This document discusses defining custom classes in Java. It covers topics like returning objects from methods, using the "this" keyword, overloaded methods and constructors, class methods and variables, and organizing classes into packages. Key points include how objects are passed by value to method parameters rather than by reference, and how to document classes using Javadoc comments.
Lecture 8 abstract class and interfacemanish kumar
Abstract class and Interface both are used to achieve the concept of abstraction and using the interface we can implement the concept of multiple inheritance in java.
Learn about how to define and invoke methods in Java, how to use parameters and return results. Watch the video lesson here:
https://softuni.org/code-lessons/java-foundations-certification-methods
Chapter 02: Classes Objects and Methods Java by Tushar B KuteTushar B Kute
The lecture was condcuted by Tushar B Kute at YCMOU, Nashik through VLC orgnanized by MSBTE. The contents can be found in book "Core Java Programming - A Practical Approach' by Laxmi Publications.
Lecture 8 abstract class and interfacemanish kumar
Abstract class and Interface both are used to achieve the concept of abstraction and using the interface we can implement the concept of multiple inheritance in java.
Learn about how to define and invoke methods in Java, how to use parameters and return results. Watch the video lesson here:
https://softuni.org/code-lessons/java-foundations-certification-methods
Chapter 02: Classes Objects and Methods Java by Tushar B KuteTushar B Kute
The lecture was condcuted by Tushar B Kute at YCMOU, Nashik through VLC orgnanized by MSBTE. The contents can be found in book "Core Java Programming - A Practical Approach' by Laxmi Publications.
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Java is a computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.
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This lab discusses and provides examples of both built-in and user-defined functions. In Java function are referred to as methods. Therefore, in the rest of this lab, the term methods will be used to refer to functions. The lab will cover the type of methods, naming of functions, the scope of variables and recursion.
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
8. The Use of this in the add Method public Fraction add ( Fraction frac ) { int a, b, c, d; Fraction sum; a = this .getNumerator () ; //get the receiving b = this .getDenominator () ; //object's num and denom c = frac.getNumerator () ; //get frac's num d = frac.getDenominator () ; //and denom sum = new Fraction ( a*d + b*c, b*d ) ; return sum; }
9. f1.add(f2) Because f1 is the receiving object (we're calling f1 's method), so the reserved word this is referring to f1 .
10. f2.add(f1) This time, we're calling f2 's method, so the reserved word this is referring to f2 .
26. Example: javadoc Source . . . /** * Returns the sum of this Fraction * and the parameter frac. The sum * returned is NOT simplified. * * @param frac the Fraction to add to this * Fraction * * @return the sum of this and frac */ public Fraction add ( Fraction frac ) { ... } . . . this javadoc will produce
40. Step 3 Pseudocode GregorianCalendar returnDate; String reply, table; double totalCharge; inputBooks () ; //read in all book information table = bookTracker.getList () ; System.out.println ( table ) ; //try different return dates do { returnDate = read return date ; totalCharge = bookTracker.getCharge ( returnDate ) ; displayTotalCharge(totalCharge); reply = prompt the user to continue or not ; } while ( reply is yes ) ;
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Editor's Notes
A class is instantiable if we can create instances of it. For example, the JFrame class is instantiable. A class is noninstantiable if we cannot create its instances. The Math class is one example of noninstantiable classes. The main classes we have been writing are all noninstantiable. We will learn how to define instantiable classes in this lesson. A constructor is a special method that is used to initialize an instance of a class when it is first created.
We already know how to return an object from a method, because we have been returning a string from a method and a string is an object (an instance of the String class). However, String objects are treated much like primitive data. We will explore a little deeper into this topic.
