (IPA: [əkbər], literally "the great") and later Akbar the Great,[12] was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in India. A strong personality and a successful general, Akbar gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire to include nearly all of the Indian Subcontinent north of the Godavari river. His power and influence, however, extended over the entire country because of Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance.
Hi everyone. I have made this presentation for my college assignment as well as for a quick revision purpose. I researched from various books and sites, and here I am. Thanks for watching :)
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 refers to a rebellion in India against the rule of the British East India Company, that ran from May 1857 to June 1858. The rebellion began as a mutiny of sepoys of the East India Company's army on 10 May 1857, in the cantonment of the town of Meerut, and soon escalated into other mutinies and civilian rebellions largely in the upper Gangetic plain and central India, with the major hostilities confined to present-day Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, northern Madhya Pradesh, and the Delhi region.[2] The rebellion posed a considerable threat to East India Company power in that region,[3] and was contained only with the fall of Gwalior on 20 June 1858.[2] The rebellion is also known as India's First War of Independence, the Great Rebellion, the Indian Rebellion, the Indian Mutiny, the Revolt of 1857, the Rebellion of 1857, the Uprising of 1857, the Sepoy Rebellion, the Indian Insurrection and the Sepoy Mutiny.
The revolt of 1857 was an unsuccessful uprising against British rule in India that began in Meerut on May 10, 1857 by Indian soldiers. It lasted for around a year and resulted in the end of the East India Company's rule in India, with control being transferred to the British Crown. Some of the key leaders of the revolt included Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi, Nana Sahib of Kanpur, and Bahadur Shah II in Delhi. However, the revolt lacked strong centralized leadership and was eventually suppressed by the British military, who regained control of India.
war of independence : 1857
the revolt was the first independence war but the British said This is the rebellion, mutiny.this war is between the Indian soldiers and British Indian army .
The 1857 revolt was sparked by various British policies that disrespected Indian traditions and rulers. The Doctrine of Lapse and other social changes angered both Hindus and Muslims. Key figures like Mangal Pandey, Rani Lakshmi Bai, and Bahadur Shah II led uprisings in many major cities across northern India. Although the revolt ultimately failed, it marked the beginning of the Indian independence movement and led the British to transfer power over India from the East India Company to the British Crown.
The document discusses the Revolt of 1857 in India, also known as the First War of Indian Independence. It provides background on earlier rebellions and uprisings. The Revolt of 1857 began as a mutiny of Indian sepoys in the East India Company's army but eventually garnered mass participation. Political, social, religious, economic and military grievances all contributed to causes of the revolt. Key events included the capture and brief occupation of Delhi by rebel sepoys, and centers of revolt in Kanpur, Lucknow, and Jhansi led by Nana Saheb, Begum Hazrat Mahal, and Rani Laxmi Bai respectively. The revolt was suppressed by the British with
Martial races theory and its consequences myths and misconceptions of indo p...Agha A
Major Agha H Amin is a retired Pakistani Army tank corps major who has written extensively on military history and strategy. This document provides biographical information about Major Amin and summarizes his views on the British colonial concept of "Martial Races" and its negative consequences in Pakistan. It notes that the theory originated from Lord Roberts and was not actually based on comparative war performance. However, it influenced recruitment policies in a way that increased ethnic divides in Pakistan. The reliance on Punjabi recruits contributed to political issues and the army's actions in East Pakistan in 1971.
The document summarizes the Great Indian Revolt of 1857 against British rule. It describes how the revolt began as a mutiny of Indian soldiers in the British East India Company's army, but quickly expanded into other rebellions across northern and central India. While the rebels had early successes, they ultimately lacked unity and resources to succeed. The British defeated the revolt in 1858 and directly assumed control of governing India from the East India Company. The revolt marked the end of Company rule and had significant and long-lasting impacts on British colonial policy in India.
The document summarizes the Great Indian Revolt of 1857 against British rule. It describes how the revolt began as a mutiny of Indian soldiers in the British East India Company's army, but quickly expanded into other rebellions across northern and central India. While the rebels had early successes, they ultimately lacked unity and resources to succeed. The British defeated the revolt in 1858 and directly assumed control of governing India from the East India Company. The revolt marked the end of Company rule and had significant and long-lasting impacts on British colonial policy in India.
The document summarizes the Great Indian Revolt of 1857 against British rule. It describes how the revolt began as a mutiny of Indian soldiers in the British East India Company's army, but quickly expanded into other rebellions across northern and central India. While the rebels had early successes, they ultimately lacked unity and organization, and the British were able to suppress the revolt after almost two years of fighting. Though unsuccessful, the revolt marked a watershed moment, leading the British to dissolve the East India Company's rule and directly govern India through the Crown for the next 90 years until independence.
Britiish-French Invasions and Struggle for Independence.pptmuttahirahmedkhan1
The document summarizes the pre-independence scenario in India following the decline of the Mughal Empire and increasing invasions and influence of European powers like the French and British. It led to conflicts between local rulers and the British East India Company as they sought to expand trade and territorial control over India. Key events discussed include the establishment of trading posts and forts by the British EIC in various regions, the Battle of Plassey in 1757 which marked the Company's first major military victory, and the 1857 Indian Rebellion against British rule which failed due to lack of unity and leadership among independence fighters.
The document summarizes the Revolt of 1857 in India, also known as India's First War of Independence. It began as a mutiny of Indian soldiers (sepoys) in the British East India Company's army in Meerut in May 1857 and soon escalated into a widespread rebellion across northern and central India. The rebellion challenged British rule in India and was finally suppressed by June 1858. The document outlines the various causes of the revolt as well as its key leaders and centers. It concludes by describing how the British regained control of India by 1859 through military campaigns, new laws, and some policy changes.
