The aim of this study is to showcase and discuss these new technologies for hydrometeorological studies. Six of NASA’s web-repositories that can be used to freely download and
visualise such spatial and/or time-series factors are listed and explained with examples for Ireland: ways
to access hydrological, meteorological, soil, vegetation and socio-economic data are shown, and
estimations of various precipitations statistics, anomalies, and water balance are presented for monthly
and seasonal analyses. The advantages, disadvantages and limitations of the satellite datasets are
discussed to provide useful recommendations about their proper use, based on purpose, scale, precision,
time requirement, and modelling-expansion criteria.
Drinking Water Systems management perceptions, priorities, and expectations: ...AngelosAlamanos
Drinking Water Systems management perceptions, priorities, and expectations - using Multicriteria Analysis (AHP) to compare water consumption factors effect and water conservation measures perception to 2 sample groups: A Water Utility and its customers (i.e. decision-makers and stakeholders). Perceptions, priorities, and expectations are compared, while willingness to pay (WTP) is also explored for water services improvements.
Education, awareness, and healthy initiatives to increase action are required, so the concept of Water Stewardship is examined (international practices review). Finally, a novel way is suggested to assess Water Stewardship Standards.
Rethinking water storage for agricultural adaptation to climate change in sub Saharan Africa.
Dr. Matthew McCartney and Dr. Irit Eguavoen
Tropentag Conference on International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development
Tropentag ,Zürich, 16 September 2010
Wetland Flood Reduction - Distribution of Wetland Features and Applicability ...Robert Muir
This presentation was prepared to advise Green Communities Canada on the applicability of green infrastructure for flood risk reduction as part of the Ontario Urban Flooding Collaborative. It includes a review of the Intact Centre on Climate Adaptation's Laurel Creek watershed assessment (a case study in their 2017 report "When the Big Storms Hit: The Role of Wetlands to Limit Urban and Rural Flood Damage". The review suggests that the ICCA case study is atypical for both urban and rural areas in Ontario, meaning that opportunities for flood storage and damage reduction are more limited than suggested.
Storm intensity not increasing - factual review of engineering data - Canada ...Robert Muir
Storm Intensity Not Increasing. Review of Weather Event Statement in Insurance Bureau of Canada’s “Telling the Weather Story” prepared by Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction. Environment Canada analysis and engineering dataset review for Canada and Ontario, July, 2015. "Old extremes are the new normal".
As illustrated through these slides, Telling the Weather Story makes a statement on the increased frequency of storms and weather events, indicating that in parts of Canada, events that occurred every 40 years are occurring every 6 years, due to climate change.
The statement on increased frequency is unfounded as (based on ICLR's IPCC source and material and IBC's presentation to the Empire Club of Canada) it is based on a theoretical shift in temperature frequency from a global climate change report, and is contrary to Environment Canada’s actual analysis and data on local rainfall intensity trends.
The Telling the Weather Story statement on increased storm intensity, based on temperature theory has been i) embraced as rainfall facts and research by many organizations, ii) embellished to apply to extreme rainfall, and iii) considered in policy and economic reports. Organizations promoting the misinformation in the statement include TD Economics, The Toronto Star / thestar.com, CBC News, Canadian Chamber of Commerce, Columbia Institute Centre for Civic Governance, Civic Action, CBC Doc Zone, The Calgary Sun, CanadianUnderwriter.ca, Aviva Canada, Insurance Bureau of Canada.
Due to the unfounded Telling the Weather Story Weather Story statement, policies and efforts toward mitigating increasing urban flood damages may be misdirected to climate change mitigation, as opposed to more effective risk identification/management efforts, urban planning / stormwater management policies and infrastructure remediation / capital investment efforts that address the root causes of increased damages, not related to theoretical storm frequency shifts.
It is an inconvenient truth that increases in temperature, and in theory water vapour, have not translated into increased rainfall intensities. Research at MIT and Columbia in fact states the contrary, that rainfall intensities can decrease at higher temperatures and that intensities are governed by CAPE and not temperature.