The use of the reserved word this is option in this context. Calling a method of a class or accessing a data member of the class can be achieved without the reserved word this. Consider, for example, class One { public int m1( ) { return 10; } public void m2( ) { int num; num = m1(); this is equivalent to num = this .m1(); } }
Notice that the difference in the return type alone is not enough to overload the methods. For example, the following declaration is invalid public double convert(int num) { . . . } public float convert(int num) { . . . }
Notice that the difference in the return type alone is not enough to overload the methods. For example, the following declaration is invalid public double convert(int num) { . . . } public float convert(int num) { . . . }
Without using the reserved word this , we need to define the four constructors as follows (it forces us to repeat the same code): public Fraction ( ) { //creates 0/1 setNumerator ( 0 ) ; setDenominator ( 1 ) ; } public Fraction ( int number ) { //creates number/1 setNumerator ( number ) ; setDenominator ( 1 ) ; } public Fraction ( Fraction frac ) { //copy constructor setNumerator ( frac.getNumerator ()) ; setDenominator ( frac.getDenominator ()) ; } public Fraction ( int num, int denom ) { setNumerator ( num ) ; setDenominator ( denom ) ; }
In the command prompt window, we used the commands javac and java to compile and run Java programs, respectively. Similarly, to generate javadoc files, we use the javadoc command. For example, to generate a javadoc file for the Fraction class, we enter javadoc -private Fraction.java We specify the -private option because we want to generate the documentation for all types of methods (so far, we have covered two of these— private and public ). The private option generates the most complete documentation.
As a part of the overall plan, we begin by identifying the main tasks for the program. Unlike the overall plan for the previous sample developments, we will use a pseudo code to express the top level logic of the program.
The structure of this program is very simple. We will use two standard classes, one for input and output and another for generating random numbers.
The second and the third steps correspond to the two major tasks identified in the overall plan.
In the first step, we determine a little more detailed control logic than the one stated in the overall plan. For each of the five identified functions, we will define a method: describeRules, generateSecretNumber, playGame, and prompt.
Please use your Java IDE to view the source files and run the program.
Run the program and verify that the topmost control loop is functioning correctly.
In order to verify whether our code is working correctly or not, we need to know what is the secret number. The easiest way to do this is to use a fixed number, such as 45, make the temporary generateRandomNumber to return this fixed number.
We implement the playGame and getNextGuess methods in this step.
We need to verify the correctness of two methods: playGame and getNextGuess. Try all cases presented here and confirm that you get the expected responses.
Notice that we have one temporary statement to output the value of secretNumber. We include it for the testing purpose, i.e., we need to check the numbers generated are valid.
The body of the inputBooks method is as follows: while ( isContinue ()) { title = readString ( "Title : " ) ; chargePerDay = readDouble ( "Charge per day: " ) ; maxCharge = readDouble ( "Maximum charge: " ) ; dueDate = readDate ( "Due Date : " ) ; book = createBook ( title, chargePerDay, maxCharge, dueDate ) ; bookTracker.add ( book ) ; }
As always, we run the final test by running the program numerous times trying out as many variations as possible. Before testing the generateSecretNumber method as a part of the final program, we will use a separate test driver to generate 1000 (or more) secret numbers and verify that they are valid. class TestRandom { public static void main (String[] args) { int N = 1000, count = 0, number; double X; do { count++; X = Math.random(); number = (int) Math.floor( X * 100 ) + 1; } while ( count < N && 1 <= number && number <= 100 ); if ( number < 1 || number > 100 ) { System.out.println(&quot;Error: &quot; + number); } else { System.out.println(&quot;Okay&quot;); } } }
As always, we run the final test by running the program numerous times trying out as many variations as possible. Before testing the generateSecretNumber method as a part of the final program, we will use a separate test driver to generate 1000 (or more) secret numbers and verify that they are valid. class TestRandom { public static void main (String[] args) { int N = 1000, count = 0, number; double X; do { count++; X = Math.random(); number = (int) Math.floor( X * 100 ) + 1; } while ( count < N && 1 <= number && number <= 100 ); if ( number < 1 || number > 100 ) { System.out.println(&quot;Error: &quot; + number); } else { System.out.println(&quot;Okay&quot;); } } }