This presentation introduces several heroes of the Revolt of 1857 against British rule in India. It discusses key figures such as Mangal Pandey, Bahadur Shah Zafar, Nana Saheb, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Bakht Khan, Rao Tularam, Kunwar Singh, and Begum Hazrat Mahal who led the uprising in an attempt to overthrow the East India Company's control over the subcontinent. The document provides brief biographies on each of these leaders of the rebellion, outlining their roles and contributions in resisting British colonial domination in 1857.
The document provides information on the causes and leaders of the 1857 revolt in India against British rule. It discusses religious, political, socio-economic and military causes for the revolt, including issues related to new Enfield rifle cartridges, land policies, taxation, and status of Indian soldiers. Key leaders who led revolt forces in different regions included Mangal Pandey, Nana Sahib, Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, Tatya Tope, Kunwar Singh, and Begum Hazrat Mahal of Awadh. The revolt ultimately failed due to lack of coordination, planning, weapons, and full popular support across India.
War of Independence 1857 (Indian Revolt 1857)Haroon Khaliq
It is a power point work on the Indian mutiny of 1857 or the Indian attempt to gain self rule against British. If you do not get the concept from this work you can watch the video at last.
The document discusses the Revolt of 1857 against British rule in India. It provides economic, political, social, and military causes for the revolt. The revolt spread across northern and central India led by figures like Nana Sahib and Rani Lakshmibai. While the revolt was large in scale, it ultimately failed due to lack of unity and organization among the rebels. As a result of the revolt, control of India was transferred from the East India Company to the British Crown.
Political and Military Situation from 1839 to 1857Agha A
1. From 1839 to 1857, the East India Company had become the dominant power in India after defeating regional powers and annexing territories like Punjab and Oudh.
2. During this period, major infrastructure developments like railways, telegraph, and roads revolutionized India under Governor General Dalhousie's rule.
3. Politically, the East India Company had asserted its dominance over the nominal Mughal emperor by 1813 and ceased recognizing the Mughal Empire after 1857. However, two conflicting views emerged on the Company's rule in India.
The 1857 War of Independence began as a mutiny by Indian soldiers (sepoys) in the Bengal Army of the British East India Company. The rebellion started on May 10th, 1857 in Meerut, India and soon spread to Delhi and other regions. Dissatisfaction had been growing among Indian soldiers in the East India Company's army due to new equipment and rumors that the new cartridges for firearms were greased with animal fat that violated Hindu and Muslim beliefs. The rebellion was led by both Hindu and Muslim soldiers as well as Indian rulers like the Rani of Jhansi who wanted independence from British rule. While the rebellion was eventually suppressed by the British, it marked the end of Company rule in India and
The document provides background information on the Revolt of 1857 in India against British rule. It discusses the political, social, economic and military causes that led to widespread dissatisfaction and unrest among Indians. The revolt began as a mutiny of sepoys in the East India Company's army over new gunpowder cartridges but quickly escalated as many rulers, peasants, tribes and others joined in. Key figures who led the revolt included Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, Mangal Pandey and Begum Hazrat Mahal. However, the revolt ultimately failed due to lack of unity and centralized leadership among the various groups involved.
Similar to Jhansi and central india were mickey mouse affairs of 1857 (20)
The document discusses the roles of Punjab and Baluch regiments in the 1971 war. It was published on September 2023 with a DOI number and was written by Agha H Amin.
Major Agha H. Amin was commissioned in the old PAVO Cavalry in 1983. He served in various command, staff, research, logistics and instructional positions over his military career. In his civilian career, he performed projects in infrastructure and transmission lines in Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan. He has authored over 120 books and journals on military topics. The document goes on to describe a battle of Pandu fought by the 4/10 Baluch battalion against India in the 1947-48 Kashmir war, and criticizes the omission of accurate accounts of the battle from official Pakistani military histories.
Battles of Najafgarh , Gangiri and Delhi RidgeAgha A
- The 6th Dragoon Guards regiment arrived in Bengal, India from England in November 1856 and was stationed in Meerut at the time of the 1857 rebellion.
- During the rebellion, the regiment saw action at Ghaziabad, Badli Ki Serai, Delhi, and helped destroy a rebel battery at Eidgah with no reported casualties.
- It lost a few men at the battles of Ghaziabad, Badli Ki Serai, and in minor actions in July 1857 but overall emerged from the rebellion relatively lightly compared to other British units.
- However, the limited historical sources available in Pakistan make it difficult for researchers there to find all details on the regiment's role and casualties during
The battalion was part of an infantry brigade deployed at Sulaimanke Headworks during the 1965 war with India. It saw little serious action as it primarily engaged Indian border police posts that were no match for regular Pakistani army battalions. The battalion suffered only 3 fatal casualties for the entire war, showing it faced little militarily credible opposition. While the battalion performed well, it must be remembered that it faced inferior Indian border police rather than other army units.
This document summarizes the performance of the 9 Punjab battalion during the 1965 war with India. The battalion was part of the 12th Division of the Pakistan Army and was tasked with capturing the town of Chhamb. Despite having significant superiority in tanks and artillery, the 12th Division failed to cross the Tawi River on the first day. The 9th Punjab battalion suffered 15 killed and 31 wounded but managed to form a bridgehead across the Tawi. After the war, the battalion was praised for its performance and received several awards, though its strategic impact was limited due to the overall failure of Operation Grand Slam.
The battalion was deployed as a guard battalion but parts saw action in 1965 war including C Company commanded by Major Anis. C Company withdrew from its position exposing the rear of 16 Punjab to Indian attack, effectively sealing 16 Punjab's fate. C Company's withdrawal doomed 16 Punjab and was described as cowardly and the cause of 16 Punjab's debacle. While most of 8 Punjab saw no action, C Company under Major Anis performed poorly and was to blame for 16 Punjab's defeat.
