International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Calculating the closure jacking-force of a large-span pre-stressed concrete c...IJERA Editor
Before closuring the mid-span of a large-span pre-stressed concrete continuous rigid frame bridge, imposing jacking-force could commendably eliminate the down-warping of main beam, horizontal deviation of main pier and the additional internal force caused by temperature differential and concrete shrink-creep. Two formulas deduced in this article to calculate the jacking-force have been applied to an engineering example to analyze and compare their applicability by combining with finite element simulation. The results showed that both formulas were practicable and could be as a simple computational method extended to other bridges with the same type.
“Investigation of Structural Analysis of Composite Beam Having I- Cross Secti...IOSR Journals
Abstract: - In structural applications, beam is one of the most common structural members that have been
considered in design. This paper is intended to provide tools that ensure better designing options for composite
laminates of I -beam. In this Paper an analytical method & FEM approach calculating axial stiffness , Axial
stress ,Axial strain of flange and web laminates. The results show the stacking sequence and fiber angle
orientation strongly affects strength of composite I-beam.
Three dimensional static analysis of two dimensional functionally graded platesrtme
In this paper, static analysis of two dimensional functionally graded plates based on three dimensional
theory of elasticity is investigated. Graded finite element method has been used to solve the problem. The
effects of power law exponents on static behavior of a fully clamped 2D-FGM plate have been investigated.
The model has been compared with result of a 1D-FGM plate for different boundary conditions, and it
shows very good agreement
Three dimensional static analysis of two dimensional functionally graded platesijmech
In this paper, static analysis of two dimensional functionally graded plates based on three dimensional theory of elasticity is investigated. Graded finite element method has been used to solve the problem. The effects of power law exponents on static behavior of a fully clamped 2D-FGM plate have been investigated. The model has been compared with result of a 1D-FGM plate for different boundary conditions, and it shows very good agreement.
ANALYTICAL BENDING ANALYSIS OF A CIRCULAR SANDWICH PLATE UNDER DISTRIBUTED LOADijmech
In this paper, bending analysis of a circular sandwich plate under distributed load with simply supported and clamped boundary conditions is investigated. First, the governing equations of the circular sandwich plate are obtained and they are solved using the Bessel functions. Then in order to validate the correctness of analytical results, numerical finite element method is used and its results are presented in the forms of
contours and graphs. The results indicate that under distributed load, maximum deflection happens at 0.3
of outside radius, away from centre, and minimum deflection occurs at the outer edge of the circular sandwich plate. The results from analytical and numerical methods are compared and it shows that analytical method provides an acceptable accuracy.
Free vibrational analysis of curved beam with uniform rectangular cross sectioneSAT Journals
Abstract
Curved beams are plays an important role in different field like house roofing, bridges, cranes, automobiles chasses etc. The study
deals with the investigation of free vibrations of thick curved beams of SS316 and MS1018, both experimentally and using ANSYS.
The curved beams having different R/t ratio were fabricated by using mild steel material. Three different boundary conditions are
imposed for curved beams are as follows; free-free, clamped-free, clamped-clamped. For experimental investigation, magnetic
transducer and VIBXpert are used to conduct experiment on different curved beams. The present work also aims at developing a
numerical model for comparing ANSYS results with experimental results to analyze the frequencies and mode shapes
corresponding to three different boundary conditions. The curved beam were modelled, meshed and analyzed using ANSYS. The
first ten natural frequencies from finite element solutions are then compared with the experimental results. These effects also
become more significant for higher modes. It is also observed that the finite element solutions are closely in agreement with
experimental results.
