Jessa
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Culture is derived from the Latin words "cultura" meaning care or "cultus" meaning civilization. It refers to the behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular social, ethnic, or age group that are learned through socialization. Several scholars have defined culture as: the customs, arts, social institutions and achievements of a society, which acts to collectively program the human mind and distinguish one group from another, consisting of the stories people tell themselves about themselves. Culture includes all manifestations of social habits including knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, and customs acquired by humans as members of society.
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Society is defined as an extended social group with a distinctive cultural and economic organization that shapes individuals. Culture refers to the values, arts, beliefs, and technologies that bind a society together. An individual's identity and ability to interact are shaped by the society and culture they are a part of, as well as the physical and social environments. Time is a constant that all societies use to measure the past, present, and future, while power, authority, gender roles, and technology also influence how a society is organized and functions.
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This document discusses cultural studies and defines some key aspects of culture. It introduces cultural studies as an emerging field that analyzes everyday activities like films, media, communities, and education that shape people's lives. It then provides exercises for students to define culture based on listing words and meanings. Finally, the document defines characteristics of culture, stating that culture is learned, shared, cumulative, changes over time, ideational, and diverse.
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Culture is defined as the deep experiences, values, and artifacts that are shared and communicated within a group. A culture consists of learned behaviors, norms, and objects that comprise a group's total way of life. There are also subcultures within larger cultures that share some but not all cultural meanings. Cultural beliefs, attitudes, and values are representations of the outside world that indicate behavioral intentions and distinguish what is right from wrong within a culture. Cultures can be either collectivistic, valuing group goals over individual goals, or individualistic, prioritizing personal goals. Communication also differs between high-context cultures where context is important and low-context cultures where messages must be clear.
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Cultural studies is a very vast topic. But i have briefly condensed it. Hope i have done justice to the topic.
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Society refers to social organizations that share a common habitat, while culture includes the shared behaviors, values, and beliefs of a society. A society has social structure, which are patterns of relationships, and functions, which are the intended and actual consequences of social behaviors. Within societies are social institutions that deal with the economy, social control, religion, and kinship. Culture is learned, patterned, adaptive, and compulsory. It includes ideas, beliefs, values, norms, and material goods that are shared within a group.
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Here is a potential activity for children to learn about Pakistani culture:
Craft and Story Time
- Have the children make crafts that represent different aspects of Pakistani culture, such as making paper kites, mehndi/henna designs, or diya (clay oil lamps).
- As they craft, read them stories, folktales, and poems from Pakistani literature to expose them to the culture. Stories could include folktales from Sindh or Punjab or poems/stories in Urdu, Pashto, etc.
- After crafting and listening to stories, have the children share and explain the crafts and cultural aspects they learned about to practice teaching each other.
This allows the children to actively engage
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Culture is defined as the deep experiences, values, and artifacts that are shared and communicated within a group. A culture consists of learned behaviors, norms, and objects that comprise a group's total way of life. There are also subcultures within larger cultures that share some but not all cultural meanings. Cultural beliefs, attitudes, and values are representations of the outside world that indicate behavioral intentions and distinguish what is right from wrong within a culture. Cultures can be either collectivistic, valuing group goals over individual goals, or individualistic, prioritizing personal goals. Communication also differs between high-context cultures where context is important and low-context cultures where messages must be clear.
Symbolic (social) construction of community
1. The document discusses how communities are symbolically constructed through shared meanings, norms, and codes rather than rigid structural models.
2. It argues that communities interact with outside entities and maintain boundaries through both physical and mental symbols.
3. While communities may share symbols, the meanings attached to those symbols can vary between individuals, requiring continual reinforcement to maintain a shared consciousness.
Person in the society
Society is a requirement for human development and potential. Living in society allows people to use their talents and develop their fruits through mutual exchange and service of others. The family and state communities should encourage voluntary associations to gain goals beyond individual capacity. However, excessive state intervention threatens this. The principle of subsidiarity opposes collectivism and aims for harmonious relationships between persons and societies. A just social hierarchy subordinates physical dimensions to spiritual aspects. Authority comes from God but political structures and leaders come from free citizen decision.
