The Japanese Governmental Structure
What type of Government does Japan have???
The Japanese government, a constitutional monarchy, is based on a parliamentary cabinet system.
Executive power is vested in the cabinet, which consists of the prime minister and not more than 17 ministers of state that collectively are responsible to the Diet.
Separation of Powers
The Constitution of Japan, which came into effect in 1947, is based on the principles of popular sovereignty, respect for fundamental human rights, and the advocacy of peace. Japan’s political system is one of constitutional democracy. In accordance with the principle of “separation of powers,” the activities of the national government are formally divided into legislative, judicial, and executive organs.
Separation of Powers
The emperor is “the symbol of the State and unity of the people.” The emperor appoints the prime minister and chief judge of the Supreme Court as designated by the Diet, and performs “only such acts in matters of state” as provided for in the constitution along with the advice and approval of the cabinet, such as promulgation of amendments of the constitution, laws, cabinet orders and treaties, convocation of the Diet, dissolution of the House of Representatives, and so forth.
Separation of Powers
The Constitution of Japan proclaims a system of representative democracy in which the Diet is “the highest organ of state power.”
Separation of Powers
It is formally specified that the Diet, as the core of Japan’s system of governance, takes precedence over the government’s executive branch. The designation of the prime minister, who heads the executive branch, is done by resolution of the Diet. Japan practices a system of parliamentary cabinet by which the prime minister appoints the majority of the cabinet members from among members of the Diet. The cabinet thus works in solidarity with the Diet and is responsible to it. In this respect, the system is similar to that of Great Britain, but different from that of the United States, where the three branches of government are theoretically on a level of perfect equality.
Separation of Powers
The National Diet, composed of two houses - the House of Representatives and the House of Councilors, is the highest organ of state power and the sole law-making organ of the State.
The House of Representatives may introduce “no-confidence motions” with respect to the cabinet. The cabinet, on the other hand, is able to dissolve the House of Representatives.
Separation of Powers
The National Diet also has the authority to designate the chief judge and appoint the other judges of the Supreme Court. It is the Supreme Court that determines the
Lecture slide deck on the Philippine Local Government Code (RA 7160).
This was for a class on Philippine Politics and Governance that I taught between 2003-2005.
http://brianbelen.blogspot.com
The SlideShare introduces the concept Political system, giving the futures of African political systems and different types of African political system.
Lecture slide deck on the Philippine Local Government Code (RA 7160).
This was for a class on Philippine Politics and Governance that I taught between 2003-2005.
http://brianbelen.blogspot.com
The SlideShare introduces the concept Political system, giving the futures of African political systems and different types of African political system.
The Japanese Supreme Court, the court of last resort, holds the power to determine the constitutionality of any law, order, regulation, or official act, incorporating the principle of judicial review, with its authority explicity granted by article 81 of the Japanese Constitution.