1) The battalion was deployed as part of 11 Division along the Ravi-Sutlej Corridor according to maps.
2) The battalion faced a brigade-level attack from the Indian army using three infantry battalions and a tank squadron.
3) A captain from the Pakistani artillery played a crucial role by engaging the attacking forces with 60 medium shells, repulsing the Indian attack.
The battalion was deployed in September 1965 as part of Operation Grand Slam, relieving the 13th Punjab battalion near Dalpat-Chak Kirpal. According to Brigadier Rizvi, the battalion attacked towards Fatwal along with 13 Lancers, advancing up to 6 miles near Kasur and suffering 9 killed and 21 wounded. However, records list the battalion as losing either 9, 11, or 10 killed. The battalion had little impact as it joined the war late when the focus had shifted, and did not receive any awards despite actions in the Rann of Kutch prior to the war.
NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE REGIMENT OF FOOT IN 1857-59 BATTLESAgha A
This document provides biographical and career details of Major Agha.H.Amin, who was commissioned in the old PAVO Cavalry in March 1983. It discusses his education, various military and civilian positions held over his career, publications authored, and contact information. The document also briefly describes a study aid about British infantry battalions that participated in the battles of 1857-59 in India, including their roles, operations, casualties, and contributions to the outcome of the war.
The 2nd Battalion of the Punjab Regiment fought in the 1965 war against India. While it received several gallantry awards, the document argues that its role was exaggerated and it did not actually face most of the major Indian attacks. Only one company saw direct fighting on the first day, and it dispersed against heavy odds. The battalion was deployed away from the main sites of battle and did not face significant enemy forces apart from this initial engagement. Its impact on the decisive Battle of Chawinda was marginal.
This document provides information about Major Agha.H.Amin, including his military and civilian career experiences. It notes that he was commissioned in the old PAVO Cavalry in March 1983, attended Saint Marys Academy Lalazar and Forman Christian College Lahore, and served in various command, staff, research, logistics and instructional positions in the military. It also lists some of his civilian career projects and publications. The document provides his contact email addresses.
1ST BATTALION WARWICKSHIRE REGIMENT IN 1857-59 BATTLES.pdfAgha A
- 1st Battalion HM 8th Foot was stationed in India when the 1857 rebellion broke out. It was involved in securing areas around Delhi.
- At the siege of Delhi in September 1857, it suffered 46 of its total 57 fatal casualties and played a marginal role in the assault.
- Overall it saw minor action in other battles, with limited casualties. The majority of its casualties occurred at the decisive battle of Delhi.
Northumberland Fusiliers in 1857-59 Battles.pdfAgha A
The 1st Battalion of the 5th Regiment of Foot (Northumberland Fusiliers) was stationed in Mauritius when it was called to reinforce British forces in India during the 1857 uprising. The battalion arrived in Calcutta in July and August 1857. It participated in key battles including relieving Arrah where it suffered two casualties, the first relief of Lucknow where it suffered heavy losses and helped ensure the relief's success, the defense of the Lucknow garrison, and operations through 1858. The battalion performed outstandingly and suffered high casualties of 62 men, including five officers killed in action, primarily during the relief of Lucknow. Its role was pivotal in some of the major battles, but relatively minor in others
43 BALUCH IN 1971 AND INDIAN OFFICER WHO SAW THEMAgha A
1) The document analyzes the performance of the 43rd Baluch battalion in the 1971 war, which suffered heavy casualties after being poorly employed by incompetent commanders in the 88th Brigade.
2) When the 5th East Bengal battalion defected to the Indian side, the 43rd Baluch battalion was brought in to replace it, even though they were inexperienced and unprepared for the situation.
3) In an attack by Indian forces guided by defectors, the 43rd Baluch battalion suffered the highest fatalities of any battalion on the western front due to being put into a vulnerable position by the failed leadership of the 88th Brigade commander and 10th Division commander.
Battle of Gangiri-Heavy Price paid by HM 6 Dragoon Guards for Gallantry Agha A
Battle of Gangiri-Heavy Price paid by HM 6 Dragoon Guards for Gallantry https://www.academia.edu/52632772/Battle_of_Gangiri_Heavy_Price_paid_by_HM_6_Dragoon_Guards_for_Gallantry via @academia
4th Punjab Infantry now 9 FF Pakistan Army and 42 Highlanders led the Final ...Agha A
The 4th Punjab Infantry battalion arrived in Calcutta in November 1857, meaning it missed the decisive battles of the war, including the siege of Delhi and the relief and evacuation of Lucknow. The battalion's participation in the battle of Cawnpore was minimal and it suffered no casualties. The battalion played a significant role in the final assault on Lucknow in March 1858, leading the assault on Martiniere with the 4th Punjab Infantry while the 42nd Highlanders and 90th Foot attacked frontally. The British enjoyed overwhelming artillery superiority, evidenced by the 42nd Highlanders suffering only 10 fatal casualties over 10 days of operations culminating in the final capture of Lucknow.