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The most important aspect of organizational culture are the values it practices. Eight values may be examined to develop the profile of an organizational culture that is called octapace it OPENNESS, CONFRONTATION, TRUST, AUTHENTICITY, PROACTIVELY, AUTONOMY, COLLABORATION, AND EXPERIMENTING.
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1. Culture plays an important role in sustainable development through both developing the cultural sector itself and ensuring culture has a place in public policies.
2. Sustainable development was originally conceived as having three pillars - economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental balance. There is a growing call to include culture as a fourth pillar of sustainable development.
3. Culture shapes what we mean by development and how we understand and appreciate natural resources and each other. It is intrinsically connected to human development and freedoms.
Hellenistic Greece
After Alexander the Great's conquests, his vast empire was divided upon his death in 323 BC. This led to the Hellenistic period, where Greek culture blended with those of Persia, Egypt, and Central Asia. Alexander encouraged cultural exchange by marrying local women like Roxana of Bactria and establishing cities like Alexandria, which housed the famous Library containing knowledge on many subjects. A key change was the shift from city-states to kingdoms as the main political unit after Alexander's conquest of much of the known world. Hellenistic achievements included advances in philosophy with schools like Cynicism, Epicureanism, and Stoicism; more realistic art and literature focusing on everyday life; and progress in science and technology
Different Forms of Society
The Different Forms of Society in continuation of the discussions on the Human Person in Society on my Senior High School Class of Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person.
Different Perspective on Community
This document discusses different perspectives on communities. It outlines the social science, sectoral, civil society, and community-based perspectives. The social science perspective views a community as people unified by common characteristics like geography, interests, values or traditions. The sectoral perspective sees communities as systems comprised of diverse individuals and sectors. The civil society perspective generally defines communities as non-governmental organizations that work to address social issues. The community-based perspective considers communities as settings for intervention, targets for change, resources, and agents.
Cultural studies
Cultural studies is a very vast topic. But i have briefly condensed it. Hope i have done justice to the topic.
Chapter ii
Society refers to social organizations that share a common habitat, while culture includes the shared behaviors, values, and beliefs of a society. A society has social structure, which are patterns of relationships, and functions, which are the intended and actual consequences of social behaviors. Within societies are social institutions that deal with the economy, social control, religion, and kinship. Culture is learned, patterned, adaptive, and compulsory. It includes ideas, beliefs, values, norms, and material goods that are shared within a group.
society
A society is a group of people who interact and live together in an organized community, subject to common political and cultural structures. Societies are characterized by patterns of social relationships and interactions between members who share a culture. More broadly, a society comprises the economic, social, and political institutions that make up the infrastructure supporting a group of individuals, who can come from different ethnic groups. Throughout history, societies have been organized based on their primary means of subsistence, ranging from hunter-gatherer to pastoral, horticultural, agricultural, industrial, and post-industrial.
Stranger12
The document discusses the social phenomenon of strangers and minority groups. It describes how natives tend to view strangers as outsiders and categorize them based on limited information. This leads natives to perceive strangers in abstract and stereotypical ways. Over time, strangers may take on the perspectives of natives as their sense of difference decreases through naturalization and assimilation into the dominant culture. The document also examines concepts like race, ethnicity, ethnocentrism, social identity theory, and different sociological perspectives on intergroup relations.
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Culture can be defined as the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group. It includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. All cultures share some common aspects such as social organization into groups like families and social classes, customs and traditions, language, arts and literature, religion, forms of government, and economic systems. However, cultures also vary in important ways and viewing other cultures through one's own cultural lens can lead to ethnocentrism.