Additionally, Article 9 Of The Constitution Deserves Special Attention. It Renounces War As A Sovereign Right Of Japan And Prohibits Maintaining Military Forces With Potential Offensive Capabilities. This Pacifist Stance Has Shaped Japan's Approach To International Relations Over Recent Decades. Visit: Http://Www.Eibun-Horei-Sha.Co.Jp
lONG QUESTION ANSWER PAKISTAN STUDIES10.docxon friday.docxlodhisaajjda
The Assembly passed the bill on 10th April, 1973 and at last the constitution came into force on 14th August 1973. The present constitution (1973) provides for the protection and preservation of Islamic Concept of life. It also attempts to propagate and implement the basic teachings of Islamhe Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: آئینِ پاکستان ; ISO: Āīn-ē-Pākistān), also known as the 1973 Constitution, is the supreme law of Pakistan. The document guides Pakistan's law, political culture, and system. It sets out the state's outline, the fundamental rights of the population, the state's law and orders, and also the structure and establishment of the institutions and the armed forces.[2] Drafted by the government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, with additional assistance from the country's opposition parties, it was unanimously approved by the 5th Parliament on 10 April and ratified on 14 August 1973.[3][4] The first three chapters establish the rules, mandate, and separate powers of the three branches of the government: a bicameral legislature; an executive branch governed by the Prime Minister as chief executive; and an apex federal judiciary headed by Supreme Court.[4] The Constitution designates the President of Pakistan as a ceremonial Head of State who is to represent the unity of the state.[5] The first six articles of the constitution outline the political system as federal parliamentary republic system; as well as Islam as its state religion.[6] The Constitution also encapsulates provisions stipulating the legal system's compliance with Islamic injunctions contained in the Quran and Sunnah.[7]
The Parliament cannot make any laws which may be repugnant or contrary to the Constitution; however, the Constitution itself may be amended by a two-thirds majority in both the houses of the bicameral Parliament, unlike the previous legal documents of 1956 and 1962.[8] It has been amended over time, and most recent impulses for political upgrades and reforms has been amended. Although enforced in 1973, Pakistan, however, celebrates the adoption of the constitution on 23 March—when the first set was promulgated in 1956 each and every year as Republic Day.[9] Technically there are 26 amendments but 23 amendments were made in constitution and three were not passed by the parliament as the three amendments collapsed.
Currently the promulgated Constitution of Pakistan, in its amended form, stands as the 7th lengthiest constitution of the world with a word count of 56,240 Words.
Origins and historical background
List three branches of the United States government and write a sent.pdfmohdjakirfb
List three branches of the United States government and write a sentence for each that describes
its function
Solution
The three separate branches of government: the legislative, the executive and the judicial.
Legislative Branch
The legislative branch is made up of the two houses of Congress—the Senate and the House of
Representatives. The most important duty of the legislative branch is to make laws. Laws are
written, discussed and voted on in Congress.
Executive Branch
The President is the head of the executive branch, which makes laws official. The President is
elected by the entire country and serves a four-year term. The President approves and carries out
laws passed by the legislative branch. He appoints or removes cabinet members and officials. He
negotiates treaties, and acts as head of state and commander in chief of the armed forces.
The executive branch also includes the Vice President and other officials, such as members of
the cabinet. The cabinet is made up of the heads of the 15 major departments of the government.
The cabinet gives advice to the President about important matters.
Judicial Branch
The judicial branch oversees the court system of the U.S. Through court cases, the judicial
branch explains the meaning of the Constitution and laws passed by Congress. The Supreme
Court is the head of the judicial branch. Unlike a criminal court, the Supreme Court rules
whether something is constitutional or unconstitutional—whether or not it is permitted under the
Constitution..
Implementing the Curriculum
The Roles of Stakeholders in Curriculum Implementation
Stakeholders
are individuals or institutions that are interested in the school curriculum.
are those involved the different ways of the curriculum.
they are the once which is affected whether directly or indirectly.
The Stakeholders are:
the Learner
the Teacher
the Curriculum Managers and Administrators
the Parents
the Community Members
the Other Stakeholders in Curriculum Implementation
the Learner
the center of the curriculum
they are the reason a curriculum is developed.
they are the ones who are directly influenced by it.
they are the considered in developing the curriculum.
they are the primary stakeholders in the curriculum.
the Teacher
the Curriculum Developers and Implementers.
planning and writing the curriculum are the primary role of the teachers.
they are the ones addressing the goals, needs interest of the learners by creating the experience the students can learn.
the Teacher
are the ones which design, enriches, and modifies the curriculum to suit the learners characteristics.
they are empowered to develop their own school taking consideration their own expertise, the context of the school and the abilities of the learners.
teachers are the architects of the school curriculum.
curriculum implementers.
the Teacher
from a designer or technician they become the decision maker.
their role shits from planning to doing.
the choice of methods, activities, materials to be used in teaching is resting to their hands.
the Curriculum Managers and Administrators
they are the ones who are supervising curriculum implementation, the selection and recruitment of new teachers, admitting students, procedure equipment and materials needed for effective learning.
they are also involve in planning for the improvement of school facilities and physical plants.
the Curriculum Managers and Administrators
the principle of command responsibility and institutional leadership rests on their shoulders as administrators.
the Parents
are the supporters of the curriculum.
financial matters.
their involvement in school matters.
the Community Members
they act as curriculum resources.
the community members and materials in the existing local community can very well substitute for what are needed to implement the curriculum.
