Jaundice is a condition caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is produced from the breakdown of red blood cells and processed by the liver. Jaundice can be caused by issues before, within, or after the liver's processing of bilirubin. In newborns, jaundice is often caused by the immature liver's inability to effectively break down bilirubin from red blood cell breakdown. Jaundice is diagnosed through physical exams, blood tests, and imaging tests and treated based on the underlying cause.

1. Jaundice
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2. Jaundice – is it a disease?
Yellowish staining of the skin and sclerae
High levels of bilirubin in blood
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4. What causes jaundice?
Category Definition
Pre-hepatic Pathology occurs
prior to the liver
Hepatic Pathology located
within the liver
Post-hepatic
Pathology located after
the conjugation of bilirubin in the liver
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6. Neonatal jaundice
 Yellowish staining of the skin and whites of the newborn's
eyes (sclerae) by pigment of bile (bilirubin)
 Breakdown of red blood cells (which release bilirubin into
the blood) and immaturity of the newborn's liver (which
cannot effectively metabolize bilirubin and prepare it for
excretion into urine)
 Normal neonatal jaundice appears between the 2nd and
5th days of life and clears with time
 Kernicterus – brain damage - lifelong disability
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7. What problems does jaundice
cause?
 Skin and sclerae - yellow
 Stool - light colour, clay coloured
 Dark urine
 Pain in abdomen
 Itching
 Trouble with sleeping
 Fatigue
 Swelling
 Ascites
 Mental confusion
 Coma
 Bleeding
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8. Which diseases cause jaundice?
 Increased production of bilirubin
 Acute liver inflammation
 Infiltrative liver diseases
 Bile duct inflammation
 Blockage of bile ducts
 Drugs
 Genetic disorders
 Developmental abnormalities of bile ducts
 Jaundice of pregnancy
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9.  History
 Physical examination
 Blood tests - laboratory
 Ultrasonography
 CT
 MRI
 Liver biopsy
 ERCP
 Endoscopic ultrasound
Diagnosis
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10. Laboratory Tests
Bilirubin level in serum
(total and direct)
Aminotransferase
Alkaline phosphatase
U/A for bilirubin and
urobilogen
 Complete blood count
 Prothrombin time
 Other laboratory tests
pertinent to history
 Coombs test
 Electrophoresis of
hemoglobin
 Viral hepatitis panel
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11. Treatment
Treatment requires a precise diagnosis
of the specific cause and should be
directed to the specific problem
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