Key words: Curved beams, Experimental investigation, Natural frequencies, modes
Verification of The Thermal Buckling Load in Plates Made of Functional Graded...CSCJournals
In this research, thermal buckling of thin plate made of Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) with linear varying thickness is considered. Material properties are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. The supporting condition of all edges of such a plate is simply supported the equilibrium and stability equations of a FGM plate under thermal loads derived based on higher order plate theories via variation formulation, and are used to determine the pre-buckling forces and the governing deferential equation of the plate the buckling analysis of a functionally graded plate is conducted using; the uniform temperature rise, having temperature gradient through the thickness, and linear temperature variation in the thickness and closed–form solutions are obtained. The buckling load is defined in a weighted residual approach. In a special case the obtained results are compared by the results of functionally graded plates with uniform thickness. The influences of the plate thickness variation and the edge ratio on the critical loads are investigated. Finally, different plots indicating the variation of buckling loads. Different gradient exponent k, different geometries and loading conditions were obtained.
Fe investigation of semi circular curved beam subjected to out-of-plane loadeSAT Journals
Abstract Curved beams are used as machine or structural members in many applications. Based on application of load they can be classified into two categories. Curved beams subjected to In-Plane loads are more familiar and are used for crane hooks, C-clamps etc. The other categories of curved beams are the ones that are subjected to out-of-plane loads. They find applications in automobile universal joints, raider arms and many civil structures etc.The results of this research on semicircular curved beam subjected to out-of-plane loads have revealed some interesting results. For semicircular curved beams subjected to out-of-plane loads, it is shown that every section is subjected to a combination of transverse shear force, bending moment and twisting moment. By using ANSYS tool it is shown that Maximum principal stress occurs at section 120 degrees from the section containing the loading line. Moreover it is observed that fixed end of this curved beam is subjected to a state of pure shear. Key Words: Semi circular curved beam, Stress in curved beam, Out-of-plane load, FE analysis.
CFD Analysis and Fabrication of Aluminium Cenosphere CompositesIJMER
Metal matrix composites are engineered materials with a combination of two or more
dissimilar materials, to obtain enhanced properties. Aluminium alloys reinforced with ceramic
particles exhibit superior mechanical properties when compared to unreinforced aluminium alloys and
hence are candidate for engineering applications. In the present investigation aluminium alloy is used
as the matrix and cenosphere as the reinforcing material. The hybrid metal matrix composite is
produced using conventional foundry techniques by casting route. The cenosphere is to be added in
2%, 4% and 6% by volume and also with the influence of the particle size of cenosphere, to the molten
metal with Magnesium, which is the main parameter for the wet ability of cenosphere and aluminium
alloy. The hybrid composite is to be tested for hardness, density, mechanical properties and impact
strength. The density decreases with increase in cenosphere content. The impact strength increases
with increase in cenosphere content. The resistances to dry wear and slurry erosive wear increases
with increase in cenosphere content and hence this material can be used as bearing material. This
composite material being less dense than aluminium can therefore be used in place of conventional
aluminium alloys in aircraft components
Complex test pattern generation for high speed fault diagnosis in Embedded SRAMIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Calculating the closure jacking-force of a large-span pre-stressed concrete c...IJERA Editor
Before closuring the mid-span of a large-span pre-stressed concrete continuous rigid frame bridge, imposing jacking-force could commendably eliminate the down-warping of main beam, horizontal deviation of main pier and the additional internal force caused by temperature differential and concrete shrink-creep. Two formulas deduced in this article to calculate the jacking-force have been applied to an engineering example to analyze and compare their applicability by combining with finite element simulation. The results showed that both formulas were practicable and could be as a simple computational method extended to other bridges with the same type.
“Investigation of Structural Analysis of Composite Beam Having I- Cross Secti...IOSR Journals
Abstract: - In structural applications, beam is one of the most common structural members that have been
considered in design. This paper is intended to provide tools that ensure better designing options for composite
laminates of I -beam. In this Paper an analytical method & FEM approach calculating axial stiffness , Axial
stress ,Axial strain of flange and web laminates. The results show the stacking sequence and fiber angle
orientation strongly affects strength of composite I-beam.
Three dimensional static analysis of two dimensional functionally graded platesrtme
In this paper, static analysis of two dimensional functionally graded plates based on three dimensional
theory of elasticity is investigated. Graded finite element method has been used to solve the problem. The
effects of power law exponents on static behavior of a fully clamped 2D-FGM plate have been investigated.
