1. The document discusses the origins and history of the Pala dynasty, which ruled over Bengal from the 8th to the 12th century CE. It describes how Gopal founded the dynasty and ended a period of political chaos in Bengal.
2. Under the rulers Dharampala and Devapala, the Pala empire expanded to control much of northern India, through both military conquests and diplomatic relations. They had changing territorial disputes and alliances with the neighboring Rashtrakuta and Pratihara empires.
3. The Pala rulers were strong patrons of Buddhism and oversaw a period of cultural and educational prosperity, establishing several important universities like Vikramashila and Nalanda.
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3. Introduction
• Political disintegration in Bengal after death of Shashank.
• A period of anarchy for a period of almost 100 years.
• Many small kingdoms
• Fighting for supremacy
• Heroic & Laudable effort : Rise of Palas
• Placed Bengal as seat of Power.
• Period of cultural prosperity.
• Impetus to growth of education, arts & crafts.
• Patronage to Buddhism.
10. Origin of Palas
• Khalimpur inscription: To eradicate contemporary political confusion &
matsyanyay, Prakrutis chose Gopal as King.
• Taranath: Gopal was chosen as Bengal king in times of political chaos.
11. Caste of Palas
• Taranath: Gopal was born of union between a kshatriya mother and a tree in
Pundravardhan.
• Ashtsaahstrika Pragyapaarmita: Dharampal called Rajbhataadivanshpatita.
• Rajbhataadivanshpatita =
• 1. Military officer of king?
• 2. Of Rajbhat dynasty?
• 3. Derogatory term?
• Khalimpur inscription: Mother of Dharampal called Bhadraatmjaa.
• Bhadraatmjaa = Of Bhadra dynasty?
12. Caste of Palas
• Palas don’t attribute themselves to either Surya or Chandravamshi in their
inscriptions.
• Aryamanjushrimulkalpa: Gopal belonged to Daaskula.
• Probably belonged to some low caste or were result of Aprashasht marriage.
• Tibetan legends: Mythical origin from tree.
• Vallalcharita: Palas called lowest amongst Kshatriyas.
13. Original homeland
• Rampalcharita: Vaarendra (North Bengal)= Paternal homeland of Palas.
• Kamauli inscription: Kaivart (North Bengal) = Paternal homeland
• Gwalior Prashasti: Palas are called Vangapati.
• R.C.Majumdar: Original homeland = Eastern & southern Bengal.
• Rashtrakuta inscriptions: Palas called as Gaudadhipati.
• Analysis: Homeland North Bengal or East/Southern Bengal (Vang)?
14. Gopal (c.740-770CE)
• Gopal ended the political chaos in Bengal: Founder of Pala dyansty
• No info about his early life.
• Probably a leading chief who had made his mark as a general.
• Taranath: Gopal established Nalanda vihar near Odantpuri.
• V.P.Sinha: Magadh was under his control.
• Munger Copper plate: Gopal conquered whole earth till sea.
• Exaggerartion.
• Aryamanjushrimulkalpa: Died at the banks of Ganga.
• Taranath: Ruled for 45 years.
• Aryamanjushrimulkalpa: Ruled for 27 years.
15. Dharampala (c.770-810CE)
• Received a well administered kingdom in Bengal.
• Used his capabilities to expand his dominion.
• Remarkable career.
• Called Hero of hundred fights.
• Powerful contemporaries.
• Rashtrakutas - Gurjar Pratiharas.
• Struggle inevitable
16. Dharampala & Gurjar Pratiharas: Stage I
• Radhanpur inscription: Vatsaraja took 2 white parasols from Gaudaraja.
• 2 white parasols = Ganga Yamuna doab
• Gaudaraja = Dharampala.
• Prithvirajvijaya: Vatsaraj helped by his Chahman feudatory Durlabhraja.
• Established Indrayuddha on Kannauj throne.
