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Different DNA-binding proteins along with their structures and functions including dps, cbpA, cbpB, many other proteins including future aspects
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Moleculer basis of inheritance (1)
This document discusses the structure and replication of DNA. It describes DNA as a double helix composed of nucleotides. The four bases that make up DNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. DNA replication is semiconservative and involves unwinding of the helix by enzymes, followed by synthesis of new strands with complementary bases. The document also covers genetic material, transcription, the genetic code, translation, and mutations. It provides evidence that DNA is the genetic material from experiments by Griffith, Avery, Hershey and Chase, and Meselson and Stahl.
Dna replication
DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself exactly. It occurs in the nucleus and any mistakes can lead to mutations. There are three main steps: 1) the DNA double helix unwinds and separates, 2) enzymes bring in complementary nucleotide bases to each exposed strand, and 3) the new strands are formed resulting in two identical DNA molecules each with one original and one new strand, known as semi-conservative replication. RNA differs from DNA in using the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose and bonding with uracil instead of thymine.
Dna replication
DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself exactly. It occurs in the nucleus and any mistakes can lead to mutations. During replication, one strand of DNA acts as a template for the other new strand. The key steps are that the DNA double helix unwinds and separates, enzymes bring in complementary nucleotide bases, and the new bases are inserted to form two new DNA molecules, each with one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. This is known as semi-conservative replication.
Chapter 11 Notes - Biology I
DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. It is made up of nucleotides with a phosphate group, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases. DNA replicates through the process of DNA replication in which the double helix unwinds and enzymes add complementary bases to each strand. During protein production, information from DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) which is then translated by ribosomes to produce proteins made of amino acid chains. Mutations can occur through changes in single base pairs or the structure of chromosomes and can be caused by mutagens like radiation, chemicals, or heat.
Dna and rna
The document summarizes key aspects of DNA and RNA. It explains that DNA was discovered to have a double helix structure by Watson and Crick in 1953. DNA replication involves unwinding the helix, polymerase laying down new nucleotides according to base pairing rules, and proofreading to fix mistakes which can cause mutations. RNA is single-stranded and transcribes information from DNA through transcription, with mRNA carrying messages to sites of protein production according to codon-anticodon base pairing.
Dna notes
DNA is the genetic material found in cells that contains the instructions needed to develop and function. It is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA exists as a double helix with the bases on each strand specifically pairing with each other through hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine and cytosine and guanine. This complementary base pairing allows DNA to replicate semi-conservatively and precisely pass on genetic information to new cells. Genes within DNA code for specific traits by way of triplets of bases called codons corresponding to amino acids that make up proteins. Transcription and translation allow DNA's genetic code to be read and direct the cell to produce necessary
Dna
1. DNA contains the genetic instructions that determine traits and is found in the cells of living organisms.
2. DNA is made up of nucleotides, which consist of phosphate, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine).
3. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA takes the shape of a double helix with the bases on the inside pairing up in specific ways (A pairs with T, C pairs with G) to form the rungs of the DNA ladder.
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This document discusses the structure and replication of DNA. It describes DNA as a double helix composed of nucleotides. The four bases that make up DNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. DNA replication is semiconservative and involves unwinding of the helix by enzymes, followed by synthesis of new strands with complementary bases. The document also covers genetic material, transcription, the genetic code, translation, and mutations. It provides evidence that DNA is the genetic material from experiments by Griffith, Avery, Hershey and Chase, and Meselson and Stahl.
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DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself exactly. It occurs in the nucleus and any mistakes can lead to mutations. There are three main steps: 1) the DNA double helix unwinds and separates, 2) enzymes bring in complementary nucleotide bases to each exposed strand, and 3) the new strands are formed resulting in two identical DNA molecules each with one original and one new strand, known as semi-conservative replication. RNA differs from DNA in using the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose and bonding with uracil instead of thymine.