The Other Stakeholders in Curriculum Implementation
some organizations are those of each profession, like teachers’ organizations, medical doctors’ association, engeneers’ organizations and many others.
Professional Organizations have shown great influence have shown great influence in school curriculum.
the Government represented by DedpEd, CHED and PRC
Implementing the Curriculum
The Roles of Stakeholders in Curriculum Implementation
Stakeholders
are individuals or institutions that are interested in the school curriculum.
are those involved the different ways of the curriculum.
they are the once which is affected whether directly or indirectly.
The Stakeholders are:
the Learner
the Teacher
the Curriculum Managers and Administrators
the Parents
the Community Members
the Other Stakeholders in Curriculum Implementation
the Learner
the center of the curriculum
they are the reason a curriculum is developed.
they are the ones who are directly influenced by it.
they are the considered in developing the curriculum.
they are the primary stakeholders in the curriculum.
the Teacher
the Curriculum Developers and Implementers.
planning and writing the curriculum are the primary role of the teachers.
they are the ones addressing the goals, needs interest of the learners by creating the experience the students can learn.
the Teacher
are the ones which design, enriches, and modifies the curriculum to suit the learners characteristics.
they are empowered to develop their own school taking consideration their own expertise, the context of the school and the abilities of the learners.
teachers are the architects of the school curriculum.
curriculum implementers.
the Teacher
from a designer or technician they become the decision maker.
their role shits from planning to doing.
the choice of methods, activities, materials to be used in teaching is resting to their hands.
the Curriculum Managers and Administrators
they are the ones who are supervising curriculum implementation, the selection and recruitment of new teachers, admitting students, procedure equipment and materials needed for effective learning.
they are also involve in planning for the improvement of school facilities and physical plants.
the Curriculum Managers and Administrators
the principle of command responsibility and institutional leadership rests on their shoulders as administrators.
the Parents
are the supporters of the curriculum.
financial matters.
their involvement in school matters.
the Community Members
they act as curriculum resources.
the community members and materials in the existing local community can very well substitute for what are needed to implement the curriculum.
The Other Stakeholders in Curriculum Implementation
some organizations are those of each profession, like teachers’ organizations, medical doctors’ association, engeneers’ organizations and many others.
Professional Organizations have shown great influence have shown great influence in school curriculum.
the Government represented by DedpEd, CHED and PRC
Roleta ng Karunungan
Materials
Illustration Board Glue Stick
Lumber Nails
Colored Papers Plastic Cover
Bamboo Wood Cutter
Scotch Tape Glue
Scissor Ruler
Meter Pencil
Saw (Katam)
Hammer
Steps on Creating the Roleta ng Karunungan
Prepare all the needed material.
First draw a shape of an octagon on the two one whole illustration board.
Steps on Creating the Roleta ng Karunungan
Cut the shape of octagon using the cutter.
Steps on Creating the Roleta ng Karunungan
Draw a small circle at the center of the octagon, and then cut it using the cutter.
Steps on Creating the Roleta ng Karunungan
Make the pillars for the foundation of the wheel illustration boards and cut it using the cutter.
After making the pillars stick it to the illustration board that was cut earlier in the shape of octagon using the glue stick
Steps on Creating the Roleta ng Karunungan
After attaching all the pillars to the illustration board.
Attach now the other octagon shape illustration board using the glue stick in order to create the wheel.
Steps on Creating the Roleta ng Karunungan
After putting the pillars in to the illustration board, create a long rectangle at the eight side of the octagon and then and cut it using the cutter.