• Victory of Vatsaraj over Dharampala = not definitive
17. Dharampala & Gurjar Pratiharas: Stage II
• Khalimpur inscription: King of Avanti (= Vatsaraj) was forced to attend
the coronation darbar in Kannauj organised by Pala king Dharampala.
18. Dharampala & Rashtrakutas: Stage I
• Sanjan copper plate: Rashtrakuta Dhruva defeated Dharampala.
• Battle fought somewhere in Ganga-Yamuna doab.
• Bhandarkar: Dharampala allied with Vatsaraja against Dhruva.
• Not backed by evidence.
19. Dharampala’s Digvijiay
• Khalimpur inscription + Bhagalpur inscription: Dharampal left his rightful claim on throne of Kannauj
in favour of Chakrayuddha.
• Organised coronation for Chakrayuddha.
• Sanjan copper plate & Gwalior Prashasti: verifies Chakrayuddha = king of Kannauj
• Somewhere after 783 CE.
• Khalimpur inscription: Darbar attended by kings of Bhoja, Matsya, Madra, Kuru, Yadu, Avanti, Yavan,
Gandhar, Kir.
• No idea if these kings were defeated or they themselves accepted Pala sovereignty in fear.
• Vatsaraja was forced to attend this assembly.
• Mungyr inscription: Dharampala’s soldiers bathed in waters of Gokarna & Kedar.
20. Identification of places
• Bhoja = near Vidarbha
• Matsya = Jaipur, Bharatpur, Alwar
• Yadu = Mathura
• Avanti = Malva
• Kuru = Delhi, Indraprastha
• Yavan = Arabs of Sindh
• Gandhar = NW Punjab
• Keer = Kangda, Himachal
• Kedar & Gokarna = Himachal
21. Extent after Digvijaya
• Zenith of his power: 785-800 CE
• Direct control: Whole of Bengal & Bihar.
• Area of influence: western Bihar to Panchal under Chakrayuddha.
• Poet Soddhal calls him Uttarapathswami.
• Helped in his conquests by his younger brother Vaakapala.
• Probaly Vaakapala also functioned as his commander in chief of army.
22. Dharampala & Gurjar Pratiharas: Stage III
• Gwalior Prashasti + Buchkala inscription: Nagabhatta II defeated king Chakrayuddha of
Kannauj.
• Acquired throne of Kannauj & took the title ‘Parambhattaraka Maharajadhiraja
Parmeshwar’.
• Gwalior Prashasti: Nagabhatta II defeated Pala king of Gaud, Dharampala.
• Jodhpur inscription: This battle was fought in Munger.
• Baroda inscription + Chatsu inscription + Jodhpur Inscription: Nagabhatta II helped by his
samantas Kakka, Bahukdhawal & Shankargana.
• Gwalior Prashasti: Annexed hilly forts of Aanarta, Malwa, Kirat, Turushq, Vatsa & Matsya.
• Khalimpur inscription: These areas were formerly under Pala king Dharampala.
23. Aftermath of Defeat by Nagabhatta II
• Sanjan copper Plate + Radhanpur inscription + Pathari pillar inscription:
Nagabhatta II himself attacked by Rashtrakuta Govinda III.
• R.C.Majumdara + V.P.Sinha: Dharampala successfully reacquired parts of
his kingdom.
• V.S.Pathak: Unsuccessful in this attempt on account of his old age.
• Lost his prestige and status as king of whole of north India.
24. Dharampala & Rashtrakutas: Stage II
• Sanjan copper plate: Dharampala and Chakrayuddha themselves submitted to Govind III.
• Why?
• R.D.Benerji: After suffering defeat at the hands of Nagabhatta II, it was wise to not
challenge Rashtrakutas.
• Political wisdom.
• Date of north Indian campaign of Govind III: before 802 CE
• Aftermath of Rashtrakuta attack: Not much.