The model has been compared with result of a 1D-FGM plate for different boundary conditions, and it
shows very good agreement
Three dimensional static analysis of two dimensional functionally graded platesijmech
In this paper, static analysis of two dimensional functionally graded plates based on three dimensional theory of elasticity is investigated. Graded finite element method has been used to solve the problem. The effects of power law exponents on static behavior of a fully clamped 2D-FGM plate have been investigated. The model has been compared with result of a 1D-FGM plate for different boundary conditions, and it shows very good agreement.
ANALYTICAL BENDING ANALYSIS OF A CIRCULAR SANDWICH PLATE UNDER DISTRIBUTED LOADijmech
In this paper, bending analysis of a circular sandwich plate under distributed load with simply supported and clamped boundary conditions is investigated. First, the governing equations of the circular sandwich plate are obtained and they are solved using the Bessel functions. Then in order to validate the correctness of analytical results, numerical finite element method is used and its results are presented in the forms of
contours and graphs. The results indicate that under distributed load, maximum deflection happens at 0.3
of outside radius, away from centre, and minimum deflection occurs at the outer edge of the circular sandwich plate. The results from analytical and numerical methods are compared and it shows that analytical method provides an acceptable accuracy.
Free vibrational analysis of curved beam with uniform rectangular cross sectioneSAT Journals
Abstract
Curved beams are plays an important role in different field like house roofing, bridges, cranes, automobiles chasses etc. The study
deals with the investigation of free vibrations of thick curved beams of SS316 and MS1018, both experimentally and using ANSYS.
The curved beams having different R/t ratio were fabricated by using mild steel material. Three different boundary conditions are
imposed for curved beams are as follows; free-free, clamped-free, clamped-clamped. For experimental investigation, magnetic
transducer and VIBXpert are used to conduct experiment on different curved beams. The present work also aims at developing a
numerical model for comparing ANSYS results with experimental results to analyze the frequencies and mode shapes
corresponding to three different boundary conditions. The curved beam were modelled, meshed and analyzed using ANSYS. The
first ten natural frequencies from finite element solutions are then compared with the experimental results. These effects also
become more significant for higher modes. It is also observed that the finite element solutions are closely in agreement with
experimental results.
Key words: Curved beams, Experimental investigation, Natural frequencies, modes
Verification of The Thermal Buckling Load in Plates Made of Functional Graded...CSCJournals
In this research, thermal buckling of thin plate made of Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) with linear varying thickness is considered. Material properties are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. The supporting condition of all edges of such a plate is simply supported the equilibrium and stability equations of a FGM plate under thermal loads derived based on higher order plate theories via variation formulation, and are used to determine the pre-buckling forces and the governing deferential equation of the plate the buckling analysis of a functionally graded plate is conducted using; the uniform temperature rise, having temperature gradient through the thickness, and linear temperature variation in the thickness and closed–form solutions are obtained. The buckling load is defined in a weighted residual approach. In a special case the obtained results are compared by the results of functionally graded plates with uniform thickness. The influences of the plate thickness variation and the edge ratio on the critical loads are investigated. Finally, different plots indicating the variation of buckling loads. Different gradient exponent k, different geometries and loading conditions were obtained.
Fe investigation of semi circular curved beam subjected to out-of-plane loadeSAT Journals
Abstract Curved beams are used as machine or structural members in many applications. Based on application of load they can be classified into two categories. Curved beams subjected to In-Plane loads are more familiar and are used for crane hooks, C-clamps etc. The other categories of curved beams are the ones that are subjected to out-of-plane loads. They find applications in automobile universal joints, raider arms and many civil structures etc.The results of this research on semicircular curved beam subjected to out-of-plane loads have revealed some interesting results. For semicircular curved beams subjected to out-of-plane loads, it is shown that every section is subjected to a combination of transverse shear force, bending moment and twisting moment. By using ANSYS tool it is shown that Maximum principal stress occurs at section 120 degrees from the section containing the loading line. Moreover it is observed that fixed end of this curved beam is subjected to a state of pure shear. Key Words: Semi circular curved beam, Stress in curved beam, Out-of-plane load, FE analysis.