Dna replication
DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself exactly. It occurs in the nucleus and any mistakes can lead to mutations. During replication, one strand of DNA acts as a template for the other new strand. The key steps are that the DNA double helix unwinds and separates, enzymes bring in complementary nucleotide bases, and the new bases are inserted to form two new DNA molecules, each with one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. This is known as semi-conservative replication.
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DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. It is made up of nucleotides with a phosphate group, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases. DNA replicates through the process of DNA replication in which the double helix unwinds and enzymes add complementary bases to each strand. During protein production, information from DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) which is then translated by ribosomes to produce proteins made of amino acid chains. Mutations can occur through changes in single base pairs or the structure of chromosomes and can be caused by mutagens like radiation, chemicals, or heat.
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The document summarizes key aspects of DNA and RNA. It explains that DNA was discovered to have a double helix structure by Watson and Crick in 1953. DNA replication involves unwinding the helix, polymerase laying down new nucleotides according to base pairing rules, and proofreading to fix mistakes which can cause mutations. RNA is single-stranded and transcribes information from DNA through transcription, with mRNA carrying messages to sites of protein production according to codon-anticodon base pairing.
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DNA is the genetic material found in cells that contains the instructions needed to develop and function. It is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA exists as a double helix with the bases on each strand specifically pairing with each other through hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine and cytosine and guanine. This complementary base pairing allows DNA to replicate semi-conservatively and precisely pass on genetic information to new cells. Genes within DNA code for specific traits by way of triplets of bases called codons corresponding to amino acids that make up proteins. Transcription and translation allow DNA's genetic code to be read and direct the cell to produce necessary
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1. DNA contains the genetic instructions that determine traits and is found in the cells of living organisms.
2. DNA is made up of nucleotides, which consist of phosphate, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine).
3. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA takes the shape of a double helix with the bases on the inside pairing up in specific ways (A pairs with T, C pairs with G) to form the rungs of the DNA ladder.
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The document discusses DNA structure and replication. It describes how DNA is composed of nucleotides that combine to form the characteristic double helix structure. The four nucleotides are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine which pair up through hydrogen bonding in a specific way. DNA replication is semi-conservative and precisely copies the genetic information for cell division. It involves unwinding of the DNA double helix, synthesis of new complementary strands, and production of two identical DNA molecules each composed of one original and one new strand.
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1. DNA is constantly exposed to damage from the environment and errors during replication. Cells have several DNA damage repair mechanisms to fix alterations to maintain genome integrity.
2. The main repair pathways are direct reversal, excision repair including nucleotide excision repair and base excision repair, and mismatch repair which fixes errors made during replication.
3. If damage evades these pathways, error-prone translesion synthesis can occur which often introduces mutations, acting as a last resort to allow replication past lesions.
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1. DNA contains the genetic instructions that determine traits and control cell functions by serving as a template for protein structure.
2. DNA is made up of nucleotides that form a double helix structure, with nitrogenous bases on the inside pairing according to specific rules.
3. DNA must be replicated before cell division so that each new cell contains the exact genetic information of the original cell. The double helix unwinds and each strand acts as a template for a new complementary strand.
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DNA damage and causes along with their various Repair mechanisms. Slideshare suitable for students of Class 12, B.Sc. and M.Sc.
Mutation and DNA repair mechanism
Mutations occur through endogenous and exogenous DNA damage and can be in the form of point mutations, frame shifts, or splicing errors. Mutation types include nonsense mutations which result in premature stop codons, missense mutations which code for different amino acids, and silent mutations which do not change the amino acid. Frameshift mutations change the reading frame by inserting or deleting nucleotides. Splicing errors can occur from mutations affecting splice sites or their specificity. Lethal mutations cause death while loss or gain of function mutations impact gene activity.
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DNA repair systems are essential for maintaining the integrity of genetic information. There are multiple pathways for repairing different types of DNA damage:
1) Mismatch repair corrects errors made during DNA replication by using methylation patterns to distinguish the template strand.
2) Base-excision repair involves DNA glycosylases that remove damaged bases, leaving abasic sites that are then repaired.