25. Tripartite struggle: Dharampala
• Pratihara king Vatsaraj defeated Indrayuddha
• Pratihara king Vatsaraja defeated Pala king Dharampal
• Rashtrakuta king Dhruva defeated Pratihara king Vatasaraja
• Rashtrakuta king Dhruva defeated Pala king Dharampala
• Pala king Dharampala established Chakrayuddha on Kannauj throne
• Pratihara king Vatsaraj forced to attend
• Pratihara king Nagabhatta II defeated Charayuddha + Pala king Dharampala
• Rashtrakuta king Govind III defeated Pratihara king Nagabhatta II
26. Dharampala and Tibet
• Tibetan sources: Dharampala accepted sovereignty of Tibetan king.
• Must have happened in later part of his reign.
• Could not safeguard his kingdom due to his old age.
• Others: Claims not backed by evidence.
27. Cultural Accomplishments
• Bhagalpur inscription: Praises his success and sense of justice
• Nalanda inscription: Titles Parambhattaraka, Parmeshwar, Maharajadhiraja
• Bhagalpur inscription: Title Samkarah
• Organised pompous darbaras at Kannauj & Patiliputra.
• Patron of Education: Constructed Vikramshila University.
• Taranath: Dharampala founded 50 religious schools.
• Patron of Buddhism.
• Established Vaarendri, Soyyapur Viharas.
• Tolerant of other religions.
28. Devapala (c.810-850CE)
• S/O Dharampala and Rashtrakuta princess.
• Worthy son of a worthy father.
• Inherited a stable empire.
• Biggest conqueror of his dynasty.
• Suleiman: Pala troops outnumbered than those of their enemies Pratiharas &
Rashtrakutas
• Aggressive imperialistic policy.
• Took titles of Parambhattaraka, Parmeshwar, Maharajadhiraja.
29. Imperialistic conquests
• Spent many years of his life on battlefield.
• Badal pillar inscription: Exacted tributes from Himalayas to Vindhyas & from Eastern
to western ocean.
• Munger copper plate: Victory campaigns led him as far as Kambhoj and Vindyas.
• Badal pillar inscription: Exterminated Utkalas, conquered Pragjyotishpur (Assam),
curbed the Huna pride, destroyed the haughtiness of Pratihara and Dravid lords.
• Altekar: Dravid king = Rashtrakuta Amoghvarsh?
• Others: Dravid king = Pandya king Sri Maar Sri Vallabha?
• V.P.Sinha: Dravid king = Pallava.
• Bhagalpur inscription: King of Utkal flee his capital & Pragjyotish king accepted his
soverginity.
• Helped in his victories by council of his ministers, Darbhapani, his grandson
Kedarmishra & his brave cousin Jayapala.
30. Pala Pratihara struggle
• Contemporary Pratihara king = Mihirbhoja = Powerful
• Both dynasties assert their victory.
• Gwalior inscription: Rajlaxmi of Devapal went to Bhoja.
• Badal pillar inscription : Devapal crushed the pride of Gurjarnatha.
• Devapala = Contemporary of Nagabhatta II,Rambhadra, Mihirbhoja
• R.S.Tripathi + R.C.Majumdar: Gurjarnath = Mihirbhoja.
• Devalpala victorious in early days of Mihirbhoja.
• Mihirbhoja victorious in later phase
• Chatsu inscription: Mihirbhoja assisted by his Guhil samant Harshraj.
• Kahla inscription: Kalchuri samant Gunambodhideva accompanied Mihirbhoja in his
conquest against Palas
31. Tripartite struggle: Devapala
• Pala king Devapala defeated Pratihara king Mihirbhoja
• Pratihara king Mihirbhoja defeated Pala king Devapala.s
• Rashtrakuta king Dhruv II defeated Pratihara king Mihirbhoja
• Pratihara king Bhoja defeated Rashtrakuta king Krishna II.
32. Extent of empire
• R.C.Majumdar: Kingdom extended from Assam to Kashmir. His armies
even marched till kamboja ans southern shores.