CFD Analysis and Fabrication of Aluminium Cenosphere CompositesIJMER
Metal matrix composites are engineered materials with a combination of two or more
dissimilar materials, to obtain enhanced properties. Aluminium alloys reinforced with ceramic
particles exhibit superior mechanical properties when compared to unreinforced aluminium alloys and
hence are candidate for engineering applications. In the present investigation aluminium alloy is used
as the matrix and cenosphere as the reinforcing material. The hybrid metal matrix composite is
produced using conventional foundry techniques by casting route. The cenosphere is to be added in
2%, 4% and 6% by volume and also with the influence of the particle size of cenosphere, to the molten
metal with Magnesium, which is the main parameter for the wet ability of cenosphere and aluminium
alloy. The hybrid composite is to be tested for hardness, density, mechanical properties and impact
strength. The density decreases with increase in cenosphere content. The impact strength increases
with increase in cenosphere content. The resistances to dry wear and slurry erosive wear increases
with increase in cenosphere content and hence this material can be used as bearing material. This
composite material being less dense than aluminium can therefore be used in place of conventional
aluminium alloys in aircraft components
Complex test pattern generation for high speed fault diagnosis in Embedded SRAMIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Design of Neural Network Controller for Active Vibration control of Cantileve...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Load balancing in Content Delivery Networks in Novel Distributed EquilibriumIJMER
In today’s world’s to provide service to netizen’s with good availability of data, content
delivery networks (CDNs) must balance requests between servers while assigning clients to closet
servers. In this paper, we describe a new CDN design that associates artificial load-aware coordinates
with clients and data servers and uses them to direct content requests to cached data. This approach
helps achieve good accuracy and service when request workloads and resource availability in the CDN
are dynamic. A deployment and evaluation of our system on Planet Lab demonstrates how it achieves low
request times with high cache hit ratios when compared to other CDN approaches.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Resolution of human arm redundancy in point tasks by synthesizing two criteriaIJMER
The human arm is kinematically redundant in the task of pointing. As a result, multiple arm
configurations can be used to complete a pointing task in which the tip of the index finger is brought to a
preselected point in a 3D space. The authors have developed a four degrees of freedom (DOF)model of the
human arm with synthesis of two redundancy resolution criteria that were developed as an analytical tool
for studying the positioning tasks. The two criteria were: (1) minimizing the angular joint displacement
(Minimal Angular Displacement - MAD) and (2) averaging the limits of the shoulder joint range (Joint
Range Availability - JRA). As part of the experimental protocol conducted with ten subjects, the kinematics
of the human arm was acquired with a motion capturing system in a 3D space. The redundant joint angles
predicted by a equally weighted model synthesizing the MAD and JRA criteria resulted with a linear
correlation with the experimental data (slope=0.88; offset=1⁰; r
2=0.52). Given the experiment protocol,
individual criterion showed weaker correlation with experimental data (MAD slope=0.57, offset=14⁰,
r
2=0.36 or JRA slope=0.84, offset=-1⁰, r
2=0.45). Solving the inverse kinematics problem of articulated
redundant serials mechanism such as a human or a robotic arm has applications in fields of human-robot
interaction and wearable robotics, ergonomics, and computer graphics animation.