Steps on Creating the Roleta ng Karunungan
And to create the stand for the wheel, prepare the following:
Lumber, Bamboo Wood, Nails, Saw, (Katam),
Meter, Ruler, Pencil and Hammer.
Steps on Creating the Roleta ng Karunungan
After doing the stand of the Wheel of Knowledge, put together now the wheel to the stand.
Steps on Creating the Roleta ng Karungan
And to finalize the wheel of knowledge, put the final touches to it .
Rationale
This instructional material is applicable to use to all of the field under social studies.
This can be used to motivate the students and make them active in participating the discussion in the class.
Since this instructional material can use pictures, this can make more the discussion clear on the part of the student.
Rationale
This can be actually manipulated by the students if the method utilized by the teacher in front of the class is student centered.
The content of this Instructional Material are changeable.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. What type of Government does Japan have???
The Japanese government, a constitutional monarchy, is based on a parliamentary cabinet system.
Executive power is vested in the cabinet, which consists of the prime minister and not more than 17 ministers of state that collectively are responsible to the Diet.
3. Separation of Powers
The Constitution of Japan, which came into effect in 1947, is based on the principles of popular sovereignty, respect for fundamental human rights, and the advocacy of peace. Japan’s political system is one of constitutional democracy. In accordance with the principle of “separation of powers,” the activities of the national government are formally divided into legislative, judicial, and executive organs.
4. Separation of Powers
The emperor is “the symbol of the State and unity of the people.” The emperor appoints the prime minister and chief judge of the Supreme Court as designated by the Diet, and performs “only such acts in matters of state” as provided for in the constitution along with the advice and approval of the cabinet, such as promulgation of amendments of the constitution, laws, cabinet orders and treaties, convocation of the Diet, dissolution of the House of Representatives, and so forth.
5. Separation of Powers
The Constitution of Japan proclaims a system of representative democracy in which the Diet is “the highest organ of state power.”
6. Separation of Powers
It is formally specified that the Diet, as the core of Japan’s system of governance, takes precedence over the government’s executive branch. The designation of the prime minister, who heads the executive branch, is done by resolution of the Diet. Japan practices a system of parliamentary cabinet by which the prime minister appoints the majority of the cabinet members from among members of the Diet. The cabinet thus works in solidarity with the Diet and is responsible to it. In this respect, the system is similar to that of Great Britain, but different from that of the United States, where the three branches of government are theoretically on a level of perfect equality.
7. Separation of Powers
The National Diet, composed of two houses - the House of Representatives and the House of Councilors, is the highest organ of state power and the sole law-making organ of the State.
The House of Representatives may introduce “no-confidence motions” with respect to the cabinet. The cabinet, on the other hand, is able to dissolve the House of Representatives.
8. Separation of Powers
The National Diet also has the authority to designate the chief judge and appoint the other judges of the Supreme Court. It is the Supreme Court that determines the constitutionality of any law or official act. The constitution authorizes the Diet to “set up an impeachment court from among the members of both houses in order to try any judges against whom removal proceedings have been instituted.”
9. The Diet as the Legislative Branch of Government
Japan’s Diet is designated in the constitution as “the highest organ of state power.” The Diet is made up of members who are directly elected by citizens of at least 20 years of age. The political parties, to which almost all Diet members belong, are the basic units of political activity. Thus Japan is said to practice party politics. The prime minister is chosen by the Diet from among its members. The prime minister then forms a cabinet, and the cabinet controls the executive branch of government.
10. The Diet as the Legislative Branch of Government
The Diet is the “sole law-making organ of the State.” All legislations must follow process leading to final approval in the Diet. The Diet has additional important functions, such as approving the national budget, ratifying international treaties, and setting in motion any formal proposals for amending the constitution. Three categories of Diet sessions are held: ordinary, extraordinary, and special. The ordinary session, which is convened once a year during January with a term of 150 days, plays the central role because that is where Diet members deliberate on the next year’s budget and the laws necessary to implement that budget.
