The document discusses various bone diseases that can affect the jaw bone, including inflammatory, hereditary, metabolic, and neoplastic diseases. It provides details on osteomyelitis, describing acute and chronic suppurative osteomyelitis as well as specific types like alveolar ostitis. It also discusses chronic osteomyelitis with proliferative periostitis, chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis, osteoradionecrosis, and fibro-osseous diseases like fibrous dysplasia. Histopathological features of many of these conditions are also summarized.
This document summarizes various diseases that can affect the jaw bone. It discusses inherited conditions like osteogenesis imperfecta and achondroplasia. It also covers infections like osteomyelitis, inflammatory conditions like fibrous dysplasia, and tumors originating from bone or other tissues that can develop in the jaw. For each condition, it provides details on characteristics, clinical presentation, radiographic appearance, and other relevant information.
The document discusses different types of cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial region. It defines cysts and classifies them based on their origin and location. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic appearance and histology of specific cysts such as dentigerous cysts and odontogenic keratocysts. Dentigerous cysts are defined as cysts originating from the separation of the dental follicle from around the crown of an unerupted tooth. Odontogenic keratocysts are distinctive cysts that arise from cell rests of the dental lamina and have more aggressive behavior than other cysts. Complications of cysts include recurrence, development of
The document discusses several types of odontogenic tumors that can occur in the jaws. It focuses on describing ameloblastoma, adenomatoid tumor, and calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor. Ameloblastoma is a benign but locally aggressive tumor arising from odontogenic epithelium. It commonly presents as a painless swelling in the mandible and radiographs show multilocular radiolucency. Histologically there are follicular or plexiform patterns. Adenomatoid tumor is a rare benign tumor associated with impacted teeth. Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor is a rare, locally aggressive tumor that can be mistaken for carcinoma, presenting with calcified masses visible on radiographs.
The document summarizes information about periapical cysts, also known as radicular cysts or apical cysts. It defines a periapical cyst as an odontogenic cyst derived from cell rests of Malassez that proliferate in response to inflammation from pulpal necrosis. Periapical cysts typically present as round radiolucencies associated with the apex of a non-vital tooth. Histologically, they contain a lumen lined by stratified squamous epithelium and surrounded by a fibrous connective tissue wall. Treatment involves extraction of the involved tooth along with cyst enucleation or marsupialization.
This document describes vesiculo-bullous lesions, which present clinically as vesicles or bullae that often rupture early, appearing as ulcerated or erosive areas. Some key points:
- Vesicles are fluid-filled lesions less than 1 cm, while bullae contain fluid and are over 1 cm.
- Causes include trauma, infection, autoimmunity, and genetic factors.
- Examples described include herpes simplex infection, varicella zoster infection, and hand foot and mouth disease. Clinical features, pathogenesis, management are provided for each. Classification is discussed based on acute vs chronic presentation, clinical presentation, and histopathological location.
benign and malignant tumors of connective tissue originmadhusudhan reddy
This document discusses various connective tissue tumors that can occur in the oral cavity. It describes benign fibrous lesions like fibroma and giant cell fibroma. It also discusses benign adipose tissue lesions like lipoma. Various benign vascular lesions are described, including hemangiomas and lymphangiomas. Finally, it summarizes benign bone tissue tumors like osteoma and osteoid osteoma. For each lesion, the clinical features, histopathology, radiographic appearance, and treatment are summarized.
This document provides information about calcifying odontogenic cysts (COCs). It defines COCs and classifies them according to the WHO. COCs are rare jaw lesions characterized by ghost cells and calcifications. They are thought to arise from odontogenic epithelial remnants. Clinically, they typically present in the second decade of life with lesions more common in the maxilla than mandible. Radiographically, COCs appear well-defined with variable calcifications. Histologically, they contain ghost cells and basal cell layer with hyperchromatic nuclei. Prognosis is generally good when treated with surgical removal.
Developmental disturbances of LIP,PALATE and ORAL MUCOSAaanchalshruti
This document summarizes several developmental disturbances of the lip, palate, and oral mucosa. It describes congenital lip and commissural pits/fistulas, which can occur alone or with clefts. It also discusses Van der Woude syndrome, cleft lip and palate, cheilitis glandularis, cheilitis granulomatosa, hereditary intestinal polyposis syndrome, labial and oral melanotic macules, Fordyce's granules, and focal epithelial hyperplasia. For each condition, it provides information on etiology, clinical features, histological features if applicable, differential diagnosis, and treatment approaches.
This document summarizes various diseases that can affect the jaw bone. It discusses inherited conditions like osteogenesis imperfecta and achondroplasia. It also covers infections like osteomyelitis, inflammatory conditions like fibrous dysplasia, and tumors originating from bone or other tissues that can develop in the jaw. For each condition, it provides details on characteristics, clinical presentation, radiographic appearance, and other relevant information.
The document discusses different types of cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial region. It defines cysts and classifies them based on their origin and location. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic appearance and histology of specific cysts such as dentigerous cysts and odontogenic keratocysts. Dentigerous cysts are defined as cysts originating from the separation of the dental follicle from around the crown of an unerupted tooth. Odontogenic keratocysts are distinctive cysts that arise from cell rests of the dental lamina and have more aggressive behavior than other cysts. Complications of cysts include recurrence, development of
The document discusses several types of odontogenic tumors that can occur in the jaws. It focuses on describing ameloblastoma, adenomatoid tumor, and calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor. Ameloblastoma is a benign but locally aggressive tumor arising from odontogenic epithelium. It commonly presents as a painless swelling in the mandible and radiographs show multilocular radiolucency. Histologically there are follicular or plexiform patterns. Adenomatoid tumor is a rare benign tumor associated with impacted teeth. Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor is a rare, locally aggressive tumor that can be mistaken for carcinoma, presenting with calcified masses visible on radiographs.
The document summarizes information about periapical cysts, also known as radicular cysts or apical cysts. It defines a periapical cyst as an odontogenic cyst derived from cell rests of Malassez that proliferate in response to inflammation from pulpal necrosis. Periapical cysts typically present as round radiolucencies associated with the apex of a non-vital tooth. Histologically, they contain a lumen lined by stratified squamous epithelium and surrounded by a fibrous connective tissue wall. Treatment involves extraction of the involved tooth along with cyst enucleation or marsupialization.
This document describes vesiculo-bullous lesions, which present clinically as vesicles or bullae that often rupture early, appearing as ulcerated or erosive areas. Some key points:
- Vesicles are fluid-filled lesions less than 1 cm, while bullae contain fluid and are over 1 cm.
- Causes include trauma, infection, autoimmunity, and genetic factors.
- Examples described include herpes simplex infection, varicella zoster infection, and hand foot and mouth disease. Clinical features, pathogenesis, management are provided for each. Classification is discussed based on acute vs chronic presentation, clinical presentation, and histopathological location.
benign and malignant tumors of connective tissue originmadhusudhan reddy
This document discusses various connective tissue tumors that can occur in the oral cavity. It describes benign fibrous lesions like fibroma and giant cell fibroma. It also discusses benign adipose tissue lesions like lipoma. Various benign vascular lesions are described, including hemangiomas and lymphangiomas. Finally, it summarizes benign bone tissue tumors like osteoma and osteoid osteoma. For each lesion, the clinical features, histopathology, radiographic appearance, and treatment are summarized.