3) Nucleotide-excision repair removes larger distortions in the DNA double helix.
4) Direct repair mechanisms like photoreactivation can directly reverse some types of damage using light or chemical processes, without removing nucleotides. DNA repair pathways help prevent mutations and ensure fidelity of genetic information.
Dna damage and repair
DNA in cells can become damaged through radiation, chemicals, and errors during replication. There are several pathways cells use to repair DNA damage, including direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and mismatch repair. Double strand breaks can be repaired through direct joining of broken ends or homologous recombination using the sister chromatid as a template. Failure to properly repair DNA damage can lead to mutations and genetic disorders.
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Fredrick Meischer first isolated DNA in 1869. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, scientists searched for the hereditary material and determined key features of DNA including its ability to replicate, store large amounts of information, and be read. Frederick Griffith discovered in 1928 that a non-virulent strain of bacteria could be transformed into a virulent strain, suggesting a transforming factor, later identified by Avery, McLeod and McCarty in 1944 to be DNA. Erwin Chargaff discovered in 1950 that the amounts of adenine and thymine and guanine and cytosine were always equal in DNA. James Watson and Crick then published the double helix model of DNA in 1953.
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1) DNA is the only biological macromolecule that is repaired, as spontaneous and environmentally-induced damage occurs daily.
2) There are multiple pathways of DNA repair, including direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and double-strand break repair.
3) Defects in DNA repair can lead to genetic disorders and cancer, highlighting the importance of effective repair.
Dna repair mechanism
DNA can become damaged through external environmental factors like radiation or internally through natural chemical reactions. If left unrepaired, damaged DNA can lead to cancer or genetic disorders. The body has multiple DNA repair mechanisms including base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and double-strand break repair. These mechanisms recognize and remove damaged or incorrect DNA bases. Enzymes then excise the damage and DNA polymerases fill in the correct DNA sequence before ligases seal the DNA backbone. Without effective DNA repair, mutations can accumulate and cause cell harm.
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Each organism's characteristics are encoded in DNA molecules. DNA stores and transmits genetic information through long chains of nucleotides composed of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. RNA also plays important roles in protein synthesis. Messenger RNA carries DNA's message to make proteins during transcription in the nucleus. Ribosomal and transfer RNA aid in translation in the cytoplasm, where transfer RNA transfers amino acids to form polypeptides according to mRNA codons.
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Hello everyone, I am Dr. Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Head of Biotechnology Department at Marwadi University Rajkot. I teach Molecular Biology to the students of M.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology.
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DNA reparing
DNA repair is a collection of processes cells use to identify and correct damage to DNA molecules. Around 1 million lesions can occur per cell per day due to normal metabolic activities and environmental factors like UV light. Unrepaired lesions can alter gene transcription or cause mutations. The main types of DNA repair are direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and double-strand break repair. Cells have checkpoint mechanisms to detect DNA damage and initiate repair or induce apoptosis if damage is too severe. Defects in DNA repair can cause diseases like xeroderma pigmentosum or increase cancer risks. Telomere shortening due to factors like oxidation also contributes to cellular aging, and telomerase may help counter this
NER pathway
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a pathway that repairs a broad class of helix-distorting lesions in DNA that disrupt transcription and replication. It involves recognizing the damaged site, unwinding the DNA helix, making dual incisions on both sides of the damage, excising the damaged fragment, and resynthesizing the replacement DNA. NER is a complex process involving at least 28 genes and is important for repairing UV-induced damage and protecting against sunlight-induced DNA damage and cancer. Defects in NER genes can cause diseases like xeroderma pigmentosum, trichothiodystrophy, and Cockayne syndrome.
Ab initio Synthesis by DNA Polymerases
This document discusses the phenomenon of ab initio DNA synthesis, where DNA polymerases can synthesize new DNA strands without a template. It provides a history of the discovery of this process and studies showing DNA polymerases can generate short repetitive sequences on their own. The document also explores how adding other enzymes like restriction endonucleases, nicking endonucleases and helicase can stimulate ab initio DNA synthesis. Finally, it proposes models for how this template-independent DNA synthesis may occur and discusses potential functional roles and implications.