11. The Diet as the Legislative Branch of Government
Although the House of Councillors and the House of Representatives share power, the latter predominates in decisions on legislation, designation of the prime minister, budgetary matters, and international treaties. For example, if a bill is passed by the House of Representatives but the House of Councillors deliberates otherwise (rejecting the bill or insisting on alterations), the bill will nevertheless become law if resubmitted to the House of Representatives and approved by two thirds of the members present.
12. The Diet as the Legislative Branch of Government
One must be at least 25 years old to be eligible for election to the House of Representatives. As of 2013, the number of members of the House of Representatives is 480. Of these, 300 are chosen according to the single-seat constituency system, by which just one person is elected from each district. The other 180 are chosen as per a proportional representation system whereby seats are distributed to preferred party members according to the proportion of the vote received by the party. Members of the House of Representatives are elected for four-year terms, but the cabinet may dissolve the House of Representatives before the end of a full term.
13. The Diet as the Legislative Branch of Government
One must be at least 30 years old to be elected to the House of Councillors. In 2001 the total number of members was reduced from 252 to 247, and in 2004 it was reduced to 242. As of 2012, of the 242 current seats, 146 are filled according to the electoral district system and the remaining 96 are filled based on a proportional representation system. All members are chosen for six-year terms. Half of the total number are chosen every three years. Members of the House of Councillors remain in their positions whether or not there is a dissolution of the House of Representatives.
14. What is the role of the Imperial Family in Japan?
Under the constitution of Japan, the emperor is the symbol of the state, and has no powers related to the government. He performs only those ceremonial acts that are stipulated in the constitution, such as awarding honors- all on the advice and approval of the cabinet. The present Emperor, Akihito, was born in 1933 and acceded to the throne on January 7, 1989. He is married to Empress Michiko, and they have three children.
15. The Cabinet and the Executive Branch of Government
The cabinet, the majority of whose members must come from the Diet, is the supreme decision-making organ of the executive branch of government. The prime minister, who heads the cabinet, has the right to appoint and dismiss ministers of state (kokumu daijin) who make up the cabinet. He or she presides over cabinet meetings and may exercise his or her right to control and guide the various sectors of the state administrative apparatus. So-called cabinet resolutions are reached on the basis of a unanimity of views. The prime minister and all members of the cabinet must be, according to the constitution, civilians.
16. The Cabinet and the Executive Branch of Government
The constitution also states, “executive power shall be vested in the Cabinet.” However, the cabinet has under its control and coordination a number of ministries and other central administrative organs to which it delegates the exercise and control of many routine tasks of Japan’s central government.
17. The Cabinet and the Executive Branch of Government
As part of reform efforts that were aimed at increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of government operations, in January 2001 the executive branch of the government underwent an extensive reorganization in which the number of existing ministries and ministry-level commissions and agencies, 22 at that time, was cut almost in half.
18. The Cabinet and the Executive Branch of Government
In addition to the newly created Cabinet Office, the cabinet includes 11 ministries, the 11th being created in January 2007 when the Defense Agency became the Ministry of Defense. As of 2011, each ministry is headed by a minister of state appointed by the prime minister. Each minister is assisted by one or two senior vice-ministers and up to three parliamentary secretaries. These officials are usually members of the Diet.
19. The Cabinet and the Executive Branch of Government
The Cabinet Office was created by the 2001 reorganization in order to strengthen cabinet functions and the prime minister’s overall policy leadership capability. Headed by the prime minister, the Cabinet Office drafts plans and provides comprehensive coordination from a level one step above other government ministries and agencies. The Cabinet Office oversees the Imperial Household Agency and three external bureaus: Fair Trade Commission, National Public Safety Commission, and Financial Services Agency. In addition to the ministers of state for special missions, the Cabinet Office also includes the following three important policy councils: Council for Science and Technology Policy, Central Disaster Management Council, and Council for GenderEquality.