Environment Canada has been correcting false reporting by the insurance industry on this topic of increasing rainfall frequency, for example correcting CBC reporting:
http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/more-than-half-of-homeowners-insurance-claims-stem-from-water-damage-broker-says-1.3291111
Or recent reporting in Canadian Underwriter, specifically on the Weather Story:
http://www.canadianunderwriter.ca/insurance/new-ibc-flood-model-shows-1-8-million-canadian-households-at-very-high-risk-1004006457/
CBC/Radio-Canada Ombudsman Guy Gendron's ruling highlights media issues with accurate extreme rain reporting here as well: https://bit.ly/2RPx7p9
Drinking Water Systems management perceptions, priorities, and expectations: ...AngelosAlamanos
Drinking Water Systems management perceptions, priorities, and expectations - using Multicriteria Analysis (AHP) to compare water consumption factors effect and water conservation measures perception to 2 sample groups: A Water Utility and its customers (i.e. decision-makers and stakeholders). Perceptions, priorities, and expectations are compared, while willingness to pay (WTP) is also explored for water services improvements.
Education, awareness, and healthy initiatives to increase action are required, so the concept of Water Stewardship is examined (international practices review). Finally, a novel way is suggested to assess Water Stewardship Standards.
Rethinking water storage for agricultural adaptation to climate change in sub Saharan Africa.
Dr. Matthew McCartney and Dr. Irit Eguavoen
Tropentag Conference on International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development
Tropentag ,Zürich, 16 September 2010
Wetland Flood Reduction - Distribution of Wetland Features and Applicability ...Robert Muir
This presentation was prepared to advise Green Communities Canada on the applicability of green infrastructure for flood risk reduction as part of the Ontario Urban Flooding Collaborative. It includes a review of the Intact Centre on Climate Adaptation's Laurel Creek watershed assessment (a case study in their 2017 report "When the Big Storms Hit: The Role of Wetlands to Limit Urban and Rural Flood Damage". The review suggests that the ICCA case study is atypical for both urban and rural areas in Ontario, meaning that opportunities for flood storage and damage reduction are more limited than suggested.
Storm intensity not increasing - factual review of engineering data - Canada ...Robert Muir
Storm Intensity Not Increasing. Review of Weather Event Statement in Insurance Bureau of Canada’s “Telling the Weather Story” prepared by Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction. Environment Canada analysis and engineering dataset review for Canada and Ontario, July, 2015. "Old extremes are the new normal".
As illustrated through these slides, Telling the Weather Story makes a statement on the increased frequency of storms and weather events, indicating that in parts of Canada, events that occurred every 40 years are occurring every 6 years, due to climate change.
The statement on increased frequency is unfounded as (based on ICLR's IPCC source and material and IBC's presentation to the Empire Club of Canada) it is based on a theoretical shift in temperature frequency from a global climate change report, and is contrary to Environment Canada’s actual analysis and data on local rainfall intensity trends.
The Telling the Weather Story statement on increased storm intensity, based on temperature theory has been i) embraced as rainfall facts and research by many organizations, ii) embellished to apply to extreme rainfall, and iii) considered in policy and economic reports. Organizations promoting the misinformation in the statement include TD Economics, The Toronto Star / thestar.com, CBC News, Canadian Chamber of Commerce, Columbia Institute Centre for Civic Governance, Civic Action, CBC Doc Zone, The Calgary Sun, CanadianUnderwriter.ca, Aviva Canada, Insurance Bureau of Canada.
Due to the unfounded Telling the Weather Story Weather Story statement, policies and efforts toward mitigating increasing urban flood damages may be misdirected to climate change mitigation, as opposed to more effective risk identification/management efforts, urban planning / stormwater management policies and infrastructure remediation / capital investment efforts that address the root causes of increased damages, not related to theoretical storm frequency shifts.
It is an inconvenient truth that increases in temperature, and in theory water vapour, have not translated into increased rainfall intensities. Research at MIT and Columbia in fact states the contrary, that rainfall intensities can decrease at higher temperatures and that intensities are governed by CAPE and not temperature.