This document provides information about calcifying odontogenic cysts (COCs). It defines COCs and classifies them according to the WHO. COCs are rare jaw lesions characterized by ghost cells and calcifications. They are thought to arise from odontogenic epithelial remnants. Clinically, they typically present in the second decade of life with lesions more common in the maxilla than mandible. Radiographically, COCs appear well-defined with variable calcifications. Histologically, they contain ghost cells and basal cell layer with hyperchromatic nuclei. Prognosis is generally good when treated with surgical removal.
Developmental disturbances of LIP,PALATE and ORAL MUCOSAaanchalshruti
This document summarizes several developmental disturbances of the lip, palate, and oral mucosa. It describes congenital lip and commissural pits/fistulas, which can occur alone or with clefts. It also discusses Van der Woude syndrome, cleft lip and palate, cheilitis glandularis, cheilitis granulomatosa, hereditary intestinal polyposis syndrome, labial and oral melanotic macules, Fordyce's granules, and focal epithelial hyperplasia. For each condition, it provides information on etiology, clinical features, histological features if applicable, differential diagnosis, and treatment approaches.
ODONTOGENIC MYXOMA :
Benign mesenchymal lesion that mimics microscopically the dental pulp or follicular connective tissue
Derived from odontogenic ectomesenchymeClinical feature:
Age : 10- 50 yrs with mean age of 30 yrs
No gender predilection
Both mandible and maxilla are equally effectedClinical feature:
Age : 10- 50 yrs with mean age of 30 yrs
No gender predilection
Both mandible and maxilla are equally effectedClinical feature:
Age : 10- 50 yrs with mean age of 30 yrs
No gender predilection
Both mandible and maxilla are equally effected
Radiographic feature :
Radiolucent and it appear as a well circumscribed or diffuse lesion
Often multilocular with honey comb pattern
Cortical plate expansion, root displacement or resorption may be seen Histopathology :
Tumor consist of acellular myxomatous connective tissue.
Benign fibroblast and myofibroblast with some amount of collagen are found in matrix
Bony island representing residual tubeculae
Capillaries are scattered through out the lesion
The document discusses different types of cysts that can occur in the oral region, dividing them into odontogenic cysts and non-odontogenic cysts. Odontogenic cysts include radicular, dentigerous, primordial, odontogenic keratocyst, and lateral periodontal cysts. Non-odontogenic cysts include globulomaxillary, nasolabial, median palatal, and nasopalatine canal cysts. Each cyst type is described in terms of etiology, clinical features, radiographic appearance, histology, and treatment.
This document discusses odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs), a type of jaw cyst. It covers the classification, causes, histopathology, clinical features, radiographic features, differential diagnosis, treatment principles, and surgical treatment options for OKCs. OKCs most commonly occur in the mandibular molar and ramus areas and are often radiolucent and multilocular in appearance on radiographs. Treatment options include wide surgical excision or marsupialization to prevent recurrence of these cysts which have a high rate of recurrence compared to other jaw cysts.
This document provides an overview of fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws. It discusses the classification of these lesions, which include fibrous dysplasia, ossifying fibroma, cemento-osseous dysplasia, central giant cell granuloma, cherubism, aneurysmal bone cyst, and solitary bone cyst. It focuses on the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, and oral manifestations of fibrous dysplasia, including monostotic fibrous dysplasia, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, Jaffe's lichtenstein syndrome, McCune-Albright syndrome, and craniofacial fibrous dysplasia.
This document discusses fibro-osseous lesions, which replace normal bone with fibrous tissue containing newly formed mineralized structures. It describes several types of fibro-osseous lesions including fibrous dysplasia, cemento-osseous dysplasias like periapical cemental dysplasia, and fibro-osseous neoplasms like ossifying fibroma. For each type, it covers definitions, clinical features, radiographic appearances, differential diagnosis, and treatment approaches.
This document discusses different types of odontogenic tumors. It classifies them into three categories: tumors of odontogenic epithelium, mixed odontogenic tumors, and tumors of odontogenic ectomesenchyme. Key tumors discussed include ameloblastoma, adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT), and calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT). Ameloblastoma is the most common odontogenic tumor and can be solid/multicystic, unicystic, or peripheral. AOT typically occurs in younger females in the anterior maxilla. CEOT accounts for less than 1% of odontogenic tumors and resembles cells of the enamel organ or dental lamina.
Cemento osseus dysplasia (Doctor Faris Alabeedi MSc, MMedSc, PgDip, BDS.)Doctor Faris Alabeedi
Cemento-osseous dysplasia is a non-neoplastic fibro-osseous lesion that commonly affects the tooth-bearing regions of the jaws in middle-aged black women. It has three variants defined by location: periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia near the tooth apex, focal cemento-osseous dysplasia associated with a single tooth, and florid cemento-osseous dysplasia with involvement of multiple jaw quadrants. Radiographically, lesions appear as well-defined radiolucencies early on and progress to mixed or diffuse radiopacities as they mature. Histologically, lesions contain mineralized bone and cementum-like
Oral lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the oral mucosa. It is characterized by white striations (Wickham's striae) and varies in appearance from reticular to erythematous or ulcerative lesions. The cause is unknown but involves a cell-mediated immune response. Treatment focuses on reducing symptoms and includes topical corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or retinoids. Malignant transformation may rarely occur so follow-up is important.
This document discusses radicular cysts, which are the most common inflammatory cysts in the oral cavity. Radicular cysts arise from epithelial residues in the periodontal ligament as a result of periapical periodontitis following pulp necrosis. They are usually asymptomatic but can cause swelling and bone resorption as they expand. The cyst forms from the proliferation of epithelial cell rests in the granulation tissue surrounding the apex of an infected tooth. Histologically, they are lined by stratified squamous epithelium and surrounded by fibrous connective tissue that may contain cholesterol crystals. Treatment involves root canal therapy or extraction with curettage of the cyst lining.
This document discusses various types of pseudocysts and true cysts found in the body. It begins by defining the key differences between a true cyst and a pseudocyst. Pseudocysts are lined by granulation and/or fibrous tissue rather than an epithelial cell layer. The document then classifies and describes different types of pseudocysts including traumatic bone cysts, aneurysmal bone cysts, and developmental cysts. It provides details on the etiology, location, patient demographics, clinical presentation, radiographic features, histopathology and treatment for each type.
The document provides information about Pindborg tumor, also known as calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT). It defines CEOT as a locally invasive epithelial odontogenic neoplasm characterized by the presence of amyloid material that may become calcified. The document discusses the pathogenesis, histopathological features including epithelial cells, amyloid-like material and calcific deposits, immunohistochemical findings, differential diagnosis and treatment of CEOT. It also mentions the recurrence rate of CEOT is typically 10-15% but can be higher in certain variants.
This document describes fibroma, a benign mesenchymal tumor that is the most common benign soft tissue neoplasm in the oral cavity. It can occur peripherally or centrally, appears well-defined with a normal or pale color, and has a smooth, non-ulcerated surface. Histologically, it is covered by stretched stratified squamous epithelium with flattened rete pegs and can contain hyperplastic fibrous connective tissue, calcifications, or ossifications. When traumatized, it may develop inflammatory cells, vasodilation, and edema. Treatment is conservative surgical excision, with rare recurrence.