20. The Cabinet and the Executive Branch of Government
Taken together, the Cabinet Office, the ministries, and the various agencies and commissions are known as the central government offices (chuo shocho). As of 2011, Japan’s central government offices operate according to a system based on a pyramidal structure of rank. Responsibility for setting the boundaries of authority of the posts within each ministry and agency rests in the hands of the cabinet members.
21. The Cabinet and the Executive Branch of Government
In Japan, persons who are engaged in administrative activities in the various central government offices, including vice ministers (jimu jikan) and all ordinary public servants of lesser rank, are selected on the basis of national public service examinations; their jobs are not political appointments nor are they subject to being lost as a result of political power changes at the cabinet level.
22. The Cabinet and the Executive Branch of Government
After the reorganization of government ministries, the privatization of Japan National Railways, and the recent privatization of the postal service in 2007, the number of national public servants (excluding members of the Japan Self-Defense Forces) stood at 340,613 as of 2011. At the end of January 2001, before the ministries were reorganized, the number of public servants totaled 1.268 million.
The constitution specifies that “all public officials are servants of the whole community and not of any group thereof.”
23. The Supreme Court
In Japan, the independent standing of the judicial branch of government is protected, and the constitution stipulates that “no disciplinary action against judges shall be administered by any executive organ or agency.” All legal conflicts, whether of a civil, administrative, or criminal nature, are subject to judgment in courts of law. Established by the constitution, the Supreme Court is Japan’s highest judicial organ. There are four types of lower courts, whose numbers and English designations (as of December 2013) are as follows: 8 high courts, 50 district courts, 50 family courts, and 438 summary courts. According to the constitution, no so-called extraordinary tribunal is to be established, “nor shall any organ or agency of the Executive be given final judicial power.”
24. The Supreme Court
According to article 6 of the constitution, “the Emperor shall appoint the Chief Judge of the Supreme Court, as designated by the Cabinet,” while the cabinet directly appoints the other 14 Supreme Court judges. To be eligible for nomination, as indicated in the Law on Courts, one must be a person “of high discernment, well grounded in law, and at least 40 years old.” A minimum of 10 members must be selected from among those who distinguish themselves as judges, public prosecutors, lawyers, and professors or assistant professors in legal science in universities; the rest need not be jurists. All judges of the Supreme Court must be reviewed by the people in the first general election following appointments, and every 10 years thereafter. The retirement age is 70.
25. The Supreme Court
Supreme Court hearings and judgments are made by either the grand bench, which requires the presence of at least nine court justices, or by one of three petty benches, each consisting of from three to five justices. The grand bench examines cases, referred by 4 GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE one of the petty benches, that involve constitutional questions, precedents, and so on.
26. The Supreme Court
In addition to its authority as the sole court of last resort, the Supreme Court has the authority to set rules on litigation procedures, together with other special rights of judicial administration, including the nomination of a list of persons from which the cabinet appoints judges for the lower courts.
27. The Supreme Court
Japan’s court system is basically a three trial system in which parties to a dispute— following a court hearing and decision—have the right to undergo two additional court hearings and decisions, as stipulated by the procedures for appeal (koso) and, ultimately, final appeal (jokoku). However, the number of court judges is small in comparison with the number of court cases submitted for judgment. As a result, court decisions usually take a long time.
28. The Supreme Court
In May 2004, the Act Concerning Participation of Lay Assessors in Criminal Trials was passed based on the recommendations of the Judicial Reform Council, which was instituted for a two-year period beginning July 1999. The lay judge system, in which ordinary individuals chosen from among Japan’s citizens deliberate alongside judges at designated criminal trials, went into effect on May 21, 2009. The first trial under the new system took place on August 3 at the Tokyo District Court.
29. END!!!!!
Prepared by :
Mr. Kim Gerard Mandocdoc
And
Ms. Jamaika Tenorio
4th Year Social Studies Major