DNA Replication- General Concepts of DNA Replication.ppt
A reaction in which daughter DNAs are synthesized using the parental DNAs as the template.
Transferring the genetic information to the descendant generation with a high fidelity
Semi-conservative replication
Bidirectional replication
Semi-continuous replication
High fidelity
Replication starts from unwinding the dsDNA at a particular point (called origin), followed by the synthesis on each strand.
The parental dsDNA and two newly formed dsDNA form a Y-shape structure called replication fork.
dna_replication.pptx
The document discusses DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It explains that replication involves initiation at an origin of replication, followed by unwinding of the DNA double helix by helicase. RNA primers are synthesized by primase and DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the primers to elongate DNA strands. In prokaryotes, leading and lagging strands are synthesized continuously and discontinuously respectively to form Okazaki fragments. Enzymes like DNA polymerase, ligase, and topoisomerase ensure high fidelity and processivity of replication. Telomerase maintains telomere integrity in eukaryotes during DNA replication.
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This document summarizes research on NF-kB signaling in cancer, specifically gastric cancer. It describes the background, structure and activation processes of NF-kB. Experiments show that NF-kB1 and RELA are upregulated in gastric cancer cell lines and tumors, and their knockdown inhibits tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, miR-508-3p is identified as a tumor suppressor that directly targets and downregulates NF-kB1 in gastric cancer. Re-expression of NF-kB1 partly reverses the tumor suppressive effects of miR-508-3p overexpression. In conclusion, downregulation of miR-508-3p contributes to canonical NF-kB activation in gastric tumorigenesis.
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The document discusses DNA structure and replication. It describes how DNA is composed of nucleotides that combine to form the characteristic double helix structure. The four nucleotides are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine which pair up through hydrogen bonding in a specific way. DNA replication is semi-conservative and precisely copies the genetic information for cell division. It involves unwinding of the DNA double helix, synthesis of new complementary strands, and production of two identical DNA molecules each composed of one original and one new strand.
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1. DNA is constantly exposed to damage from the environment and errors during replication. Cells have several DNA damage repair mechanisms to fix alterations to maintain genome integrity.
2. The main repair pathways are direct reversal, excision repair including nucleotide excision repair and base excision repair, and mismatch repair which fixes errors made during replication.
3. If damage evades these pathways, error-prone translesion synthesis can occur which often introduces mutations, acting as a last resort to allow replication past lesions.
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The document provides the weekly lesson plans for an Advanced Biology class for the week of January 9-13, 2017. The lessons include: DNA replication and function on Monday; gene expression on Tuesday; a DNA extraction pre-lab on Wednesday; the DNA extraction lab on Thursday; and a science skills lesson on working with data in tables, DNA structure and function quiz on Friday.
Dna Notes-Week 1 Module
1. DNA contains the genetic instructions that determine traits and control cell functions by serving as a template for protein structure.
2. DNA is made up of nucleotides that form a double helix structure, with nitrogenous bases on the inside pairing according to specific rules.
3. DNA must be replicated before cell division so that each new cell contains the exact genetic information of the original cell. The double helix unwinds and each strand acts as a template for a new complementary strand.
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DNA damage and causes along with their various Repair mechanisms. Slideshare suitable for students of Class 12, B.Sc. and M.Sc.
Mutation and DNA repair mechanism
Mutations occur through endogenous and exogenous DNA damage and can be in the form of point mutations, frame shifts, or splicing errors. Mutation types include nonsense mutations which result in premature stop codons, missense mutations which code for different amino acids, and silent mutations which do not change the amino acid. Frameshift mutations change the reading frame by inserting or deleting nucleotides. Splicing errors can occur from mutations affecting splice sites or their specificity. Lethal mutations cause death while loss or gain of function mutations impact gene activity.
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DNA repair systems are essential for maintaining the integrity of genetic information. There are multiple pathways for repairing different types of DNA damage:
1) Mismatch repair corrects errors made during DNA replication by using methylation patterns to distinguish the template strand.