1. Dental pulp diseases include pulpitis, which can be acute or chronic. Acute pulpitis is reversible or irreversible, while chronic pulpitis can be closed or open.
2. Periapical diseases result from pulp necrosis and include acute or chronic apical periodontitis, periapical abscesses, cysts, and osteomyelitis. Chronic apical periodontitis often forms a periapical granuloma.
3. Symptoms, causes, histological features, radiographic features and treatments are described for each condition. Physical, chemical and microbial factors can all contribute to pulp and periapical diseases.
This document discusses several pathologies that can affect the jaws, including:
1. The adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, which presents as a swelling in young patients around unerupted teeth and consists of epithelial cells and calcifications.
2. The calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, which occurs in the mandible or maxilla as a radiolucent lesion containing radiopacities from calcification.
3. Odontomas, which are hamartomas containing dental tissues like enamel and dentin that appear as radiopaque masses and require conservative excision.
This document discusses red and white lesions of the oral cavity, focusing on oral candidiasis. It describes the various types of oral candidiasis including pseudomembranous, erythematous, chronic plaque-type, and median rhomboid glossitis. Predisposing factors, clinical findings, diagnosis, treatment with antifungal medications or surgery, and prognosis are summarized for each type. Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis may require long-term antifungal therapy or surgery due to risk of recurrence. Overall prognosis is generally good if predisposing factors can be addressed.
This document discusses various types of odontogenic cysts. It begins with introducing cysts in general and then classifies odontogenic cysts based on etiology and tissue of origin. Several specific types of odontogenic cysts are then described in more detail, including their clinical features, radiographic features, and differential diagnosis. These include dentigerous cysts, eruption cysts, odontogenic keratocysts, gingival cysts of newborn and adult, lateral periodontal cysts, calcifying odontogenic cysts, periapical cysts, residual cysts, and paradental cysts.
This document summarizes diseases of the periodontium. The periodontium comprises the gingiva, periodontal ligament, root cementum, and alveolar bone. It attaches the tooth to the jaw bone and maintains the integrity of the oral mucosa. Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis is a specific type of gingivitis characterized by pain, interdental ulceration, and bleeding. It is caused by an endogenous polymicrobial infection facilitated by factors like stress, smoking, and poor nutrition. Treatment involves cleaning, scaling, antibiotics, and surgical procedures to restore tissue contours. Gingival enlargement causes an increase in gingival size, overfilling interproximal spaces and protr
This document summarizes various blood disorders and their oral manifestations. It discusses disorders of red blood cells like iron-deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia, and sickle cell anemia. It also covers disorders of white blood cells such as leukemia and leukopenia. For each condition, it describes the causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and potential oral signs including gingival bleeding, ulcers, and infections. In general, these blood disorders can cause oral pallor, infections, and changes in taste or tooth development.
Dr. Gaurav S. Salunkhe presented on oral and maxillofacial pathology. The document discussed the classification, development, diseases and conditions that affect bone, including the alveolar bone. Specific conditions discussed in detail include cherubism, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteopetrosis, and cleidocranial dysplasia. Cherubism is a rare hereditary condition causing bilateral jaw swelling in children that typically resolves after puberty.
1. The document classifies and describes several diseases that can affect the jaw bone, including inflammatory, hereditary, metabolic, and neoplastic diseases.
2. Several primary bone tumors are described in detail, including osteoma, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, osteosarcoma, osteochondroma, chondroma, chondrosarcoma, giant cell tumor, Ewing's sarcoma, and multiple myeloma.
3. For each tumor, the clinical features, radiographic appearance, and histopathology are summarized to aid in diagnosis and classification of jaw bone diseases.
This document discusses chronic infections of the jaws, including:
- Types of infections like periostitis, osteitis, and osteomyelitis and their characteristics.
- Causative factors like bacteria, trauma, and dental infections.
- Classification systems based on features like pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and anatomy.
- Presentation and management of specific types like acute suppurative osteomyelitis, chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis, and Garre's osteomyelitis.
- Role of predisposing conditions like diabetes and factors like poor vascularity that increase risk.
ODONTOGENIC MYXOMA :
Benign mesenchymal lesion that mimics microscopically the dental pulp or follicular connective tissue
Derived from odontogenic ectomesenchymeClinical feature:
Age : 10- 50 yrs with mean age of 30 yrs
No gender predilection
Both mandible and maxilla are equally effectedClinical feature:
Age : 10- 50 yrs with mean age of 30 yrs
No gender predilection
Both mandible and maxilla are equally effectedClinical feature:
Age : 10- 50 yrs with mean age of 30 yrs
No gender predilection
Both mandible and maxilla are equally effected
Radiographic feature :
Radiolucent and it appear as a well circumscribed or diffuse lesion
Often multilocular with honey comb pattern
Cortical plate expansion, root displacement or resorption may be seen Histopathology :
Tumor consist of acellular myxomatous connective tissue.
Benign fibroblast and myofibroblast with some amount of collagen are found in matrix
Bony island representing residual tubeculae
Capillaries are scattered through out the lesion
The document discusses different types of cysts that can occur in the oral region, dividing them into odontogenic cysts and non-odontogenic cysts. Odontogenic cysts include radicular, dentigerous, primordial, odontogenic keratocyst, and lateral periodontal cysts. Non-odontogenic cysts include globulomaxillary, nasolabial, median palatal, and nasopalatine canal cysts. Each cyst type is described in terms of etiology, clinical features, radiographic appearance, histology, and treatment.
This document discusses odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs), a type of jaw cyst. It covers the classification, causes, histopathology, clinical features, radiographic features, differential diagnosis, treatment principles, and surgical treatment options for OKCs. OKCs most commonly occur in the mandibular molar and ramus areas and are often radiolucent and multilocular in appearance on radiographs. Treatment options include wide surgical excision or marsupialization to prevent recurrence of these cysts which have a high rate of recurrence compared to other jaw cysts.
This document provides an overview of fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws. It discusses the classification of these lesions, which include fibrous dysplasia, ossifying fibroma, cemento-osseous dysplasia, central giant cell granuloma, cherubism, aneurysmal bone cyst, and solitary bone cyst. It focuses on the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, and oral manifestations of fibrous dysplasia, including monostotic fibrous dysplasia, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, Jaffe's lichtenstein syndrome, McCune-Albright syndrome, and craniofacial fibrous dysplasia.
This document discusses fibro-osseous lesions, which replace normal bone with fibrous tissue containing newly formed mineralized structures. It describes several types of fibro-osseous lesions including fibrous dysplasia, cemento-osseous dysplasias like periapical cemental dysplasia, and fibro-osseous neoplasms like ossifying fibroma. For each type, it covers definitions, clinical features, radiographic appearances, differential diagnosis, and treatment approaches.