Classification Rule Discovery Using Ant-Miner Algorithm: An Application Of N...IJMER
Enormous studies on intrusion detection have widely applied data mining techniques to
finding out the useful knowledge automatically from large amount of databases, while few studies have
proposed classification data mining approaches. In an actual risk assessment process, the discovery of
intrusion detection prediction knowledge from experts is still regarded as an important task because
experts’ predictions depend on their subjectivity. Traditional statistical techniques and artificial
intelligence techniques are commonly used to solve this classification decision making. This paper
proposes an ant-miner based data mining method for discovering network intrusion detection rules from
large dataset. The obtained result of this experiment shows that clearly the ant-miner is superior than
ID3, J48, ADtree, BFtree, Simple cart. Although different classification models have been developed for
network intrusion detection, each of them has its strength and weakness, including the most commonly
applied Support Vector Machine(SVM)method and the clustering based on Self Organized Ant Colony
Network (CSOACN).Our algorithm is implemented and evaluated using a standard bench mark KDD99
dataset. Experiments show that ant-miner algorithm out performs than other methods in terms of both
classification rate and accuracy
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF STEEL RIGID FRAME WITH IMPERFECT BRACE MEMBERSIAEME Publication
Model of a steel rigid frame made of thin-walled box section with existence of I-section brace member with initial overall and local imperfection adopted to investigate buckling effects on steel structural behavior as it was subjected to earthquake excitation. In order to take into account of the influence of local deflections on structural response, shell elements were employed to model brace member as well as base columns. Cross sections components with relatively high amplitude of
buckling parameters were considered in different case studies to make it susceptible to develop local deflection. Beam elements were also utilized to develop models with the same specification. FEM method applied to conduct nonlinear time history analysis using earthquake record in in-plane and
out-of-plane direction
Numerical modeling and analysis of slabsIjrdt Journal
This paper presents numerical modelling of slabs, linear modelling and analyzing of two way slab in a finite element based programming software ATENA and comparing with SAP for accuracy, The difference in result came to 14.3% hence, tolerable. Considering this, further nonlinear modelling and analysis is done in ATENA for one way and two way rectangular slabs, which includes both material and geometric modelling.Flexural load is applied for analysis of one way and two way slab. The displacement contour and crack pattern of slabs is presented which shows the appropriate behavior of slabs.
First order shear deformation (FSDT) theory for laminated composite beams is used to study free vibration of
laminated composite beams, and finite element method (FEM) is employed to obtain numerical solution of the
governing differential equations. Free vibration analysis of laminated beams with rectangular cross – section for
various combinations of end conditions is studied. To verify the accuracy of the present method, the frequency
parameters are evaluated and compared with previous work available in the literature. The good agreement with
other available data demonstrates the capability and reliability of the finite element method and the adopted beam
model used.
Simulation Study on a Mixed Beams Structureiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Overall gusset plate due to its advantages in the
design, manufacture, installation, widely used in large span steel
bridge, but for the whole gusset plate of local stress mechanism
few scholars study. With the development of computer
technology, often in practical projects through the finite element
software to simulate, domestic scholars about the boundary
conditions of the simulation is roughly divided into three kinds,
that is, one end of the consolidation, center consolidation and
simply supported at both ends, the principle of selecting the
three boundaries often do not mention, for later users bring
distress, In this paper, through theoretical analysis and finite
element software simulation, illustrates the principle of three
kinds of boundary selection, And according to the viewpoint of
stress nephogram real simulation presents a recommended
boundary conditions which formed at both ends simply
supported constraints.
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ABOUT INFLUENCE OF OUT-OF-PLANE DEFLECTIVE DEFORMATION ...IAEME Publication
In this study, it is aimed at verifying the relationship between amount of the initial deflective deformation of simply supported steel plates and ultimate compressive strength of them through elasto-plastic finite deformation analysis. When initial deflection has been controlled smaller unitl now or out-of plane deformation has become large after an earthquake, the current compressive strength curve of steel plates in Japan cannot be applied. Therefore, more accurate prediction method have been required in near future, on behalf of rational design of steel structures. In other words, it is needed to make clear the relationship between the initial imperfection and the strength of simply supported steel plate. For this purpose, the parametric study on compressive strength of steel plates taking the initial deflection and a width-thickness ratio parameter into account was carried out.