2) Base-excision repair involves DNA glycosylases that remove damaged bases, leaving abasic sites that are then repaired.
3) Nucleotide-excision repair removes larger distortions in the DNA double helix.
4) Direct repair mechanisms like photoreactivation can directly reverse some types of damage using light or chemical processes, without removing nucleotides. DNA repair pathways help prevent mutations and ensure fidelity of genetic information.
Dna damage and repair
DNA in cells can become damaged through radiation, chemicals, and errors during replication. There are several pathways cells use to repair DNA damage, including direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and mismatch repair. Double strand breaks can be repaired through direct joining of broken ends or homologous recombination using the sister chromatid as a template. Failure to properly repair DNA damage can lead to mutations and genetic disorders.
Lecture 26
Fredrick Meischer first isolated DNA in 1869. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, scientists searched for the hereditary material and determined key features of DNA including its ability to replicate, store large amounts of information, and be read. Frederick Griffith discovered in 1928 that a non-virulent strain of bacteria could be transformed into a virulent strain, suggesting a transforming factor, later identified by Avery, McLeod and McCarty in 1944 to be DNA. Erwin Chargaff discovered in 1950 that the amounts of adenine and thymine and guanine and cytosine were always equal in DNA. James Watson and Crick then published the double helix model of DNA in 1953.
Excision repair in dna
This document summarizes different types of DNA repair mechanisms including base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and their mechanisms in E. coli and humans. It also discusses short patch and long patch base excision repair, and conditions like xeroderma pigmentosum that arise from defects in nucleotide excision repair.
3,dna repair
The document provides an overview of DNA repair, including:
1) DNA is the only biological macromolecule that is repaired, as spontaneous and environmentally-induced damage occurs daily.
2) There are multiple pathways of DNA repair, including direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and double-strand break repair.
3) Defects in DNA repair can lead to genetic disorders and cancer, highlighting the importance of effective repair.
Dna repair mechanism
DNA can become damaged through external environmental factors like radiation or internally through natural chemical reactions. If left unrepaired, damaged DNA can lead to cancer or genetic disorders. The body has multiple DNA repair mechanisms including base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and double-strand break repair. These mechanisms recognize and remove damaged or incorrect DNA bases. Enzymes then excise the damage and DNA polymerases fill in the correct DNA sequence before ligases seal the DNA backbone. Without effective DNA repair, mutations can accumulate and cause cell harm.
DNA & Protein Synthesis Jeopardy
Each organism's characteristics are encoded in DNA molecules. DNA stores and transmits genetic information through long chains of nucleotides composed of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. RNA also plays important roles in protein synthesis. Messenger RNA carries DNA's message to make proteins during transcription in the nucleus. Ribosomal and transfer RNA aid in translation in the cytoplasm, where transfer RNA transfers amino acids to form polypeptides according to mRNA codons.
Mutation and DNA repair
Hello everyone, I am Dr. Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Head of Biotechnology Department at Marwadi University Rajkot. I teach Molecular Biology to the students of M.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology.
The current presentation talks about the types of mutations, various mutagens and their mechanism of mutagenesis. The later part of the presentation describes various DNA repair mechanisms.
DNA reparing
DNA repair is a collection of processes cells use to identify and correct damage to DNA molecules. Around 1 million lesions can occur per cell per day due to normal metabolic activities and environmental factors like UV light. Unrepaired lesions can alter gene transcription or cause mutations. The main types of DNA repair are direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and double-strand break repair. Cells have checkpoint mechanisms to detect DNA damage and initiate repair or induce apoptosis if damage is too severe. Defects in DNA repair can cause diseases like xeroderma pigmentosum or increase cancer risks. Telomere shortening due to factors like oxidation also contributes to cellular aging, and telomerase may help counter this
NER pathway
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a pathway that repairs a broad class of helix-distorting lesions in DNA that disrupt transcription and replication. It involves recognizing the damaged site, unwinding the DNA helix, making dual incisions on both sides of the damage, excising the damaged fragment, and resynthesizing the replacement DNA. NER is a complex process involving at least 28 genes and is important for repairing UV-induced damage and protecting against sunlight-induced DNA damage and cancer. Defects in NER genes can cause diseases like xeroderma pigmentosum, trichothiodystrophy, and Cockayne syndrome.