This document discusses different types of odontogenic tumors. It classifies them into three categories: tumors of odontogenic epithelium, mixed odontogenic tumors, and tumors of odontogenic ectomesenchyme. Key tumors discussed include ameloblastoma, adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT), and calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT). Ameloblastoma is the most common odontogenic tumor and can be solid/multicystic, unicystic, or peripheral. AOT typically occurs in younger females in the anterior maxilla. CEOT accounts for less than 1% of odontogenic tumors and resembles cells of the enamel organ or dental lamina.
Cemento osseus dysplasia (Doctor Faris Alabeedi MSc, MMedSc, PgDip, BDS.)Doctor Faris Alabeedi
Cemento-osseous dysplasia is a non-neoplastic fibro-osseous lesion that commonly affects the tooth-bearing regions of the jaws in middle-aged black women. It has three variants defined by location: periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia near the tooth apex, focal cemento-osseous dysplasia associated with a single tooth, and florid cemento-osseous dysplasia with involvement of multiple jaw quadrants. Radiographically, lesions appear as well-defined radiolucencies early on and progress to mixed or diffuse radiopacities as they mature. Histologically, lesions contain mineralized bone and cementum-like
Oral lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the oral mucosa. It is characterized by white striations (Wickham's striae) and varies in appearance from reticular to erythematous or ulcerative lesions. The cause is unknown but involves a cell-mediated immune response. Treatment focuses on reducing symptoms and includes topical corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or retinoids. Malignant transformation may rarely occur so follow-up is important.
This document discusses radicular cysts, which are the most common inflammatory cysts in the oral cavity. Radicular cysts arise from epithelial residues in the periodontal ligament as a result of periapical periodontitis following pulp necrosis. They are usually asymptomatic but can cause swelling and bone resorption as they expand. The cyst forms from the proliferation of epithelial cell rests in the granulation tissue surrounding the apex of an infected tooth. Histologically, they are lined by stratified squamous epithelium and surrounded by fibrous connective tissue that may contain cholesterol crystals. Treatment involves root canal therapy or extraction with curettage of the cyst lining.
This document discusses various types of pseudocysts and true cysts found in the body. It begins by defining the key differences between a true cyst and a pseudocyst. Pseudocysts are lined by granulation and/or fibrous tissue rather than an epithelial cell layer. The document then classifies and describes different types of pseudocysts including traumatic bone cysts, aneurysmal bone cysts, and developmental cysts. It provides details on the etiology, location, patient demographics, clinical presentation, radiographic features, histopathology and treatment for each type.
The document provides information about Pindborg tumor, also known as calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT). It defines CEOT as a locally invasive epithelial odontogenic neoplasm characterized by the presence of amyloid material that may become calcified. The document discusses the pathogenesis, histopathological features including epithelial cells, amyloid-like material and calcific deposits, immunohistochemical findings, differential diagnosis and treatment of CEOT. It also mentions the recurrence rate of CEOT is typically 10-15% but can be higher in certain variants.
This document describes fibroma, a benign mesenchymal tumor that is the most common benign soft tissue neoplasm in the oral cavity. It can occur peripherally or centrally, appears well-defined with a normal or pale color, and has a smooth, non-ulcerated surface. Histologically, it is covered by stretched stratified squamous epithelium with flattened rete pegs and can contain hyperplastic fibrous connective tissue, calcifications, or ossifications. When traumatized, it may develop inflammatory cells, vasodilation, and edema. Treatment is conservative surgical excision, with rare recurrence.
1. Dental pulp diseases include pulpitis, which can be acute or chronic. Acute pulpitis is reversible or irreversible, while chronic pulpitis can be closed or open.
2. Periapical diseases result from pulp necrosis and include acute or chronic apical periodontitis, periapical abscesses, cysts, and osteomyelitis. Chronic apical periodontitis often forms a periapical granuloma.
3. Symptoms, causes, histological features, radiographic features and treatments are described for each condition. Physical, chemical and microbial factors can all contribute to pulp and periapical diseases.
This document discusses several pathologies that can affect the jaws, including:
1. The adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, which presents as a swelling in young patients around unerupted teeth and consists of epithelial cells and calcifications.
2. The calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, which occurs in the mandible or maxilla as a radiolucent lesion containing radiopacities from calcification.
3. Odontomas, which are hamartomas containing dental tissues like enamel and dentin that appear as radiopaque masses and require conservative excision.
This document discusses red and white lesions of the oral cavity, focusing on oral candidiasis. It describes the various types of oral candidiasis including pseudomembranous, erythematous, chronic plaque-type, and median rhomboid glossitis. Predisposing factors, clinical findings, diagnosis, treatment with antifungal medications or surgery, and prognosis are summarized for each type. Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis may require long-term antifungal therapy or surgery due to risk of recurrence. Overall prognosis is generally good if predisposing factors can be addressed.
This document discusses various types of odontogenic cysts. It begins with introducing cysts in general and then classifies odontogenic cysts based on etiology and tissue of origin. Several specific types of odontogenic cysts are then described in more detail, including their clinical features, radiographic features, and differential diagnosis. These include dentigerous cysts, eruption cysts, odontogenic keratocysts, gingival cysts of newborn and adult, lateral periodontal cysts, calcifying odontogenic cysts, periapical cysts, residual cysts, and paradental cysts.
This document summarizes diseases of the periodontium. The periodontium comprises the gingiva, periodontal ligament, root cementum, and alveolar bone. It attaches the tooth to the jaw bone and maintains the integrity of the oral mucosa. Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis is a specific type of gingivitis characterized by pain, interdental ulceration, and bleeding. It is caused by an endogenous polymicrobial infection facilitated by factors like stress, smoking, and poor nutrition. Treatment involves cleaning, scaling, antibiotics, and surgical procedures to restore tissue contours. Gingival enlargement causes an increase in gingival size, overfilling interproximal spaces and protr
This document summarizes various blood disorders and their oral manifestations. It discusses disorders of red blood cells like iron-deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia, and sickle cell anemia. It also covers disorders of white blood cells such as leukemia and leukopenia. For each condition, it describes the causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and potential oral signs including gingival bleeding, ulcers, and infections. In general, these blood disorders can cause oral pallor, infections, and changes in taste or tooth development.
Dr. Gaurav S. Salunkhe presented on oral and maxillofacial pathology. The document discussed the classification, development, diseases and conditions that affect bone, including the alveolar bone. Specific conditions discussed in detail include cherubism, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteopetrosis, and cleidocranial dysplasia. Cherubism is a rare hereditary condition causing bilateral jaw swelling in children that typically resolves after puberty.
1. The document classifies and describes several diseases that can affect the jaw bone, including inflammatory, hereditary, metabolic, and neoplastic diseases.
2. Several primary bone tumors are described in detail, including osteoma, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, osteosarcoma, osteochondroma, chondroma, chondrosarcoma, giant cell tumor, Ewing's sarcoma, and multiple myeloma.
3. For each tumor, the clinical features, radiographic appearance, and histopathology are summarized to aid in diagnosis and classification of jaw bone diseases.
This document discusses chronic infections of the jaws, including:
- Types of infections like periostitis, osteitis, and osteomyelitis and their characteristics.
- Causative factors like bacteria, trauma, and dental infections.
- Classification systems based on features like pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and anatomy.
- Presentation and management of specific types like acute suppurative osteomyelitis, chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis, and Garre's osteomyelitis.