WHY PAKISTAN ARMY OR INDIAN ARMY CAN NEVER PRODUCE A MUSTAFA KAMAL- SOMETHING...Agha A
WHY PAKISTAN ARMY OR INDIAN ARMY CAN NEVER PRODUCE A MUSTAFA KAMAL- SOMETHING SERIOUSLY WRONG IN THE GENES
April 2020
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.20723.27689
Project: MILITARY HISTORY
Agha H Amin
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Jhansi and central india were mickey mouse affairs of 1857
1. JHANSI AND CENTRAL INDIA WERE MICKEY
MOUSE AFFAIRS OF 1857 - 90 PERCENT OF
THE REBEL UNITS WHO WERE 80 % NON
MUSLIM AND LARGELY HINDU RAJPUTS JATS
AND BRAHMANS FOUGHT AT DELHI AND
LUCKNOW
CENTRAL INDIA CAMPAIGN A SMALL AFFAIR
APART FROM MUCH RHETORIC
Sepoy Rebellion of 1857-59 Reinterpreted
https://www.amazon.com/Sepoy-Rebellion-1857-
59-Reinterpreted-
Agha/dp/1480085707/ref=sr_1_8?s=books&ie=UT
F8&qid=1548520112&sr=1-
8&keywords=sepoy+rebellion&fbclid=IwAR1rOp
GPB0T6_Qu5VKnQYQLihHP2OxyFM478bTLOzC
_xawPGpUdYtWrxYqM
Chapter Seven
The Central India Campaign
1857-1859
2. Maj (Retd) AGHA HUMAYUN AMIN from
WASHINGTON DC gives a brilliant analysis of the
1857 War of Independence
The Central India Campaign was fought over the widest
area in terms of length and breadth as compared to all the
othercampaigns of 1857. It took the British longer in
terms of time to suppress the rebellion in Central India as
compared to all otherregions involved in the rebellion.
Yet the Central India Campaign in terms of forces
involved and casualties suffered was only a very minor
campaign of the Sepoy Rebellion.Fewest number of units
of Bengal Army were actively involved in this campaign,
as far as the Sepoys were concerned. The conflict in
Central India was a minor one because nothingstrategic
was at stake. The Bengal Army before the outbreakof the
rebellion had a sizeable strength in Central India in terms
of number of units. However as soon as these units
rebelled most of them marched towards Delhi because
Delhi was the most popularpoint of concentration of the
Bengal Army Rebels. Some units however did march to
CawnporeKalpi or to Banda. Banda was the hot choice
for the prospectsof looting. The Nawab of Bandawho
had rebelled was active in lootingand his leadership
inspired many rebels to go to Banda. Three units of
infantry entered Central India because of geographical
compulsions. These were led by the indomitableHindu
Rajput Talukdar Kanwar Singh and came to Central India
3. because they could not move to the north because of the
Ganges River and because of proximity of European units
who were marching on the main Grand Trunk Road from
Calcuttato Benares.
The Central India Campaign however was significant
because of presence of three charismatic figures who
caused a lot of troubleto the British. There were the Rani
of Jhansi a Hindu contemporaryof Hazrat Mahal of
Lucknow, Tantia Topi the only sepoy leader who
executed an offensive plan of strategic level to sever the
British Army's communications with Calcuttaand Feroz
Shah a Mughal Prince who fought valiantly and also later
on managed to escape and survive the rebellion by almost
twenty years. The Rani we admire because although a
woman by sex she was more of a man than most of our
worthy feudals whose grandsons later on became our
Prime Ministers and Chief Ministers! Tantia Topi we
admire because without any formal military education or
background he did at least effectively and physically
threaten the British communications. Something in which
our Generals Rajinder and Nasir 108 years later failed
miserably despite possessing much more in terms of
education,manpower and material superiority ! Feroz
Shah we admire because despite being a Muslim he
inspired many Hindus to fight for a just cause at a time
when Muslims in Muslim majority areas were soldiering
for a foreign nation ! After the failure of the rebellionalso
4. he did make many attempts to convince many Muslim
Kings of martial races like Afghanistan or Iran to resist
the British. But all praise to General Nott and Pollock, the
lesson taught in 1842 in the Grand Bazar of Kabul was
too hard to forget. And that handsomesubsidy of Rs. 12
lakh so hard to refuse !!
INITIAL DEVELOPMENTOF TROOPS
Various Bengal Army troops and princely state
contingents were present in Central India and Western
Rajputanain 1857. We have included thefollowing areas
in Central India for the purposes of analysis / discussion:-
- (1) Central India Agency comprising various princely
states in the area between Narbadda River and Jumna
River. (2) The Southernand Eastern Rajputanaarea of
Ajmer JodhpurTonk etc. (3) The Bundelkhand, Saugor
and Narbadda territories.
Rough deployment of various units and contingents was
as following356 :
a. Bengal Army Infantry:-
(1) 12 NI -Wing each at Jhansi
and Nowgong.
(2) 15 NI -Naseerabad
(3) 30 NI -Naseerabad
(4) 72 NI -Nimach
5. (5) 23 NI -Mhow
(6) 31 NI -Saugor
(7) 42 NI -Jubbulpur
(8) 52 NI -Jubbulpur
(9) 50 NI -Nagode
b. Bengal Army Cavalry
(1) 1 LC -Wing each at Mhow and
Nimach.
(2) 14 Irregular Cavalry - Wing
each at Jhansi and Nowgong.
(3) 3rd Irregular Cavalry- Saugor.
c. GwaliorContingent(8318 men)
(1) Infantry-Seven Regiments at
Gwalior, Goonah, Sipri, Nimach
etc.
(2) Cavalry-Two Regiments.
(3) Artillery-FourField Batteries
and a Light Siege Train.
c. Jodhpur Contingent. A Composite Force of infantry,
cavalry and artillery comprising approximately three
Troops of Cavalry, eleven Companies of Infantry, and
two Nine PounderCamel Guns stationed at Erinpurain
JodhpurState. Cavalry entirely Hindustani
6. Muslim/Ranghar/Kaimkhani Muslim and eight Infantry
companies out of the total entirely consisting of
Hindustanis.
d. Malwa Contingent. Similar to JodhpurContingent.
e. Other Contingents. There were similar other but
smaller contingents of otherstates like Jaipur State
Troops and Kotah Contingent.