Similar to Deformation Analysis of a Triangular Mild Steel Plate Using CST as Finite Element (20)
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
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Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
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- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
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JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and Grafana
Deformation Analysis of a Triangular Mild Steel Plate Using CST as Finite Element
1. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol. 3, Issue. 4, Jul – Aug. 2013 pp-2464-2468 ISSN: 2249-6645
www.ijmer.com 2464 | Page
Mr. Amit Karkamkar
*(Mechanical Engineering Final year Student / National Institute Of Technology Warangal, India)
ABSTRACT: This research work aims to analyse isotropic triangular mild steel plate constrained by boundary
condition using Finite Element Analysis with CST as master element. Static deformation analysis of a mild steel
triangular plate fixed at one end under point loads at the free end has been performed using Constant Strain Triangle (CST)
as finite element. FEA analysis techniques are used to find the deformation of the plate. Problem Modelling and simulation
of the plate is done in ANSYS and the results obtained by the finite element analysis using Constant Strain Triangle (CST)
are compared. Good agreement has been found out in the deformation results by both the methods. Simulation results are
critically studied and salient conclusions have been drawn.
Keywords: ANSYS, Constant Strain Triangle (CST), Deformation, FEA, Mild steel plate
I. INTRODUCTION
Finite element analysis (FEA) is a powerful computational technique used for solving engineering problems having
complex geometries that are subjected to general boundary conditions. In the FE analysis technique, the system is divided
into discrete finite number of parts or elements by expressing the unknown field variable in terms of the interpolation
functions within each element. The ease of computation depends on the linearity and the nature of the interpolation
functions. This paper focuses on the use of the three node triangular element as the finite element. Geometry and
displacement variables follow isoparametric representation . It is also known as Constant strain triangle(CST) because the
localized strain in the element remains constant as it depends only on the nodal displacements. The shape functions for this
elements allow ease of calculations. The paper first relates the shape functions to the displacement variables and element
stiffness matrix for the CST element has been found out. Later the deformation in the plate is studied by finding out the
nodal displacements in given loading and boundary condition. Accuracy of the results have been found out by comparing the
results with ANSYS analysis.
II. DESCRIPTION
A triangular mild steel plate is considered in this paper for analysis. Mild steel is the most common form of steel
used in industries because of its low cost and good mechanical properties. Mild steel is a general term for a range of low
carbon steel ( about 0.3%). They have good strength and can be bent, worked or can be welded into an variety of shapes for
uses from vehicles to building materials. A typical CAD model for such a plate is shown in FIG .1 The model is generated in
the designing software package PRO-E.
FIG. 1
For the deformation analysis a typical boundary condition is considered. One edge of the plate is fixed and point
loads applied at the free end of the plate. The objective is to study the deformation in the plate under the influence of the
loads that is the amount of deflection of the free end both in horizontal and vertical direction. For the analysis Finite element
analysis method is utilized and Constant strain triangle is taken as the basic element type. For the purpose of analysis typical
values of the point loads are assumed and the condition of plane stress condition is considered.
Deformation Analysis of a Triangular Mild Steel Plate
Using CST as Finite Element
2. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol. 3, Issue. 4, Jul – Aug. 2013 pp-2464-2468 ISSN: 2249-6645
www.ijmer.com 2465 | Page
2.1) Constant Strain Triangle (CST) :
In the finite element method, the displacements at points inside the element need to be represented in terms of the
nodal displacements of the elements. For the constant strain triangle, the shape functions or the interpolation functions are
linear over the element. The independent shape functions are represented by ξ and η. CST will have three nodes at each of
the vertices of the triangle and each having two degrees of freedom. Let us define the DOF in X positive X axis as 2 1iq and
DOF in Y axis as 2iq . where, I is the node number. FIG. 2 shows the three nodes 1, 2 and 3. Thus 1q , 2q , 3q , 4q , 5q ,
6q represent the displacements at the three nodes.
FIG. 2
The displacements inside the element are now written using the shape functions and the nodal values of the
unknown displacement field.