- Role of predisposing conditions like diabetes and factors like poor vascularity that increase risk.
This document discusses osteomyelitis, an inflammatory process that affects bones. It begins by defining osteomyelitis and listing predisposing factors. It then discusses various classifications of osteomyelitis including acute suppurative, chronic, diffuse sclerosing, focal sclerosing, proliferative periostitis, and alveolar osteitis. For each classification, it provides details on clinical features, pathogenesis, radiographic findings, and treatment approaches.
Paget disease and osteomyelitis are bone disorders characterized by abnormal bone remodeling. Paget disease commonly affects individuals over 40 and involves thickening and deformity of bones from excessive bone resorption and formation. Osteomyelitis is a severe bone infection that can be caused by trauma, poor vascular supply, or hematogenous spread. It involves infection of the bone marrow and can lead to bone death, impaired growth, and skin infections if left untreated. Treatment involves antibiotics and sometimes surgery to remove infected bone.
This document discusses various inflammatory diseases of bone, focusing on osteomyelitis. It defines osteomyelitis as an infection and inflammation of bone and bone marrow. The document categorizes osteomyelitis as either acute or chronic, describes their signs and symptoms, causes, and treatments. It also discusses other conditions involving bone inflammation including osteitis, periostitis, sclerosing osteomyelitis, osteoradionecrosis, and alveolar osteitis.
Chronic osteomyelitis is a bone infection that lasts for over 3 months. It can develop from acute infections becoming chronic due to highly resistant host factors, sub-virulent microbes, or less numerous microbes. Common causes are odontogenic infections, fractures, trauma, and hematogenous spread. Symptoms include pain, swelling and draining sinuses. Radiographically, there may be moth-eaten bone destruction, sequestra, and periosteal reaction over time. Treatment involves draining any abscesses, debriding necrotic tissue, identifying the pathogen, and long-term antibiotics.
Periapical radiolucencies can have many causes, both benign and malignant. They are often classified as either anatomical pseudoperiapical radiolucencies, which do not contact the tooth apex, or true periapical radiolucent lesions, which do. Common true lesions include periapical granulomas, radicular cysts, and periapical abscesses. Periapical granulomas appear as well-defined radiolucencies, while radicular cysts can cause tooth displacement if left untreated. Management depends on the diagnosis and may involve root canal treatment, extraction, or surgery. Differential diagnosis considers conditions like osteomyelitis, dentigerous cysts,
Fibro-osseous lesions refer to a group of pathological, non-neoplastic lesions that replace normal bone with fibrous tissue, with or without calcification. They include conditions like fibrous dysplasia, ossifying fibroma, and cemento-osseous dysplasia. Fibrous dysplasia is characterized by replacement of normal bone by fibrous tissue containing abnormal bone formation. It can be monostotic, polyostotic, or craniofacial. Ossifying fibroma is a benign neoplasm arising from periodontal ligament cells that presents as a well-defined radiolucency. Cemento-osseous dysplasia lesions involve cementum and bone formation
This document discusses various types of bone infections including osteomyelitis. It describes acute suppurative osteomyelitis as a rapidly destructive inflammatory bone lesion caused by bacteria. Chronic suppurative osteomyelitis results from unresolved acute osteomyelitis and involves bone destruction. Diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis is characterized by pain, inflammation and bone sclerosis or destruction. Focal sclerosing osteomyelitis occurs in response to localized dental infections. Proliferative periostitis involves periosteal bone formation in response to chronic infections. Alveolar osteitis or "dry socket" results from loss of a blood clot following tooth extraction.
This document provides an overview of fibro-osseous lesions of the jaw. It begins by defining fibro-osseous lesions as a diverse group of processes characterized by replacement of normal bone by fibrous tissue containing newly formed mineralized product. It then discusses the classifications, common lesions including fibrous dysplasia, cemento-osseous dysplasia, and ossifying fibroma. The importance of specific diagnosis is highlighted. Radiological features and differential diagnosis of fibro-osseous lesions are also summarized.
Cysts in orofacial regions were discussed. Key points include:
1. Cysts are pathological cavities lined by epithelium and filled with fluid/semi-solid material. Common types are odontogenic cysts like dentigerous and keratocysts.
2. Dentigerous cysts form between reduced enamel epithelium and tooth crown, associated with unerupted teeth. Keratocysts have high recurrence rates due to thin fragile lining.
3. Treatment options are marsupialization to shrink large cysts, and enucleation to remove the cyst lining along with the associated tooth/teeth.
Osteomyelitis is a challenging disease for clinicians with a significant morbidity unless it is recognized immediately and treated promptly
Early recognition and prompt treatment can prevent extensive loss of bone and teeth.
Proper management depends on careful clinical and imaging examination, proper assessment of findings and understanding the nature of disease.
This document summarizes various radiopaque lesions seen in dental radiographs. It describes normal anatomical radiopacities such as those seen in the maxilla and mandible. It then discusses pathological radiopacities associated with teeth including condensing osteitis, idiopathic osteosclerosis, Garre's osteomyelitis, and hypercementosis. Non-tooth associated radiopacities like tori, exostoses, osteomas, and foreign bodies are also mentioned. The document provides details on the clinical features, radiographic appearance, differential diagnosis, and management of conditions like condensing osteitis, idiopathic osteosclerosis, periapical cemental dysplasia, and Garre
Benign Non-Odontogenic Tumors of the JawsHadi Munib
This document discusses several benign non-odontogenic tumors of the jaws including fibro-osseous diseases like fibrous dysplasia and cemento-osseous dysplasia, osteoblastoma, osteoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, schwannoma, neurofibroma, and Paget's disease. These lesions are described in terms of their etiology, clinical and radiographic features, treatment options, and other relevant characteristics to aid in diagnosis and management.
Dr, Kathirvel Gopalakrishnan
M.D.S (OMFS)
Presentation on osteomyelitis of jaw which helps for a quick refresh.
Classification, management described in detail for easy understanding of the subject.
Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory process of bone caused by infection. It can be acute or chronic and is classified based on etiology, pathology, and clinical presentation. Acute osteomyelitis involves suppurative inflammation of bone marrow and cortex. Chronic forms include chronic suppurative, focal sclerosing, diffuse sclerosing, and proliferative periostitis variants. Predisposing factors include trauma, radiation, systemic diseases, and dental infections which are a common cause. Diagnosis involves clinical, radiographic, histologic and treatment depends on type and includes debridement, drainage and long-term antibiotics.
This document discusses gingivitis and periodontal disease. It defines gingivitis as inflammation of the gums that does not affect the underlying tooth structures. Periodontitis is defined as inflammation that extends below the gumline and can cause bone and tissue loss. The document outlines the signs and symptoms, causes, and types of both gingivitis and periodontitis.
This document discusses different types of osteomyelitis, including suppurative and nonsuppurative forms. Suppurative osteomyelitis can be acute or chronic and most commonly involves the mandible. Symptoms include fever, pain, and bone destruction visible on radiographs. Treatment involves antibiotics, surgery to remove infected bone (sequestrectomy), and cleaning of the bone cavity. Nonsuppurative forms include chronic focal sclerosing osteomyelitis and Garre's osteomyelitis, characterized by bone proliferation. Osteomyelitis can also accompany systemic diseases like tuberculosis.