DEVELOPMENTOF THE REBELLION IN
CENTRALINDIA AND RAJPUTANA
On 28 May 1857 the sepoys at Nasirabad comprising of
15 and 30 NI regiments rebelled,killed their British
officers and after plunderingthe town marched towards
Delhi357.
In Central India the initial development of the rebellion
was slower than Eastern Rajputana. Here on 9 June the
Malwa contingent rebelled and on 14 June the Gwalior
contingent rebelled at Gwalior and Sipri. The wings of 12
NI and 14 Irregular cavalry stationed at Jhansi and
Nowgong rebelled on 6th and 9th June respectively. On
1st of July the Indore contingent rebelled.The Indore
contingent was soon joined by the Bhopal contingent
comprising mostly Pathans and some Hindustanis.
However most of its Sikh troops who constituteda
minority stayed loyal. The Begum of Bhopal like the Rani
of Jhansi was a woman, but was made of the same passive
7. fibre as most of the Muslim Hindu and Sikh Feudals of
that era. Thus she stayed loyal to the British. The 23 NI
and the wing of 1st Light Cavalry stationed at Mhow
rebelled on 1st July and marched towards Gwalior on the
Grand Trunk Road. They reached Gwalior on 31st of July
1857 and from here marched to Delhi via Agra. The 23 NI
and 1st Light Cavalry sepoys played an important role in
reviving the spirits of the Gwalior contingent troops who
after their initial rebellion on 14 June had subsequently
become very demoralised because of clever propaganda
by their ruler the Sindhia who was secretly in League with
the British at Agra. Anotherfactor in the earlier
demoralisation of the Gwalior contingent troopsstationed
at Gwalior was the arrival of remnants of the 6th Infantry
Regiment of Gwalior contingent who had earlier rebelled
at Lalitpur and had joined the Nana Sahib at Cawnpore.
These troops withdrew from Cawnporeto Gwalior after
having been routed by General Havelock in July 1857.
Anyhow after 31 July the Gwalior Contingent troops
gained greater resolution, thanks to successful exhortation
by the 23 NI and 1st Light Cavalry who stopped at
Gwalior on their way to Delhi for a few days358.
Meanwhile followingwas the situationin eastern half
of Central India359 : -
a. The 42 NI and 3rd Irregular Cavalry stationed at
Saugor rebelled on 1st July. The 31 NI stationed at
8. Saugor however remained loyal. The 3rd Irregular
Cavalry and the 42 NI for some time marched around
Saugor looting and plunderingbut finally they marched
towards Banda which they reached around September
1857. Here they joined the Nawab of Bandawho had
declared himself independentin the aftermath of a
rebellion led by sepoys of the detachment of 1st NI
stationed at Banda on 14 June 1857. (Subsequentlythey
went to Kalpi)
b. Prince Ferozeshah who had gone to Mecca for Haj in
1857 meanwhile was in Central India after returningvia
the port of Surat. Ferozeshah was in area inhabited mostly
by Hindus and had no army. It is an irony of history that
the two finest Muslim military commanders Hyder Ali
and Tipu Sultan offered the toughest resistance to the
British despite the fact that they were ruling a Hindu
majority state. This clearly proves that it is not mere
majority in population but superiority in terms of quality
of leadership which is the deciding factor. On the other
hand we see that many Muslim majority areas were
rendered impotent merely because of absence of good
leadership. Ferozeshah managed to reach Mandesar in
Gwalior state territory with some followers. He was still
wearing the ahram which pilgrims on Haj wear. He
reached Mandesaron 26 August 1857. There was a
detachment of Gwalior troopsstationed here. These being
mostly Hindus but from Northwest province immediately
9. joined Ferozeshah and raised the standard of revolt in
Mandesar !
c. Meanwhile the Rani of Jhansi had already raised the
standard of rebellion oncethe Bengal Army troops
stationed at Jhansi had rebelled on 6 June 1857. It must be
noted that most of these troopshowever marched towards
Cawnporeand the Rani raised a local force to defend her
rule.
d. The Raja of Banpurhad raised the standard of revolt in
Chanderiarea from May 1857.
The Gwalior Contingent was a very large force of troops
but till October 1857 it stayed idle. Two of its units
marched to Delhi and Cawnporebut the remaining seven
i.e. five infantry and two cavalry regiments remained in
inertia till October 1858. This situation continuedtill
October when Tantia Topi a retainer of the Nana Sahib
arrived at Gwalior. Tantia Topi was a Hindu Mahrattaand
a civilian. He had joined the Cawnpore Sepoys after the
rebellion at Cawnpore in June 1857. In July 1857 after
having been defeated by Havelock he had withdrawn to
Oudh. From here Nana Sahib sent him Gwalior in order to
convince the Gwalior contingent Sepoys who were mostly
Hindus from Oudh and Northwest provinces (UP) to
attack Cawnpore which had been reoccupied by General
Havelock in July 1857. Tantia thus reached Gwalior and
by 15 October1857 the Gwalior contingent started its
10. march towards Kalpi under Tantia with a plan to attack
and recaptureCawnpore. This meant severing the line of
communication of the British army fighting at Lucknow
underSir Colin Campbell the British C in C.
Meanwhile during this periodthe followingother
developments tookplace in Central India360 : -
1) The 52 NI at Jabbalpurrebelledon 28 September,
marched towards Bandato join the Nawab of Banda.
2) The 50 NI stationed at Nagode also rebelled and
marched to Banda to join the forces of Nawab of Banda.