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DNA replication is the process where DNA copies itself to produce identical daughter molecules. It occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle and involves unwinding of the DNA double helix, synthesis of new strands complementarity to each existing strand, and production of two identical copies of the original DNA molecule. DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction by adding nucleotides that are complementary to the template strand, requiring primers, nucleotides, and several enzymes. Errors can occur which are corrected by DNA repair mechanisms like base excision repair.
Nucleotida..
This document provides an overview of DNA, including its structure, function, and role in heredity. It discusses the history of DNA discoveries from Miescher's isolation of DNA in 1869 to determining the genetic code in the 1960s. Key points covered include that DNA is a double helix composed of nucleotides with phosphodiester bonds between strands. The strands have 5' to 3' polarity and are antiparallel. DNA replication is semiconservative and involves enzymes like DNA polymerase, ligase, and helicase. Gene expression and regulation are also summarized.
DNA replication
1. DNA replication enzymes and mechanisms ensure accurate and complete duplication of the genome during cell division.
2. Specific DNA sequences called origins of replication initiate DNA unwinding and replication at replication forks.
3. Replication enzymes include helicases, primases, DNA polymerases, topoisomerases, ligases and sliding clamps that work together in the replisome complex.
4. Elaborate mechanisms such as proofreading and processive polymerases minimize errors during DNA synthesis.
Replication
DNA replication is semi-conservative, as proved by the Meselson-Stahl experiment. It occurs during interphase and involves unwinding of the DNA double helix by helicase, followed by synthesis of new strands by DNA polymerases with RNA primers provided by primase. Replication proceeds bidirectionally from an origin of replication and results in two identical copies of the original DNA molecule.
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DNA Replication in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes .pptx
DNA replication is the process where a cell makes an exact copy of its DNA before cell division. It occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle and involves unwinding the DNA double helix, making RNA primers, and synthesizing new DNA strands in both directions from the origin of replication using the old strands as templates. This results in two identical copies of the DNA. The key enzymes involved are DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase, topoisomerase, and single-stranded binding proteins. Replication proceeds through the semi-conservative model and results in the production of leading and lagging strands made of long and short Okazaki fragments respectively.
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This document defines key terms related to biology and genetics. It describes the structure and packaging of DNA, the central dogma of molecular biology, and important experiments that determined DNA is the genetic material, including Griffith's experiment demonstrating transformation, Avery et al's identification of DNA as the transforming principle, Hershey and Chase's experiment using bacteriophage, and Meselson and Stahl's experiment demonstrating semi-conservative DNA replication. It also outlines DNA and RNA structure, the double helix model of DNA, and DNA replication.
Enzyme involved in DNA replication
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
ENZYMES AND PROTEINS INVOLVED
IN PROKARYOTIC DNA REPLICATION
DNA polymerases
Types and function
Additional enzymes
Helicase ,
SSBP,
Topoisomerase,
Primase ,
Ligase ,
Events and function of enzymes
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
DNA REPLICATION.ppt
The document discusses DNA replication in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. It provides details on:
1) The enzymes involved in DNA replication such as DNA polymerase, helicase, ligase, and primase.
2) The stages of DNA replication - initiation, elongation, and termination.
3) Differences in DNA replication between prokaryotes and eukaryotes such as the presence of multiple origins of replication in eukaryotes.
4) Features of DNA replication like the semi-conservative mode, discontinuous replication in the lagging strand forming Okazaki fragments, and proofreading to ensure high-fidelity replication.