This document provides an overview of chronic osteomyelitis. It begins with definitions and describes the pathogenesis as bacteria reaching the metaphysis, causing inflammation and tissue necrosis. Imaging can detect bone changes like lytic lesions. Diagnosis involves biopsy for culture and histology. Chronic osteomyelitis is characterized by infected dead bone (sequestrum) surrounded by sclerotic bone (involucrum) that forms draining sinus tracts. Multiple organisms are often present and biofilm formation complicates treatment. Differential diagnosis includes tuberculosis, soft tissue infection, and tumors.
Burkitt's lymphoma is an undifferentiated B-cell lymphoma that commonly affects the jaws of children, particularly the maxilla. Histopathology shows sheets of small round tumor cells with prominent nuclei and minimal cytoplasm, giving a starry-sky appearance. Hyperparathyroidism is caused by increased PTH secretion or calcium demand, resulting in bone and joint issues. Primary hyperparathyroidism is due to parathyroid hyperplasia while secondary involves chronic renal disease. Mucous membrane pemphigoid is a rare autoimmune blistering disease of the mouth, eyes, and other mucosal surfaces causing blisters, erosions and vision impairment. Treatment requires systemic immunosuppression.
This document discusses factors to consider when selecting restorative materials for pediatric dental patients. It describes various material options including amalgam, composite resin, glass ionomer, and stainless steel crowns. Key considerations for material selection include the child's age, esthetic demands, cooperation level, remaining life span of the tooth, degree of decay, and cost. The document provides guidelines for choosing between materials based on the restoration situation and outlines common reasons for restoration failure in primary teeth.
Early childhood caries, rampant, chronic and arrested cariesSaeed Bajafar
This document discusses different types of early childhood caries including nursing caries, rampant caries, and arrested caries. It defines early childhood caries as occurring in children under 6 years old with one or more decayed, missing, or filled tooth surfaces. Rampant caries is an acute form that spreads widely and quickly, often involving incisors. Arrested caries occurs when the decay process stops due to improved oral hygiene or fluoride treatment, leaving white or brown lesions. Prevention, treatment, and factors promoting arrest are described for each type.
The document discusses dental luxation injuries, which involve disruption of the tooth and surrounding tissues from trauma. It describes different types of luxation including intrusive, extrusive, lateral, and concussive luxations. For each type, it outlines the typical clinical findings, recommended treatment approaches, and prognosis. Intrusive luxations have the tooth driven into the socket, while extrusive luxations see the tooth elongated out of the socket. Lateral luxations displace the tooth labially, lingually, mesially or distally. Treatment involves repositioning the tooth and splinting, with endodontics sometimes needed. Prognosis depends on healing of the periodontium and pulpal response.
Syndrome with significant dental involvementSaeed Bajafar
The document lists various syndromes that are associated with anomalies in dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI) and amelogenesis imperfecta (AI). These include:
- Tricho-Dento-Osseous Syndrome, Cone-rod Dystrophy Amelogenesis Imperfecta, Kohlschütter-tönz Syndrome, and Amelogenesis Imperfecta with Nephrocalcinosis which are associated with AI.
- DI in Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Ehler Danlos Syndrome, Goldblatt Syndrome, and Schimke Immuno-osseous Dysplasia which involve syndromic forms of DI.
hypomineralization of systemic origin of one to four permanent first molars frequently associated with affected incisors and these molars are related to major clinical problems in severe cases
Anthropology is the scientific study of humans and human behavior and societies. It is divided into two main categories: physical anthropology, which studies humans and human evolution from a biological and genetic perspective, and cultural anthropology, which looks at human cultures, societies, and behaviors. Key areas of physical anthropology include human genetics, paleontology, ethnology, anthropometry, and biometrics. Cultural anthropology's main areas are prehistoric archaeology and social anthropology. The evolution of humans from early primates to modern Homo sapiens is also examined.
This document provides an overview of orthodontic wires, including their history, properties, classifications, uses, advantages, and disadvantages. It discusses key figures in the development of removable appliances and how their designs influenced modern orthodontics. The document also covers the properties of orthodontic wires, including esthetics, stiffness, strength, range, springback, formability, resiliency, friction, biohostability, and biocompatibility. It notes that the use of removable appliances varies but can provide adequate results for simple tipping cases.
This document discusses cephalometrics, which uses oriented radiographs to make head measurements. Cephalometrics is used to study craniofacial growth, diagnose orthodontic issues, and plan and evaluate orthodontic treatment. Key measurements taken from cephalometric radiographs and tracings include assessments of the skeletal classification, dental angulation, soft tissues, and airway.
This document summarizes the Vari-Simplex Discipline orthodontic technique developed by R.G. "Wick" Alexander. It describes the bracket designs, including Twin, Lang, and Lewis brackets which are customized for each tooth's shape and size. Treatment involves using retractors and extra-oral forces to achieve orthopedic correction. Archwires and elastics are used to align and level the dental arches. Non-extraction and selective extraction approaches are outlined. Key principles include accurate diagnosis and treatment planning, customized bracket placement and design, and achieving stable occlusal outcomes.
1) The study used finite element analysis to verify Isaacson's hypothesis about progressive root torque and investigate torque mechanics. It found Isaacson's initial reciprocal reactions did not reflect the full changing sequence of actions over time.
2) Simulations of incremental twisting showed torque on teeth gradually altered as end teeth moved and middle teeth started to rotate.
3) Different torque scenarios were modeled, including individual tooth torque and built-in torque using the MBT prescription. Reciprocal reactions depended on prescription details.
Growth and development concept, theory and basicsSaeed Bajafar
This document provides definitions and concepts related to growth and development. It discusses:
- Ancient concepts of growth from texts like the Garbha Upanishad.
- Definitions of growth, development, and related terms from sources like Todd, Proffit, and Moyers.
- The patterns of growth including differential growth, the cephalocaudal gradient, and proportional changes.
- Factors that influence growth timing, rate and direction like genetics and environment.
- Major longitudinal growth studies that provide standards and norms for understanding craniofacial development.
Candidiasis, also known as oral thrush, is a common oral yeast infection caused by Candida albicans. It presents as white patches in the mouth that can be painful. Risk factors include antibiotic use, dentures, HIV/AIDS, and diabetes. Treatment involves topical antifungal medications like nystatin to clear the infection.
This document discusses salivary gland infections. It notes that salivary gland infections can be viral, bacterial, or fungal, with viruses being the most common cause. The parotid glands are more commonly infected than the submandibular glands. Sialadenitis refers to inflammation of the salivary glands. Mumps is a common viral cause of sialadenitis that infects the parotid glands. Bacterial infections are usually due to retrograde spread of bacteria via the salivary ducts when salivary flow is reduced. Actinomycosis is a rare fungal infection that can affect the salivary glands. Diagnosis involves clinical examination and sometimes
Periodontal disease results from an interaction between dental plaque bacteria and the host immune response. Etiological factors are classified as primary (plaque) or secondary (factors influencing plaque accumulation). Primary factors include dental plaque, calculus, dental stains, and iatrogenic factors from restorations. Secondary factors are tobacco use, systemic diseases, malocclusion, and trauma from oral hygiene. The biofilm and composition of dental plaque plays a key role in the development and progression of periodontal disease.