3) The 7 NI, 8 NI and 40 NI who had earlier rebelled at
Dinapur on 25 July 1857 arrived at Banda underthe
leadership of the indomitable Hindu Rajput Talukdar Raja
Kanwar Singh. Kanwar Singh was very big landlord of
Shahabad district in Bihar. In July 1857 he led the
rebellion of the 7, 8 and 40 NI regiments at Dinapur. In
1857 Kanwar Singh at 70 years of age was doing what
many young men of that time feared to do. He attacked
Arrah but after being repulsed from there retreated to
Rewah and finally arrived at Banda on 29 September
1857. He was welcomed by the Nawab of Banda.
Subsequentlyon 18 October 1857 Kanwar Singh marched
towards Kalpi from where he crossed the Jamna into the
Doab. From the Doab, Kanwar Singh crossed the Ganges
and joined the rebels at Lucknow in November 1857.
11. 4) On 15th October the 5th Irregular Cavalry also reached
Banda all the way from Rohneein Bihar. In November
the larger part of 32 NI also reached Bandahaving
marched for more than 500 miles. From various places in
Orissa Region, the larger part of this unit marched
towards Kalpi in December 1857.
Situationin Central India from June 1857 to
December 1857361
The rebellion in Central India occupied a large area but
was not a serious threat in strategic terms. The British had
two completearmies i.e. the Bombay Army comprising
some 31,601men and the Madras Army comprising some
49,737men362. I have deliberatelyexcluded the 5,109
and 10,194363 Europeantroops of both Bombay and
Madras Armies since these were special troopsof
Europeanorigin and had been sent to Bengal Army area.
Thus keeping in view the strategic insignificance of
Central India, while Delhi was captured by September
1857 and Lucknow effectively contained by November
1857 the pacification of Central India did not even
commence till January 1858.
Meanwhile during this time the rebels were fighting
among each otherover division of the spoils. The
situation in Central India was highly complex because the
region was divided into some one hundredand fifty
princely states. There were scores of leaders and there
12. was no unity even as outward as at Delhi or Lucknow.
There were very few sepoy Regiments and most of these
were either at Banda for the prospect of loot or at Kalpi
which was the centre of operationsof Tantia Topi.
In June 1857 hostilities erupted between Raja of Banpur
and the 6th Gwalior contingent Infantry over division of
booty. The Gwalior contingent consisted mostly of
Hindustanis (roughly 75% Hindu and 25% Muslim) while
the Raja of Banpurwas Hindu Bundela. In the ensuing
conflict the Gwalior sepoys severely mauled the Raja's
local levies and then marched north towards Cawnpore
via Jhansi and Kalpi.
Conflict started between the Rani of Jhansi and the Tehri
state. The state force of Tehri state actuallybesieged
Jhansi from 3rd to 22 October 1857364. It is interesting
to note that later on the Raja of Tehri claimed that he was
acting against Jhansi on behalfof the British government.
The Raja of Banpuralso attacked territory of Jhansi.
The Nawab of Banda who managed to attract the largest
number of sepoy regiments in Central India also started
waging private wars on other states. The first target of the
Nawab was the Chief of Ajaigarh. Subsequently, he
marched against Kirwi state and extorted from it Rs. two
lakhs !
13. The only Muslim State of any worth in Central India was
the Bhopal state but this state was ruled by a worthless
woman who stayed loyal despite the fact that her state
troopsrevolted. Many of her male relatives however,
actively participated in the rebellion. Notableamong these
was Nawab Ali Khan of Bhopal.Dilan Singh of
Madanpurwas also active in the southern part of Central
India.
The JodhpurLegion based at Erinpurarebelled on 23rd
August. They operated in Jodhpurstate for sometime and
cooperatedwith Khushial Singh the Thakur of Awah who
was in rebellionagainst the British. On 8 September the
Legion defeated a force of Jodhpur's loyal Raja's local
levies. Subsequentlythis Legion remained at Awah till 10
Oct. 1857. On 10 Oct 1857 they marched towards Delhi
via Marwar and Rewari. Meanwhile, Brigadier Gerrard
had been sent with a force to intercept the JodhpurLegion
from Delhi. A battletook place at Narnaul on 16
November with Gerard's force and the Legion was
defeated but Gerrard suffered mortal woundsduring the
pursuit and subsequentlydied.
March of Sir Hugh Rosefrom Mhow to Gwalior365
Sir Hugh Rose assumed the command of the Central India
Field Force on 17 December 1857. He divided his force
as following: -
14. 1st Brigade (Brigadier Stuart)
1) One Squadronof HM 14 Light
Dragoons.
2) One Troop of 3rd Light Cavalry
of Bombay Army.
3) HM 86 Foot (Two compa- nies,
othercompanies joined at
Chanderion 16 March 1858).
4) 25 Bombay Native Infantry.
5) Two Batteries of European
Artillery.
6) Sappers & Miners Detachment.
2nd Brigade
1) HeadquartersHM 14 Light
Dragoons.
2) Headquarters3rd Bombay
Light Cavalry.
3) 3rd Bombay European
Regiment.
4) Bombay NI.
5) Battery Horse Artillery.
6) One Field Battery.
7) Madras Sappers and Miners.
8) Siege Train (Joined 15 January
15. 1858).
ContingentHyderabad (Worthless) State
1) 1st Hyderabad Cavalry.
2) 4th Hyderabad Cavalry.
3) Artillery : -
1st Company Hyderabad Artillery
2nd ' ' '
4th ' ' '
4) Two Howitzers.
5) Wing of 3rd Hyderabad
Infantry.
6) Wing of 5th Hyderabad
Infantry.
Sir Hugh Rose's march from Mhow to Gwalior has been
projected out of proportionas an outstandingfeat of arms.
This tendencyemerged when Hugh Rose became C in C
India in 1858. Various post 1858 authorstook special care
to give it undueimportancein order to please Hugh Rose.
This sycophancy is however universal and found in plenty
in all armies / government service.