1 5 3 5 5u ( ) (q )q q q q
2 6 4 6 6( ) (q )v q q q q
For the triangular element, the coordinates x, y can also be represented in terms of nodal coordinates using the same
shape functions. This is isoparametric representation. From reference [1], for the triangular element,
Bq ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)
Where, is the strain matrix and q is the displacement matrix. B is a (3 x 6) element strain - displacement matrix relating
the three strains to the six nodal displacements and is given by
23 31 12
32 13 21
32 23 13 31 21 12
0 0 0
1
0 0 0
det
y y y
B x x x
J
x y x y x y
………………………………………………………………… (3)
Where, ij i jx x x and ij i jy y y
i and j represent the node numbers.
det J is the Jacobian of the transformation. Analysis shows that Value of det J is equal to twice the area of the triangular
element [2].
det J = 2 x eA ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (4)
Where eA is the area of the triangular element.
Thus it can be seen from equation (1) that the strain in this triangular element remains constant throughout and that
is why a lot of computational time is saved by using Constant strain triangle as model element when using Finite element
method. This paper aims at verifying the computational accuracy of this method when compared to the ANSYS analysis
method.
The element stiffness matrix
e
k is given by
e T
e ek t A B DB
Where,
et = Thickness of the element
eA = Area of the triangular element
D = Material property matrix
Value of D matrix can be taken depending on the plane stress or the plane strain condition. In this analysis plane
stress condition is considered for the deformation of the mild steel plate under loading.
Now , by the finite element analysis method,
KQ = F ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….(5)
3. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol. 3, Issue. 4, Jul – Aug. 2013 pp-2464-2468 ISSN: 2249-6645
www.ijmer.com 2466 | Page
where, K is the global stiffness matrix, Q is the displacement matrix, and F is the force vector.
Equation (3) is solved for the vector matrix Q which will give the values of displacement under the influence of the force
vector F.
III. PROBLEM STATEMENT
FIG. 3 clearly elaborates the direction and the magnitude of the point loads acting on the plate . The plate is 20 mm in height
and 30 mm in width and 10 mm in thickness. A point load of 100 N is acting in the negative Y direction at the free end of the
plate and point load of 50 N in the positive X direction. The plate is fixed along the edge AB.
FIG. 3
Now this triangular plate is mapped to a isoparametric constant strain triangle. The problem is solved using FEA
and one element. Thus the points 1, 2 and 3 represent the nodes of the constant strain triangular element. Coordinate system
used indicating the positive directions is shown in the figure. Point B is considered as origin for the simplicity of analysis.
3.1) Material Properties of mild steel:
The material properties of mild steel are shown in the following TABLE 1.
TABLE 1
IV. CALCULATIONS
To study the deformation in the plate, under given force vectors and the dimensions of the plate , plane stress
condition is assumed. Thus the value of matrix D is given as
2
1 0
1 0
1
1
0 0
2
E
D
3
1 0.3 0
210 10
0.3 1 0
0.91
1 0.3
0 0
2
x
=
1 0.3 0
230769.23 0.3 1 0
0 0 0.35
Using eq. 4;
det J = 2 x eA = 2 x
1
( 20 30)
2
x x = 600
Using eq. 3 , value of matrix B is found out.
0 0 20 0 20 0
1
0 30 0 0 0 30
600
30 0 0 20 30 20
B
4. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol. 3, Issue. 4, Jul – Aug. 2013 pp-2464-2468 ISSN: 2249-6645
www.ijmer.com 2467 | Page
e T
e ek t A B DB = 10 x 300 x
T
B DB
Using the program MATLAB above complex multiplication has been carried out and the value for the element stiffness
matrix is
e
k =
315 0 0 210 315 210
0 900 180 0 180 900
0 180 400 0 400 180
1923.07
210 0 0 140 210 140
315 180 400 210 715 390
210 900 180 140 390 1040
In this case as shown in FIG 3; only one CST element is considered for analysis. Thus,
e
k = gk , where gk is the global stiffness matrix.