This document discusses dental management of compromised patients. It provides guidelines for treating patients with various medical conditions like angina, congestive heart failure, asthma, renal disease, hypertension, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, sickle cell anemia, therapeutic anticoagulation, seizures, and pregnancy. Key points include thorough risk assessment, stress reduction protocols, consultation with physicians, limiting vasoconstrictors, and tailoring treatment to each patient's specific needs and stability. Guidelines are given for precautions with different procedures and conditions.
The document outlines an examination process with three objectives: assessing the presenting problem, fitness for procedures, and detecting associated diseases. It describes examining the general appearance, hands, face, neck, and performing inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. Specific areas of examination include the nails, skin, conjunctivae, oral cavity, palate, tongue, and mandible. Common findings and conditions are listed.
This document discusses antithrombotic, thrombolytic, and anticoagulant drugs. It summarizes the characteristics, clinical uses, and mechanisms of action of several fibrinolytic drugs including streptokinase, urokinase, and altaplase. It also discusses factors that increase or decrease the effect of the anticoagulant warfarin. Finally, it provides classifications and details regarding heparin, low molecular weight heparins, and oral anticoagulants including their clinical uses, adverse reactions, contraindications, and drug interactions.
Basic principles of caries treatment as manifested in cavity preparationSaeed Bajafar
This document discusses the principles of caries treatment and cavity preparation. It outlines how treatment differs based on lesion depth - shallow lesions may remineralize with hygiene, while deep lesions require invasive procedures. Cavity preparation considers lesion location/size, remaining tooth structure, and restorative material. Techniques are described for establishing outline, resistance, retention and convenience forms. Moderate lesions have dentin involvement but not pulp exposure, while deep lesions approximate the pulp. Options for deep caries include temporary fillings, pulp capping or removal. Indirect and direct pulp capping techniques aim to maintain pulp vitality and promote remineralization.
The document summarizes protein synthesis through the central dogma of genetics. It discusses how DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins using tRNA and ribosomes. The main stages of translation - initiation, elongation, and termination - are also outlined. Finally, the genetic code table is shown, which demonstrates how mRNA codons correspond to specific amino acids.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central19various
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. Jaw bone Disease
Mazen Abood Bin Thabit MD.FICPath
. Associate Prof .of Pathology
.Senior lecturer of Oral pathology and oral histology
2. Classification of bone disease
1. Inflammatory bone disease.
2. Hereditary bone disease .
3. Metabolic bone disease .
4. Disease of unknown etiology .
a. Paget’s disease .
b. Fibro-osseous disease
5. Bone tumors .
4. Inflammatory disease of jaw bone
Bone infection ( Oteomyelitis) Chronic osteomyelitis with
can be classified into : proliferative periostitis
1. Suppurative : ( Garr’s disease)
Acute osteomyelitis Alveolar ostitis .
Chronic osteomyelitis . Special types
2. Granulomatous a Osteoradionecrosis .
3. Non suppurative b. Chemical osteomyelitis
Chronic sclerosing O c. Osteomyelitis of newborn
a. Focal and infant ( Neonatal
maxillitis)
b. Diffuse
d. Chronic periostitis
5. Osteomyelitis
• Is an inflammation of the medullary portion of
the jaw bone which extends to involve the
periosteum of the affected area
6. Acute osteomyelitis
• Rare disease .
• An infection of bone follow an infection
associated with teeth
• The potential source of infection is
1. Periapical infection .
2. Periodontal pocket’s .
3. Acute gingivitis .
4. Penetrating and contaminated injuries
5. Tooth extraction .
9. Acute osteomyelitis
• Clinical feature:
• More common in adult with
mnadibular infection
• Osteomyelitis of Maxilla more
common in neonate .
• Sever throbbing pain , deeply sited
pain .
• Swelling ,malaise and pyrexia
• Gingiva red swollen and tender
• Involved teeth tender and mobile .
• Intra and extra-oral pus discharge
• Regional L.N enlargement
• Paresthesia of lower lips .
• Trismus
10. Acute osteomyelitis
Radiography:
1. Normal in early stages.
2. In 10-14 days, sufficient
bone resorption occurs
to produce irregular,
moth-eaten areas of osteomyelitis
radiolucency.
3. Sequestra may be seen.
12. Acute osteomyelitis
• Histopathology:
• Acute inflammatory changes
• Bone trabeculae shows scalloping.
• Bone necrosis with degeneration of
osteoblast and osteocytes .
• Sequestrum.
13. Chronic suppurative osteomyelitis
Low grade inflammation • Causes :
with associated with bone
1. Inadequate treatment of acute
destruction , granulation
tissue formation with little osteomyelitis.
suppuration 2. Infection by weak bacteria .
3. Infection of avscular bone .
4. Irradiation .
14. Chronic suppurative osteomyelitis
Clinical feature: Radiography:
• Molar area mostly affected . • Mouth eating radiolucent area
• Mild dull pain . • Multiple radio-opaque area
• Jaw swelling . represent sequstra .
• Sinus tract formation , pus
discharge and shedding of
squestra
• Sequestra can be felt by probe .
15. ( Alveolar ostitis ( Dry socket
• Localized inflammation of
bone following either failure
of blood clot to form in
socket, or premature loss or
disintegration of clot.
Unpredictable complication of tooth Improper healing
(.extraction (~1-3%
16. ( Alveolar ostitis ( Dry socket
• Etiology: 2. Premature loss of blood
1. Failure of blood clot clot may be due to:
formation due to Poor blood . Excessive mouth rinsing.
supply as in: . Fibrinolysis byproteolytic
. Paget’s disease. bacteria.
. Osteopetrosis.
. Following radiotherapy.
. Excessive use of vasoconstrictor
in local anesthesia.
17. ( Alveolar ostitis ( Dry socket
Clinical picture :
1. Intense pain .
2. Most frequently seen in :
. 3rd molar extraction
. Difficult extraction with trauma
. Smoker .
3. tooth socket appears empty and dry
4. jaw bone is visible in the tooth socket
5. Bad breath and Unpleasant taste .
6. Swollen of regional lymph node .
18. ( Alveolar ostitis ( Dry socket
• Histopathology:
Histological section of
socket wall reveal formation
of necrotic bone containing
empty lacunae
19. Chronic osteomyelitis with proliferative
periostitis
• Represent areactive sub-
periosteal new bone
formation in response to
low grade periapical
infection , perifolliculitis or
trauma
Garr’s disease
Periostitis
20. Chronic osteomyelitis with
proliferative periostitis
• Clinical feature:
1. Young adult of both sexes.
2. Exclusively lower 1st
permanent molar
3. Mild pain .
4. Non tender , smooth and
hard bony swelling .
:X-Ray
Smooth , focal subperiosteal bony growth on the
outer surface of cortex
22. Chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis
I. Chronic focal Sclerosing O :
Uncommon nonsuppurative
inflammation with bone reaction
( Osteosclerosis) around the root apex
of nonvital tooth.