Environment Canada has been correcting false reporting by the insurance industry on this topic of increasing rainfall frequency, for example correcting CBC reporting:
http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/more-than-half-of-homeowners-insurance-claims-stem-from-water-damage-broker-says-1.3291111
Or recent reporting in Canadian Underwriter, specifically on the Weather Story:
http://www.canadianunderwriter.ca/insurance/new-ibc-flood-model-shows-1-8-million-canadian-households-at-very-high-risk-1004006457/
CBC/Radio-Canada Ombudsman Guy Gendron's ruling highlights media issues with accurate extreme rain reporting here as well: https://bit.ly/2RPx7p9
A novel fuzzy rule based system for assessment of ground water potability: A ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Groundwater is an important water resource for domestic, irrigation, and industrial needs. The most
widely exploited use of this resource is for consumption. Assessment of potability of any ground water samples
is a non-trivial task. A new fuzzy rule based system has been proposed to assess the quality of ground-water
samples collected from the bore-wells across 24 districts of Karnataka (South India). Eight groundwater quality
salts parameters are selected for water quality analysis. A membership function for the fuzzy rule based system
for each salt is developed and the weights for each parameter was calculated using Analytic Hierarchy Process
(AHP) that relies on pair wise comparison. The system showed that out of 24 districts of Karnataka state,
ground water from 51.78% bore-wells was not feasible for consumption.
Keywords: Groundwater quality, Fuzzy rule based system
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67624
Using the nitrogen reduction planning model involves three steps. The first step is to select a watershed, enter hypothetical adoption rates for each BMP, and compare the effectiveness and cost of the individual BMPs. The second step is to compare suites of the BMPs that would attain any given reduction in the N load at minimum cost. The third step is to “drill down” to the details and assumptions behind the models of effectiveness and costs of any particular BMP and make any adjustments to reflect your particular situation.
Presentation by: William Lazarus
Presentation by John Sutton of the Texas Water Development Board's Municipal Water Conservation Program for the 2019 Gulf Coast Water Conservation in Houston, Texas.
Presented by IWMI's Soumya Balasubramanya, David Stifel, Ted Horbulyk and Kashi Kafle at the IWA Water and Development Congress & Exhibition on December 3, 2019.
Water Resource Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water resources by using Water Resource Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can present the survey data for determining water quality by using the water cycle management PPT slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Showcase the leading factors that will affect the performance of the water technology market by using water quality assurance PowerPoint visuals. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. Discuss how you can design an effective water quality monitoring program by downloading our professionally designed water resource management PowerPoint slides. https://bit.ly/3fb5ExJ
Presentation given by Paige Gimbal from Water Counts at the Session: "Getting more from less - Innovations in Infrastructure" at the Great Valley Center's Sacramento Valley Forum on October 28, 2009 in Chico, CA.
Presented by IWMI's Chris Dickens at the session on 'Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals' at the 22nd International River Symposium, October 21, 2019, Brisbane, Australia.
Presentation by Marisa Flores-Gonzalez, senior planner - systems planning at Austin Water, for the 2019 Central Texas Water Conservation Symposium in Austin, Texas.
Presentation by Ryan Kelso, Director of Water Services and Compliance for New Braunfels Utilities, for the 2019 Gulf Coast Water Conservation in Houston, Texas.
The team will cover the Current Status of the project (Rembrandt Koppelaar), Water Demands (Xiaonan Wang, Koen H. van Dam), Infrastructure construction (Rembrandt Koppelaar) and Toilet usage (Xiaonan Wang, Koen H. van Dam)
Hazen & Sawyer NYC Green Infrastructure Co-Benefits Study and CalculatorMichael Galvin
Presentation by Hazen & Sawyer at Baltimore Urban Waters Partnership summer 2015 meeting on Green Infrastructure co-benefits study and calculator they developed for NYC Green Infrastructure program led by NYC DEP: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/stormwater/using_green_infra_to_manage_stormwater.shtml
A novel fuzzy rule based system for assessment of ground water potability: A ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Groundwater is an important water resource for domestic, irrigation, and industrial needs. The most
widely exploited use of this resource is for consumption. Assessment of potability of any ground water samples
is a non-trivial task. A new fuzzy rule based system has been proposed to assess the quality of ground-water
samples collected from the bore-wells across 24 districts of Karnataka (South India). Eight groundwater quality
salts parameters are selected for water quality analysis. A membership function for the fuzzy rule based system
for each salt is developed and the weights for each parameter was calculated using Analytic Hierarchy Process
(AHP) that relies on pair wise comparison. The system showed that out of 24 districts of Karnataka state,
ground water from 51.78% bore-wells was not feasible for consumption.
Keywords: Groundwater quality, Fuzzy rule based system
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67624
Using the nitrogen reduction planning model involves three steps. The first step is to select a watershed, enter hypothetical adoption rates for each BMP, and compare the effectiveness and cost of the individual BMPs. The second step is to compare suites of the BMPs that would attain any given reduction in the N load at minimum cost. The third step is to “drill down” to the details and assumptions behind the models of effectiveness and costs of any particular BMP and make any adjustments to reflect your particular situation.