The broad overall plan of the British was to conduct
operationswith two major forces i.e. the Central India
Field Force underHugh Rose which consisted largely of
troopsfrom the Bombay Army and from the Hyderabad
16. contingent, the second major force was General
Whitlock's force constituted from Madras Army Troops.
Hugh Rose was to march from Mhow to general direction
Jhansi and then to Kalpi clearing the vast multitudeof
small rebel forces on the way. Whitlock was to march
from Jabbalpurtowards Banda. The aim was to clear Sir
Colin Campbell's rear from which the sepoys who were
raiding his communications i.e. the CalcuttaCawnpore
Road. But this actuallyhad been effectively done when
Tantia Topi was routed at Cawnporeon 06 Dec 1858. The
authorof this very broad plan of action was Sir Robert
Hamilton, Agent to the Governor General in Central
India.
Sir Hugh Rose left Mhow on 6 January 1858 and joined
his 2nd Brigade which had assembled at Sehore. His plan
was to proceed towards Saugor and northward to Jhansi
and subsequentlyto Kalpi with the 2nd Brigade. The First
Brigade was to march north on the Main Grand Trunk
Road from Bombay to Agra starting from Indore.
The first major aim of Hugh Rose was to relieve Saugor
fort garrison who had been confined to this fort since 29
June 1857. They were, however, well defended by the 31
NI which remained loyal to the British. On 28 January
1857 the Raja of Banpurwas defeated by the 2nd Brigade
in a Skirmish type battle. At Barodia the Raja of Banpur
again and Anant Singh were defeated in a battlewhose
17. intensity and magnitude may be gauged from the fact that
the 2nd Brigade only suffered casualties of 2 men killed
and 21 wounded366! Saugor was relieved by the 2nd
Brigade with whom Rose was marching on 3rd February
1858. The relief of Saugor made communication and
cooperationwith the 1st Brigade possible because of the
direct road link of Saugor with Goonah where the
advance guard of the 1st Brigade was located.From here
i.e. Saugor Hugh Rose (2nd Brigade) advanced to
Garhakota which was captured after a brief siege on 12
February 1858. The casualties suffered were nonekilled
and four wounded367!After this Hugh Rose went back to
Saugor for rest / replenishment.
Rose resumed his advance on 27 Feb 1858 and forced the
passes leading into Bundelkhandby resorting to some
feint attacks misleading the various local rulers about his
direction of attack. Again these were insignificant
operationssince the fighting was nominal. At the battleof
MadanpurPass fought on 3rd March 1858 Hugh suffered
casualties of none killed and 12 wounded 368.
Chanderiwas besieged and captured by the 1st Brigade
on 17 March 1858 with a loss of just 3 killed and 23
wounded369.Meanwhile Rose had ordered the 1st
Brigade to join him for the siege of Jhansi. Thus the 1st
Brigade marched from Chanderi towards Jhansi and
joined the Brigade on 25th March at Jhansi.
18. The siege of Jhansi was again a minor operation. Its only
worthwhileevent was an attempt by Tantia Topi to
relieve it which was defeated by Rose. This engagement
was known as the Battleof Betwa River and was fought
on 31 March 1858. The Cambridge History of India puts
Tantia's strength at 22,000370which is a big joke with
history ! That Tantia managed to kill only 17 men of
Hugh Rose's force and wound 63 only proves that we
should divide the figure of 22,000by three or four !
The subsequent captureof Jhansi on 3rd April 1858 was
again a minor show. The British losses were only 42
killed and 211 wounded371.
The battleof Jhansi was followed by the battleof Kunch.
This battlewas more of a series of outflanking
manoeuvres by Hugh Rose which threatenedTantia's
position at Kunch in such a way that Tantia had to
withdraw without a fight. The British losses in this battle
fought on 7th May 1858 were just 9 killed and 47
wounded372.
This was followed by anothersmall battleat Kalpi fought
on 22 May 1858. Here Rose again outflanked Tantia and
made good use of Jumna River to protect his right flank.
In addition, superior handlingof artillery in this battle
also played a decisive part in ensuring a decisive victory
achieved with minimum casualties. In this battleRose
manoeuvred in such a way that he changed his direction
19. of advance from a previously southwest-northeast axis to
a east-west axis. Thereby, he turned Tantia's left at Kalpi
forcing him to fight by facing eastwards whereas he was
expecting the British to attack from the south west.
Fortescuemade an observation about the rebels of 1857
and I agree with him when he said '...they were
disconcerted by Campbell's line of advance, which was
not what they expected; and the moral effect of anything
like a surprise is very potent among Orientals373.
The rebels of 1857 were not from the officer class and
had very rudimentary notions about handlingof troops.
Nevertheless, the battleof Kalpi was definitely a fine
example of Hugh Rose's handlingof troopsin which he
resorted to a brilliant manoeuvre which greatly reduced
his casualties which may have occurred had he followed
the line of advance along the Jhansi-Kalpi Road. The
British casualties in this battlewere just 31 killed and 57
wounded.
The total casualties of Hugh Rose's Central India Field
Force from Mhow to Kalpi were 560 out which 112 were
killed374.Their smallness can be gauged from the fact
that in just one engagement in Oudh i.e. the battleof
Chinhat fought on 30 June 1857 the British casualties
were 112 Europeanskilled and 44 Europeans
wounded375.Of Central India it may be noted that out of
the 112 killed in actual battlejust about around 30 were
20. Europeans!Many more Europeansmust have died due to
heat stroke but that too is doubtful because by the time
Kalpi was captured it was only 22 May and the hottest
season was still many weeks away.
The battleof Kalpi was the end of the campaign.
However, Tantia Topi managed to seize Gwalior by
having boldlymarched to Gwalior with what remained of
his army at Kalpi. Tantia had withdrawn from Kalpi with
around 5,000 to 6,000 sepoys. He reached Gwalior on 30
May 1857 along with the Rani of Jhansi and Rao Sahib.