Using equation (5);
315 0 0 210 315 210
0 900 180 0 180 900
0 180 400 0 400 180
1923.07
210 0 0 140 210 140
315 180 400 210 715 390
210 900 180 140 390 1040
1
2
3
4
5
6
q
q
q
q
q
q
=
0
0
50
100
0
0
…………………………………….(6)
The edge AB of the mild steel plate is fixed as shown in FIG .3 Thus the DOFs 1q , 2q , 5q and 6q will be
constrained to be zero. So now using the elimination method to solve the equation no. (6) striking off the rows and columns
corresponding to the constrained Degrees of freedoms, we get,
3
4
400 0 50
1923.07
0 140 100
q
q
Solving the above equation , we get,
3q = 6.5 x
5
10
mm ; 4q = - 3.71 x
4
10
mm ………………………………………………………. . (7)
Let σ be the stress generated in the element.
σ = DBq , where q is the element nodal displacement vector.
5
4
0
0
1 0.3 0 0 0 20 0 20 0
6.5 10230769.23
0.3 1 0 0 30 0 0 0 30
3.71 10600
0 0 0.35 30 0 0 20 30 20
0
0
x
x
σ = 0.49,0.15, 0.99
T
MPa ……………………………………………………….. ……………………………... (8)
5. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol. 3, Issue. 4, Jul – Aug. 2013 pp-2464-2468 ISSN: 2249-6645
www.ijmer.com 2468 | Page
V. ANSYS Modeling
Commercially available software ANSYS 13.0 is used to model the problem and solve for deformation. ANSYS
parametric design language (APDL) is utilized for this purpose. A model is generated in the work plane for the given
dimension and thickness of the mild steel plate. After specifying the material properties and real constants as shown in
TABLE 1, boundary condition is applied. That is both the nodes 1 and 3 are fixed thus constraining their displacement to
zero. At the node 2, constant point load of 50 N in the positive X axis and 100 N in the negative Y axis direction is applied.
The generated model is shown in FIG. 4. Deformation analysis finding the nodal displacements using the numeric method is
done by the ANSYS postprocessor. The stress generated in the element is also found out. The displacement in the positive X
direction of the node 2 is 0.65E-04 mm and in the negative Y direction 0.37E-03 mm. Using the command plot results- a
deformed shape of the plate is generated by the ANSYS software. This is shown in the FIG 5
.
FIG. 4 FIG 5
VI. Results & Discussions
From eq. (7) and (8) and the results obtained from ANSYS modeling, it can be conclusively averred that the results
of the finite element analysis using Constant Strain Triangle and that of ANSYS show good agreement. The deformation of
the plate subjected to given boundary condition and loading and the corresponding Von-Mises Stress generated were equal
in both the methods.
VII. Conclusions
This paper mainly focused on finding the deformation of the triangular mild steel plate subjected to a boundary
condition under the influence of point loads. The deformation analysis is first carried out by finite element method using the
three node Constant Strain Triangle (CST) as a basic geometric shape. Later, for the same structure and load, boundary
conditions, analysis has been performed using analysis software ANSYS (APDL). Finally, the results obtained from FEA
and ANSYS are compared and they are closely converging. Thus use of Constant Strain Triangle as a master element for
FEA in complex stress and deformation analysis is proposed because of the following reasons:
1) The stress value in the basic modeling element is constant and depends on nodal displacements. This saves a lot of
computational effort and time required for analysis. The shape functions are linear over the element. Isoparametric
representation allows use of same shape functions for representing geometry and displacements inside the element. This
approach lends simplicity of development and retains uniformity with other complex elements.
2) The results obtained by FEA using CST as modeling element are in good agreement with the solution.
REFERENCES
Books:
[1] A. D Belegundu , T.R Chandrupatla ,Finite elements in Engineering second edition ( Prentice hall India).
[2] S. S Rao , The Finite Element Method in engineering fourth edition ( Elsevier Science & Technology ).
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