• R.S.Tripathi + Keelhorn: Details of imperialistic conquests are
exaggerations.
33. Diplomatic relations
• Nalanda copper plate: King Baalputradeva of Shailendra dynasty sent
an ambassador to court of Devapala
• Requesting grant of 5 villages to endow a monastery in Nalanda.
• Goshrawa stone inscription : Buddhist priest from Nagarhala
(Jelalabaad) appointed at Nalanda.
34. Remarks
• Ruled as paramount ruler of northern India
• Long reign of 40 years.
• Direct rule over Bihar-Bengal
• Area of influence till Kamboja.
• Led his armies till Sindhu – a feat no Bengal king could lay claim to.
• Successfully tackled 3 generations of Prataihara kings.
• Patron of Buddhism: gave grants to Nalanda & Vikramshila universities.
35. Decline of Palas
Weak & incompetent successors
Growing power of Pala Feudatories
Rise of Powerful contemporary dynasties: Kalchuri, Gahadwal
Weaking of admininstartion and economy
36. Fall of Palas
• Devapala succeeded by Vakapala.
• Probably his nephew or son.
• Abdicated the throne to become an ascetic.
• His son Narayanapala = a pacifist
• Rule of these 2 unmartial rulers: Pala empire’s disintegration.
• Pratiharas and Rashtrakutas took advantage.
• Magadh lost to Pratiharas.
• For some time even northern Bengal went in hands of Mahendrapala.
• But Narayanpala re-established Pala supremacy in Bihar-Bengal.
• Matrimonial alliance with Rashtrakutas.
37. Fall of Palas: Rise of Pala feudatories
• Triumph of Pratiharas encouraged other subordinate chiefs.
• Pala feudatories in Assam assumed imperial titles.
• Shailodbhavas of Odisa overthrew the yoke of Palas.
38. Fall of Palas: Rashtrakutas
• Sirur inscription of Amoghvarsha: Kings of Anga, Vanga, Magadh
worshipped him.
• R.C.Majumdar: Amoghvarsha attacked Palas.
• Inscription of Krishna III: Krishna II’s command followed by Anga,
Kalinga, Ganga, Magadh.
39. Fall of Palas : Rising Pratihara feudatories
• Reign of Rajyapala, Gopal II, Vigrahapala II: 80 years
• Collapse of Pratiharas = Respite for Palas?
• Suffered equally from new powers that arose out of Pratihara ruins.
• Chandella + Kalchuri records: Defeat inflicted by their rulers upon Gaud,
Radh, Anga, Vangal.
• Mention of these separate units = Disintegration of Pala kingdom into several
principalities.
40. Resurgence : Mahipala I
• New lease of life for Palas.
• 2nd founder of Palas.
• Made of sterner stuff than his predecessors.
• Succeeded in recovering old glory of Palas.
• Banagarh inscription + Baghora inscription: Within 3 years of his reign,
reacquired whole of north & east Bengal.
• Constructed & renovated temples in Nalanada, Bodhgaya, Sarnath.
• Kurkihara bronzes from Gaya.
41. Attacks on Mahipal’s kingdom
1. Tiruvalangadu copper plates + Karandai inscription: commander of Rajendra
chola’s army defeated Gaud king and snatched numeorus elephants, maidens and
immense wealth from him.
• Hurried raid by Cholas.
• Probably Mahipala had to flee.
• Still no permanent effect of Chola attack and ensuing defeat on Mahipala’s
kingdom.
2.Goharwa inscription: Gangeyadeva Kalchuri defeated Angaraj.
• Angaraj = Mahipala ?
42. Final days
• Rise of Varman and Sena dynasty in Bengal.
• Pressure of Gahadwalas of Kashi-Kannauj.
• By 1124 CE, Gahadwalas took most of the areas till Patna.
• Madanpala’s rule limited to only central & eastern Bihar.
• Last Pala king = Govindapala.