1206 Functionalist View of Culture
The functionalist view of culture sees culture as essential for holding society together. It views culture as composed of beliefs, values, and norms that dictate social behaviors and link individuals to the wider society. Functionalists believe that all aspects of culture serve important functions that contribute to social stability and solidarity.
What is society
Society is defined as a group of people involved in persistent social interaction, sharing the same territory and political authority. The document discusses the evolution of different types of societies from hunting and gathering to agricultural to industrial to postindustrial. It also examines kinship systems and how they define relationships through descent and marriage. Key kinship patterns discussed include Iroquois, Crow, Omaha, Eskimo, Hawaiian and Sudanese. The document also addresses social stratification, norms, roles, status and descent groups within societies.
Topic 4 - Al-Farabi
Al-Farabi was an influential 10th century philosopher born in Transoxania who studied many subjects including philosophy, logic, politics, and mathematics. He proposed theories on human nature, the ideal ruler, and the formation and varieties of states. He described four types of cities - virtuous, ignorance, immoral, and erring - based on their adherence to attaining true happiness for citizens. His political philosophy aimed to advance human societies using some of Plato's approaches while balancing reason and revelation.
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Here is a potential activity for children to learn about Pakistani culture:
Craft and Story Time
- Have the children make crafts that represent different aspects of Pakistani culture, such as making paper kites, mehndi/henna designs, or diya (clay oil lamps).
- As they craft, read them stories, folktales, and poems from Pakistani literature to expose them to the culture. Stories could include folktales from Sindh or Punjab or poems/stories in Urdu, Pashto, etc.
- After crafting and listening to stories, have the children share and explain the crafts and cultural aspects they learned about to practice teaching each other.
This allows the children to actively engage
Patriotism .
Patriotism is defined as the love of one's homeland and can take two forms - imperial patriotism which maintains loyalty to an empire, and national patriotism which is love for one's nation. Leo Tolstoy criticized patriotism as something that inevitably leads to war and state oppression.
Cosmopolitanism places the interests of humanity over individual nations and sees people as world citizens. It originated in ancient Greece with philosophers like Socrates and had a religious element in the Middle Ages but was not fully developed theoretically. Cosmopolitanism saw a revival in the 20th century following wars and revolutions.
Enlightenment Society & Politics
The document discusses the key figures and ideas of the political Enlightenment. It outlines the philosophies of John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Marquis de Condorcet, Immanuel Kant, Denis Diderot, and Voltaire. Their philosophies emphasized natural rights like life, liberty, and property; separation of powers; consent of the governed; and reason as the path to universal happiness and freedom of thought.
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Buckingham, Gauntlett, Hebdige, Cohen, Althusser - revision
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This is all about Motivation and motivation theory. if u further need any help you can contact with me . kcb.brurcse42@gmail,com
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This document defines and discusses various aspects of culture according to sociology. It defines culture as the social environment and complex whole of languages, clothes, laws, customs, beliefs that people live in. It discusses the main types of culture as material culture, non-material culture, real culture, and ideal culture. It also outlines some key elements and characteristics of culture, including that culture is learned, shared, based on symbols, integrated and dynamic. The document also briefly discusses the cultural system and subsystems, the relationship between culture and civilization, and three main theories of culture - functionalism, conflict theory and symbolic interactionism.
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Culture can be defined in several ways:
1. Traditionally, culture referred to civilization as opposed to nature, including high art and intellectual achievements.
2. Anthropologists view culture as a worldview comprising the knowledge, beliefs, arts, and customs acquired by people as members of a society.
3. Cultural anthropologists see culture as systems of symbols people use to communicate and understand each other.
Culture encompasses the distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of a society or group, including art, literature, lifestyles, beliefs and values.
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Culture can be defined in various ways based on different perspectives. Some key definitions include:
1. Sir Edward Tylor defined culture as the complex whole of knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
2. Kroeber and Kluckhohn defined culture as patterns of behavior and thought, both explicit and implicit, acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups.
