IUKWC Workshop November 2016: Developing Hydro-climatic Services for Water Security Session 1.2 Sharad K Jain

1. Hydro-meteorological
inputs for hydrological
studies
Sharad K. Jain
National Institute of Hydrology
Roorkee
s_k_jain@yahoo.com
IITM Pune, 29 Nov 2016

2. Major Uses of Hydromet Data
Hydrologic modelling and Water
Resources Assessment,
Improve understanding of hydrologic
processes
Management of Hydrologic
extremes:
Flood and drought forecasts
Warning of cloudbursts
Trend analysis and study impacts of
climate change.
Assessment of Environmental water

3. Data required to simulate/forecast
hydrologic response of catchments:
• Precipitation at short space and time
intervals,
• Precipitation variability with altitude,
• Temperature and lapse rates at various
locations,
• Other meteorological data such as
radiation, wind speed, humidity …
Hydromet Data for Hydrologic
Modeling

4. Hydrologic Modeling of Upper Ganga
Basin

5. Hydrologic Modeling by using SWAT
Model

6. • Limitations of current hydromet data
availability:
• Sparse network in mountains where RF
variation is high; rare to find stations
above 1000 m altitude,
• Observation network of variables such as
ET/soil moisture is poor,
• Data needed for glacier mass balance
and melt estimation are missing,
• Strengthen networks; generate data on finer
temporal/spatial scales by merging satellite
and ground based observations.
Hydrologic Modeling in Mountains

7. Flood Prone Area
(40 mha, 32, 15.8)

8. Flood Management
At least one major SEVERE flood event
each year – Mumbai floods, Indus floods,
Kedarnath Disaster, Jhelum Floods,
Chennai Floods, 2016 floods,
Flood prone area map needs review with
meteorological inputs,
Medium and short-term rainfall forecasts
are needed for flood forecasting,
Set up flood forecast and early warning
systems in flood prone areas.

9. Trend analysis and
climate change

10. Cauvery Basin: Number of rainy days with
rainfall intensity > 20, 30, 40, and 50 mm/day

11. Number of
rainy days
having
rainfall
intensity of
20, 30, 40,
and 50
mm/day or
more for
Mahanadi
Basin
1950 1962 1974 1986 1998 2010
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
1950 1962 1974 1986 1998 2010
0
4
8
12
16
20
1950 1962 1974 1986 1998 2010
0
2
4
6
8
10
1950 1962 1974 1986 1998 2010
0
2
4
6
Numberofrainydays
Rainfall (20 mm/day)
Numberofrainydays
Rainfall (30 mm/day)
Numberofrainydays
Rainfall (40 mm/day)
Numberofrainydays
Rainfall (50 mm/day)

12. Number of
rainy days
for
different
years for
different
basins in
India.
1950 1962 1974 1986 1998 2010
75
90
105
120
135
1950 1962 1974 1986 1998 2010
135
150
165
180
195
210
1950 1962 1974 1986 1998 2010
160
180
200
220
240
260
1950 1962 1974 1986 1998 2010
200
220
240
260
280
1950 1962 1974 1986 1998 2010
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
1950 1962 1974 1986 1998 2010
180
200
220
240
260
280
1950 1962 1974 1986 1998 2010
140
160
180
200
220
Numberofrainy
Sabarmati
Numberofrainydays
Narmada
Numberofrainydays
Mahanadi
Numberofrainydays
Krishna
Numberofrainydays
Cauvery
Numberofrainydays
Godavari
Numberofrainydays
Year of from 1951 to 2012
Brahmani and Baitarni

13. change
Rainfall data at short time intervals are
needed to determine trends in intensities.

14. ASSESSMENT OF E-FLOWS FOR UPPER
GANGA BASIN
ASSESSMENT OF E-FLOWS FOR UPPER
GANGA BASIN
G&D Sites Depth
(m)
Velocity
(m/s)
Discharge
(cumecs)
D V Q
Alaknanda (Joshimath) 0.25 0.87 5.98
Alaknanda (Rudraprayag) 0.50 2.06 29.20
Bhagirathi (Uttarkashi) 0.50 1.99 7.98
Bhagirathi (Tehri) 0.50 1.73 41.96
Ganga (Devprayag) 0.50 0.88 18.25
Ganga (Rishikesh) 0.50 2.08 43.88
Min flow requirements in
lean period (Nov-May)
Min flow requirements in
lean period (Nov-May)
Min flow requirements in
spawning period (June-Oct)
Min flow requirements in
spawning period (June-Oct)
Depth
(m)
Velocity
(m/s)
Discharge
(cumecs)
D V Q
1.00 1.75 51.25
1.00 3.12 41.36
1.00 2.70 131.45
1.00 3.11 89.49
1.00 4.55 136.40
1.00 1.75 51.25
14

15. NIH
Experimental
Catchments in
Lesser
Himalayas

16. NIH Experimental Catchments in Lesser
Himalayas
Objectives
•Run experimental catchments for better understanding of
hydrological processes in lesser Himalayas.
•Field estimation of ET by flux tower and comparison with
methods such as RS/SEBAL, FAO56 method.
•To establish relationship between climatic and hydrologic
variables and seasonal variations in Himalayan
environment.
•To improve understanding of hydrological processes
through isotope geochemistry.
•To study the ground water dynamics in lesser Himalayan
watershed.
Advanced instruments being installed
•Flux tower
•COSMOS

18. LULC of Henval Basin
S. no. Class Name Area (%)
1 Agriculture 12.44
2 Fallow land 10.27
3 Openforest 26.23
4 Denseforest 51.06
LULC of Jijli Basin
S. no. Class Name Area (%)
1 Agriculture 4.95
2 Fallow land 3.29
3 Openforest 27.61
4 Denseforest 64.14

19. AWS (+ Proposed Flux Tower) site in Henval Catchment

20. Variation of soil temperature at different depths

21. SOIL TEMPERATURE AT DIFFERENT DEPTHSSOIL TEMPERATURE AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS

22. Diurnal variation in the Soil Temp. at different depths

23. • Is the precipitation intensity changing with
time. If yes, where and attributions ?
• Changes in ET, Relative Humidity ??
• What are the uncertainties in observed
estimates ?
• What are the impacts on components of the
hydrologic cycle at various scales ?
• More research and observations are required
to understand occurrence of cloudburst
events and their prediction.
Topics Requiring Attention

24. Thanks