Enzymes and proteins in dna replication
Multiple proteins are required for DNA replication, including DNA polymerases, helicases, primase, topoisomerases, ligase and single-stranded DNA binding proteins. Helicases unwind DNA at replication forks using ATP while primase synthesizes RNA primers and DNA polymerases use the primers to replicate DNA in the 5' to 3' direction. DNA gyrase introduces negative supercoils to relieve positive supercoiling formed during unwinding while ligase seals nicks between Okazaki fragments to complete replication.
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• It is a technique that predicts the interaction between a macromolecules and a chemical molecule.
• Most of the existing efforts to identify the binding sites in protein-protein interaction are based on analyzing the differences between interface residues and non-interface residues, often through the use of machine learning or statistical methods.
• Its major application is to Identify the protein ligand binding sites is an important process in drug discovery and structure based drug design.
• Earlier, detecting protein ligand binding site is expensive and time consuming by traditional experimental method. Hence, computational approches provide many effective strategies to deal with this issue.
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Jaspreet presentation
- 1. Role of DNA-binding proteins in bacterial metabolism PRESENTED BY: Jaspreet Kaur L-2013-BS-10-IM
- 2. Introduction
- 8. Dps (DNA-binding protein from starved cell) Google image
- 9. The DNA-binding ability of Dps was initially discovered when purified Dps was added separately to supercoiled plasmid DNA and linear DNA. From this simple yet elegant binding assay, several critical DNA-binding properties of Dps were revealed;
- 10. 1 • Intense stability of DNA-Dps complex: Dps bound to DNA prior to heating is able to withstand intense acute heat shock in excess of 100⁰C and continues to be a highly stable complex, even after prolonged heating at 65⁰C. 2 • Dps-bound DNA reveals no clear footprint after digestion with DNAse I: a binding characteristic very similar to that observed with other histone-like proteins. 3 • Self-aggregation of Dps: This property of E. coli Dps demonstrates its ability to bind DNA without any apparent sequence specificity. Immediately upon the addition of DNA, Dps dodecamers undergo extensive aggregation and quickly form multilayered plate-like crystals thereafter.
- 11. DNA is not thought to bind directly to the surface of the protein; as the surface of Dps dodecamers does not display DNA-binding motifs and is dominated by negative charges that would likely repel negatively charged DNA molecules. Frenkiel-Krispin et al (2001) proposed that Dps is unable to directly bind DNA and that DNA-Dps complex formation relies on ion bridges formed by Mg2+.
- 12. Calhoun and Kwon 2010
- 15. PROTEIN IDENTIFIED FUNCTION CbpA Curved DNA-binding protein A CbpB Curved DNA-binding protein B DnaA DNA-binding protein A Dps DNA-binding protein from starved cells Fis Factor for inversion stimulation Hfq Host factor for phage Q beta H-NS Histone-like nucleoid structuring protein HU Heat-unstable nucleoid protein Ici A Inhibitor of chromosome initiation A IHF Integration host factor Lrp Leucine-responsive regulatory protein StpA Suppressor of td mutant phenotype A H1 Unknown
- 20. CbpB protein structure (Wikipedia)
- 22. * Initiation of replication is regulated through the DnaA protein. * Many molecules of DnaA protein may be needed to assemble on the origin to allow initiation.
- 28. (i) RNA Polymerase at promoter is surrounded by curved DNA. (ii) This curved ADNA wraps around the polymerase. (iii) H-NS binds to the curved DNA to lock the RNA polymerase at the promoter and prevents transcription from occurring. (iv) Environmental signals and transcription factors release the DNA bacterial binding protein and allows transcription to proceed. Dorman et al 2003
- 30. HU protein structure Bahloul et al 2001
- 37. With manipulation of bacterial genetics, physiology, multiplexed genome editing and programmable gene regulation desired results can be obtained. Researchers have used bacterial DNA-binding proteins to research Salmonella typhimurium, in which the T6SS genes are activated from a macrophage or mouse infection. Assays are created that combine reporter fusions, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, Dnase footprinting and fluorescence microscopy to silence the T6SS gene by histone like nucleoid binding protein (H-NS).