3. Culture consists of aspects such as social organization, beliefs, language, tools, rituals, institutions, and artifacts that are learned, shared, and transmitted intergenerationally in a human population. Culture distingu
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Culture refers to the shared behaviors, beliefs, and customs of a particular group. It includes knowledge, values, language, religion, and other habits learned and passed down through generations. Culture is defined as the complex whole of knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, and customs acquired by people as members of society. It consists of patterns of behaviors and symbols that are learned, transmitted, and provide meaning to a group of people. Some key characteristics of culture are that it is learned, social, shared, transmitted continuously and accumulatively over time in an integrated manner.
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Society is defined as a group of people living in the same territory, relatively independent from outsiders, and sharing a common culture. A society exists through interactions between its members. Three classical theories about the origins of society are structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Society functions through both visible written rules and invisible unwritten rules that guide people's daily interactions and behaviors. Culture is learned and shared among a society and encompasses beliefs, values, knowledge, and other aspects of a people's way of life.
Culture
Culture is a way of life. The food you eat, the clothes you wear, the language you speak in and the God you worship all are aspects of culture. In very simple terms, we can say that culture is the embodiment of the way in which we think and do things. It is also the thing that we have inherited as members of society. All the achievements of human beings as members of social groups can be called culture. Art, music, literature, architecture, sculpture, philosophy, religion and science can be seen as aspects of culture. However, culture also includes the customs, traditions, festivals, ways of living and one’s outlook on various
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Culture is defined as the shared set of implicit and explicit values, ideas, concepts, and rules of behavior that allow a social group to function and perpetuate itself. It is learned and includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, and customs. Personality refers to an individual's distinctive patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. Sigmund Freud theorized that personality develops from the interaction between biological drives and socialization by the environment. Cultural anthropologists view personality as formed through socialization and enculturation, where a society's culture influences individual behavior. The relationship between culture and personality is debated, with some arguing culture shapes personality through transmitting social norms.
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Cosmology
Similar to a culture but emphasizes how/what counts as science, religion, politics,economics,
morality, ethics, nature, and the ultimate truth of the world or universe are all connected
especially in terms of the categorical understandings of a culture.
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Talks about the influence of language on thought and perception and categorical thinking.
what is “wrong”, “very wrong”, “bad”
"We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native language. The categories and types that
we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer
in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscope flux of impressions which
has to be organized by our minds — and this means largely by the linguistic systems of our
minds. We cut nature up, organize it into concepts, and ascribe significances as we do, largely
because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this way— an agreement that holds
throughout our speech community and is codified in the patterns of our language […] all
observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless
their linguistic backgrounds are similar, or can in some way be calibrated.”
Ex. the idea of empty was equated with safe for these people when in fact the empty containers
were more dangerous because they contained more flammable vapors.
Franz Boas
Commitment to empiricism (emphasis on experience and evidence from observation/experiment
as opposed to basing knowledge on tradition or an innate understanding).
Field research and extended residence, learn Language, social relations with Informants
Emphasized the importance of culturally acquired norms as opposed to biological determinism
Rejected a notion of cultural evolution or stages of cultural evolution of the savage, the
barbarian, and the civilized.
Refuted biological conceptions of race
Boas made some innovations to his study:
◦He learned the local language and talked to people
◦He stayed a long time and participated in the everyday life of people
◦He learned their technologies and way of life
◦He defended Inuit way of life as logical,reasonable and deserving respect
Ethnography the study and systematic recording of human cultures and individual customs
Enlightenment philosophy defended rationality and idea of civilization against
tradition/religion/superstition
Ex. Azande and witchcraft—make rational
Kula (Malinowski shows how this practice make sense to those who could have thought it was
irrational)
In Enlightenment ideas the concept of civilization was considered to be the highest form of
human achievement. One goal of the Enlightenment was to break down tradition or religious
understandings as the ultimate source of truth.
“civilization can be defined as that which advances man's knowledge and virtue”, try to reason
everything.
Emic—from the perspective of the subject or th.