It is a local repose to low grade pulpal
inflammation or high tissue resistance to
infection
23. • Clinical feature:
1. Young adult .
2. Commonly related to permanent
mandibular 1st molar
3. Rare mandibular 2nd molar or
premolar
4. Asymptomatic
5. Some time dull pain
6. Large carious lesion , non vital
pulp
7. Rare may associated with non
vital tooth
24. • Radiography:
well defined radio-opaque
up to 3 cm below the apex
with intact lamina dura
Focal sclerosing osteomyelitis
Histopathology
25. Chronic diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis
• Represent a proliferative bone
reaction ( Osteosclerosis) of the jaw
bone to low grade inflammation , the
source of infection here is through the
PDL
1.Propionibacterium Acnes
2.Peptostreptoccocus
26. Chronic diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis
• Clinical Feature:
1. Black Elderly .
2. More in female.
3. Mandible and edentulous .
4. Usually asymptomatic .
5. Vague dull pain .
6. Exacerbation may occur with
mild pain , suppuration and
fistula
Histopathology: Diffuse or nodular sclerosis
Pagetoid ( Mosaic) pattern resembling cotton wool
27. (Radiation osteomyelitis ( Osteoradionecrosis
• Bone necrosis follow
irradiation of oral malignancy
Endarteritis obliterans and thrombosis
of inferior dental artery
Osteo-radionecrosis
Bone sterile and more susceptible for
infection
28.
29. Specific osteomyelitis
• Neonatal Maxillatitis • Chemical osteomyelitis
• Rare type of osteomyelitis • Rare condition .
• Infection during delivery • Incorrect use of
or breast feeding . medicaments .
• Red , swollen , painfull • Paraformaldehyde
maxilla with multiple sinus • Phosphorus or mercury
.
• Sequestration of
developing teeth
30. Fibro-osseous disease
• Group of disorder • Classification :
characterized histologically 1. Fibrous dysplasia :
by replacement of the normal
a. Monostatic .
bone by fibrous tissue
b. Polystatic .
within which trabeculae of
nonfunctional osseous 2. Cemento-osseous dysplasia.
structure or metaplastic bone a. Periapical –cemental dysplasia
b. Focal cemento-osseous dys
c. Florid cemento –osseous dysp.
3. Fibro-osseous neoplasm.
4. Cherubism
31. Fibrous dysplasia
• A self limiting disease
characterized by fibrous
replacement of medullary
bone by metaplastic woven
bone that eventually
replaced by dense lamellar
bone
1. Monostatic
2. Polystatic
32. Fibrous dysplasia
• Monostatic :
1. More common 70%.
2. Any bone affected
3. In the Jaw bone maxilla is more
affected
4. Start in childhood .
5. Slow growing painless, smooth ,
rounded bony swelling with
facial asymmetry .
6. Enlarge to make dysfunction with
malocclusion and displacing
teeth and some time prevent it’s
eruption
Monostatic fibrous dysplasia
33. Fibrous dysplasia
7. No pain on palpation
8. Maxillary lesion may cause
exophthalmos , proptosis and
nasal obstruction .
9. Mandibular lesion occur in
molar and premolar region
10. Protuberance and increase the
depth of jaw
34. Fibrous dysplasia
• Polystatic:
1. Rare .
2. Several bone .
3. More common in female.
4. 5% in the head and neck .
5. ( Albright syndrome) Patchy
pigmentation Café au lait
with precocious puberty and
oth endocrine dysfunction.
6. Jaffe syndrome when these is
absence of endocrine
abnormalitis
Café au lait
35. Fibrous dysplasia
• Histopathology:
1. Normal bone replaced by loose
cellular fibrous tissue .
2. Newly formed bony trabeculae
are delicate and irregular
(likened to Chinese characters).
3. Spherical areas of calcification
Fibrous stroma with
resembling cemetum may be
metaplastic bone
present.
4. At the margins, lesional bone
fuses with normal bone .
5. With age fibrous tissue decrease
and bone formation increase with
remodeling to lamellar bone
36. Fibrous dysplasia
• Radiography:
. Radiolucent area with
fine orange peal textures
. Borders are difficult to
define because of gradual
transition to normal.
. Initially resemble cyst-
like radiolucencies
containing faint bony
trabeculae
1. The disease is self limiting
2. Large lesion surgical ecountring
37. Cemento-osseous dysplasia
• A disease of jaw bone of • Cemento-osseous dysplasia of
unknown etiology with three types:
reactive and dysplastic 1. Periapical Cemento-osseous
process characterized dysplasia .
microscopically by the 2. Focal Cemento-osseous dysplasia .
replacement of normal 3. Florid Cemento-osseous dysplasia
bone with a collagenous
matrix containing
trabeculae of immature
bone and, in some
instances,cementum-like
mater
38. Cemento-osseous dysplasia
• Periapical Cemento-osseous
dysplasia .
1. Mandibular incisor
2. More than one teeth is affected .
3. Tooth vital
4. More common in black female .
5. Middle age ( around 40) and rare
before 20 .
6. Asymptomatic , typical discovered
on routine radiographic examination
A mixture of benign fibrous tissue
, trabeculae of bone and
cemnentum like material
39. . Periapical Cemento-osseous dysplasia
• Radiography:
1. Early lesion appears as
rounded radiolucent area
related to the apex and
continue with PDL.
2. Later produce solid radio-
opaque mass
Early Late
When not associated with a tooth apex
called as focal cementoosseous, dysplasia
40. Cemento-osseous dysplasia
• Florid cemento-osseous
dysplasia:
1. Gigantiform cementoma
2. Less common .
3. Represent an exuberant and
sever form of periapical type
4. Middle age black women Radio-opaque masses with
5. Typically symmetrical and radiolucent porder at the root
bilateral .
6. Some time all four quadrant
evolved
41. Cherubim
• Benign and self-limited
hereditary autosomal
dominant disease of the
jaw bone
Chromosome 4pl6.3, which encodes
the SH3-binding protein, SH3 BP2.
Symmetrical jaw bone swelling
42. Cherubim
• Clinical feature:
1. Young children 2-5 years
2. More common in male .
3. Familial .
4. At birth patient appears normal .
5. Later develop bilateral , painless ,
symmetrical swelling at the angles
of mandible .
6. The swelling grow rapidly for few
years then slow regression untill
childhood and become static at
puberty
7. In sever cases maxilla involved
and give Chubby face.
43. Cherubim
8. Exhibit fullness of cheek with
widening of alveolar ridges and flat
palatal vault
9. Premature exfoliation of deciduous
teeth
10. Malocclusion .
11. Difficulty in mastication ,
swallowing and speech
12. Sever maxillary lesion produce
pressure at the orbit floor result in
upward turn of the pupils
( Heavenward look) with an angelic
appearance .
13. Enlargement of submandibular
L.Ns may occur .
44. Cherubim
• Radiography:
1. Well defined multilocular
cyst like radiolucent areas
2. Expansion and thinning
of the cortical plates
Multilocular cyst like radiolucent
45. Cherubim
• Histopathology
1. Highly cellular and vascular
connective tissue arrange in
whorls.
2. Large number of multinucleated
giant cells .
3. Eosinophilic peri-vascular cuffing
of collagen fibers .
4. Extravassated RBCs
5. Variable amount of metaplastic
bone trabeculae