The Sindia Maharaja attempted to face him with his local
levies but these men deserted him at the last moment and
joined Tantia Topi. Thus Tanti succeeded in capturing
Gwalior the strongest fortress of Central India. But the
situation in May 1858 was not as it was in December
1857. Tantia hardlyhad any artillery and everyone by
May 1858 when Lucknow and Delhi had already fallen,
knew that the sepoy cause was a doomed cause.
Rose immediately marched from Kalpi to Gwalior and
after a short siege where he heavily outgunned Tantia
captured Gwalior. The magnitude can be imagined from
the fact that the total British casualties were just 22 killed
and 62 wounded. These included just 9 Europeanskilled
includingone from sunstroke376.
21. The campaign ended with anotherinsignificant battleat
Jaura Alipur in which Rose's casualties were 4 killed and
8 wounded.
From 22 June 1858 till 7 April 1859 the British forces
pursued Tantia Topi all over Central India, Rajputanaand
Berar. Tantia was betrayed to the British by a rebel turned
loyal Raja Man Singh on 7th April 1859. He was taken to
Sipri, court martialled and hanged on 18 April 1859. Rao
Sahib was capturedin 1862 and hanged on 20 August
1862 at Cawnpore. Firoz Shah disguised as a pilgrim
escaped to Karbala and died in 1877 as a poor but very
great and free man!
We had earlier left Feroze Shah at Mandesor. Feroz Shah
subsequentlymarched towards Dhar which he occupied
on 31 August 1857. Feroze Shah was defeated at Dhar on
22 Oct 1857 by a British force known as the Malwa Field
Force. Dhar fort was captured by the British on 31 Oct
1857. From Dhar Feroze Shah marched to Mehidpur
which he attached on 8 Nov. 1857. Later on the Malwa
Field Force defeated Feroze Shah at Mandisur on 23
November 1857. After this defeat Feroze Shah withdrew
to Rahatgarh fort which he left a day before it was
captured by Hugh Rose i.e. on 28 January 1858. From
here Feroze Shah moved into Rohailkhand.He left
Rohailkhandafter its clearance by General Campbell in
May 1858. In December 1858 he was operating in Etawah
22. area in the Central Doab from where he was repulsed by
Mr. Allan Octavian Hume (of All India Congress fame)
who at that time was collectorof Etawah377. On 09 Dec
1858 Feroze Shah crossed the Jamna at Uriya Ghat and
moved south into Central India. He was pursued in
Gwalior area by General Napier and was forced to
withdraw towards Chanderi. From here he kept on
running till he joined our Mahrattahero Tantia Topi in
January 1859. In an action around 14 January Feroze
Shah and Tantia were chased by the British for 25 hours
during which they covered 57 miles ! Finally Feroze Shah
took refuge in the jungles of Sironj and we hear of him
last at Goonah on 15 April 1857 after which he
disappeared from India! The last time he revisited India
was in 1868378when he entered Swat / Bunnerarea via
Afghanistan.The pursuit of Tantia Topi though militarily
insignificant was an inspiring part of the rebellion.The
modern guerilla warfare's foundationwere laid in the
Jungle of Central India by Tantia Topi. The magnitude of
Tantia's long marches and countermarches may be
gauged from the fact that one of the British force ie the
Nasirabad Brigade which was tasked to pursue had to
march for some 984 miles and 5 1/2 Furlongs from 18
December 1858 to Ist March 1859379.During this period
the Nasirabad Brigade failed to captureTantia. The very
fact that an Indian betrayed him proves symbolically that
it was not the British who actuallywon, but the Indians
who made their victory possible.
23. Notes
356 Constructed from Lord Stanley's Statement in British
Parliament . Pages-31 to 36-Fitz Gerald and Lee-Op Cit.
Pages-4 to 58-TheRevolt in Central India-Op Cit.
357 Page-32-Fitz Gerald and Lee-Op Cit.
358 Pages-33, 34 and 35-Ibid.Pages-4 to 98-The Revolt in
Central India-Op Cit.
359 Ibid and Pages-371 & 386-C.Hibbert-OpCit..Pages-
157,158 & 159-Battlesof the Indian Mutiny-Op Cit.
360 Pages-24 to 58-TheRevolt in Central India-Op Cit.
361 Pages-34 to 79-Ibid
362 Appendix-One-Incidentsin the Sepoy War-Op Cit.
363 Ibid.
364 Page-25-The Revolt in Central India-Op Cit.
365 Pages-160 to 230-Ibid
366 Page-260-Ibid.
367 Ibid.
368 Ibid.
369 Ibid.
370 Page-202-TheCambridge History of India-The Indian
Empire-1858-1918-Op Cit.
371 Page-260 & 261-TheRevolt in Central India-Op Cit.
372 Pages-260-261 & 262-Ibid.
373 Page-326-J.W Fortescue-Vol-XIII-Op Cit.
374 Pages-260 to 264-ReturnOf Casualties in the Central
24. India Campaign-Revolt in Central India-Op Cit.Compare
these with just one engagement of the British with 500
men of the 14th Native Infantry at Jhelum in which the
British lost 44 killed and 109 wounded (See End Note
Number 210). The much projected siege of Jhansi was in
reality a minor engage- ment.
375 Page-743-Henry Beveridge-Volume-III-Op Cit.
376 Pages-261 and 262-Revolt in Central India-Op Cit.
377 Page-251-Malleson-VolumeFive-Op Cit.
378 Page167-A History of the Freedom Movement-
Volume Two- 1831-1905-Part Two -Pakistan Historical
Society-30 New Karachi Housing Society-Karachi-1960.
379 Annexure-Revolt in Central India-Op Cit.