What is culture
Culture refers to the universal human capacity to classify and communicate experiences symbolically. Culture consists of the way of life for an entire society, including codes of manners, dress, language, religion, rituals, norms of behavior and systems of belief. A common way to understand culture is that it comprises four elements that are passed down through generations: values about what seems important in life, norms regarding expected behaviors in different situations, institutions that transmit values and norms, and artifacts like aspects of material culture that derive from a culture's values and norms.
UCSP-Lesson-3 (2).pptx CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
The document defines culture as the complex whole of beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols and knowledge that are learned and shared as part of a society, as defined by anthropologist Edward Tylor. It notes culture includes both material and non-material aspects, with material culture consisting of tangible human inventions and non-material culture referring to intangible ideas, beliefs, perceptions and traditions. The document also discusses subculture and counterculture, with subculture being a modified culture within a larger culture and counterculture opposing the dominant culture.
SOCIAL AND CULTURE UCSP-Lesson-3 (2).pptx
The document defines culture as the complex whole of beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols and knowledge that are learned and shared as part of a society, as defined by anthropologist Edward Tylor in 1871. It also provides definitions of culture from Leslie White and Richley Crapo emphasizing that culture is a system of ideas, feelings and survival strategies shared by a group that gives them a shared identity. The document outlines that culture is learned through socialization, requires communication, is dynamic and unstable, and consists of patterns of social interaction. It distinguishes between material culture (tangible inventions) and non-material culture (intangible ideas, beliefs, perceptions and traditions) and describes sub
Intercultural communication
This document discusses definitions and dimensions of culture from various scholars. It defines culture as shared attitudes, beliefs and values that influence behavior within a group. Key dimensions identified include individualism vs collectivism, power distance, masculinity vs femininity, and long-term orientation. Examples are given of how these dimensions differ across cultures like the US, Western Europe, China, and Japan.
Intercultural Education
This document discusses definitions and dimensions of culture from various scholars. It defines culture as shared attitudes, beliefs and values that influence behavior within a group. Key dimensions identified include individualism vs collectivism, power distance, masculinity vs femininity, and long-term orientation. Examples are given of how these dimensions differ across cultures like the US, Western Europe, China, and Japan.
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(1) A human person possesses characteristics like freedom that allow them to direct their own development and self-fulfillment. Freedom is the capacity to act or not act by one's own choice without compulsion.
(2) There are philosophical insights on freedom, including that it is a gift inherent to humans, complementary to reason by requiring practical rationality, and absolute though still existing within restrictions. Freedom also demands responsibility for one's choices and their consequences.
(3) Culture influences moral development by defining norms, setting boundaries, generating identity and moral character, and identifying authorities through shared experiences, beliefs, values, and norms transmitted across generations.
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Jessa
- 2. Etymology : an explanation of where a word came from : the history of a word :the study of a word histories
- 3. Is derived from the (Latin: “cultura”, which means care, or “cultus” meaning “civilization”).
- 4. o To which an individual is born provides him the needed care and attention as he grows into a mature person.
- 5. Culture Georg simmel “the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in course of history”
- 7. Sir Edward B. Tylor’s • Culture… is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by a human as a member of society.
- 8. Geert Hofstede • Is the collective programming of the human mind that distinguishes the members of the human group from those of another. Culture in this sense is a system of collectively held values.
- 9. Edgar Schein •Is the deeper level of basic assumptions and beliefs that are shared by members of an organization that operate unconsciously and define in a basic ‘taken for granted’ fashion an organization’s view of its self and its environment
- 10. Clifford Geertz •Is simply the ensemble of stories we tell ourselves about ourselves.--
- 11. Bronislaw Malinowski •Is a well-organize unity divided into two fundamental aspects--a body of artifacts and a system of customs.”–
- 12. Culture Franz Boas Embraces all the manifestations of social habits of a community, the individual as affected by the habits of the group in which he lives, and the product of human activities as determined by these habits”.