Presentation by: William Lazarus
Presentation by John Sutton of the Texas Water Development Board's Municipal Water Conservation Program for the 2019 Gulf Coast Water Conservation in Houston, Texas.
Presented by IWMI's Soumya Balasubramanya, David Stifel, Ted Horbulyk and Kashi Kafle at the IWA Water and Development Congress & Exhibition on December 3, 2019.
Water Resource Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water resources by using Water Resource Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can present the survey data for determining water quality by using the water cycle management PPT slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Showcase the leading factors that will affect the performance of the water technology market by using water quality assurance PowerPoint visuals. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. Discuss how you can design an effective water quality monitoring program by downloading our professionally designed water resource management PowerPoint slides. https://bit.ly/3fb5ExJ
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Presented by IWMI's Chris Dickens at the session on 'Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals' at the 22nd International River Symposium, October 21, 2019, Brisbane, Australia.
Presentation by Marisa Flores-Gonzalez, senior planner - systems planning at Austin Water, for the 2019 Central Texas Water Conservation Symposium in Austin, Texas.
Presentation by Ryan Kelso, Director of Water Services and Compliance for New Braunfels Utilities, for the 2019 Gulf Coast Water Conservation in Houston, Texas.
The team will cover the Current Status of the project (Rembrandt Koppelaar), Water Demands (Xiaonan Wang, Koen H. van Dam), Infrastructure construction (Rembrandt Koppelaar) and Toilet usage (Xiaonan Wang, Koen H. van Dam)
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Drought monitoring, Precipitation statistics, and water balance with freely available remote sensing data: examples, advances, and limitations
1. Drought monitoring, Precipitation statistics, and water balance with
freely available remote sensing data: examples, advances, and limitations
Alamanos A., Linanne S.
The Water Forum | Centre for Freshwater and Environmental Studies, Dundalk Institute
of Technology, Marshes Upper, Dundalk Co. Louth, A91K584, Ireland.
* angelos.alamanos@dkit.ie
Irish National Hydrology Conference 2021
Athlone Co.Roscommon 16/11/2021
2. Background, Problem Statement & Research Question
• Ireland is increasingly facing dryer conditions
• According to the National Water Resources Plan (NWRP), Met Eirrean and CSO data, 11 cities might have
difficulties meeting their water needs due to the combination of decreased seasonal precipitation,
increasing population, and water consumption per person above the country’s average.
• Cork, Drogheda, Dundalk, Letterkenny, Limerick, Sligo, Waterford, Mullingar, and Wexford have been
identified either as locations with lower rainfall and higher temperature, or as locations of dry periods in
2020.
• Necessity to study drought and precipitation parameters, water balance.
Research Question
• How to overcome complex & data-hungry & time-consuming applications to monitor droughts?
• The use and potential of the new technologies, such as remote sensing and satellite imagery, big data
handling, and geospatial software
• Demonstration,
• examples,
• Pros and cons.
(Alamanos et al., 2021)
3. Aim of the study
• Understand how remote sensing can be used for drought monitoring & similar analyses,
• Acquire remotely-sensed imagery and products for drought, hydro-meteorological and socio-economic
parameters, and analyse them within a geospatial software,
• 6 NASA’s web-repositories spatial & time-series data / globally applicable hydrological,
meteorological, soil, vegetation, socio-economic data,
• Estimate various precipitations statistics, anomalies, water balance, socio-economic data
• Use 100% free resources and software
• Discuss the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of the satellite datasets.
• Provide a study – basis for several applications by a wide range of professionals.
4. Droughts
All droughts originate from “below normal” precipitation
• Meteorological Drought
– degree of dryness compared to ‘normal’ precipitation
– region-specific and high spatial variability
• Agricultural Drought
– precipitation shortage, evapotranspiration and agricultural
impact
• Ecological Drought
– prolonged and widespread deficit in naturally available
water supplies & ecosystems
• Hydrological Drought
– related to rain and snow shortfall
– impact on surface and subsurface water supply
– affects agricultural drought
• Social and economic (changes) Drought
– supply and demand rates of goods and economy
– affected by agricultural, ecological, and hydrological
(Wilhite & Glantz, 1985; Mehta, 2017)
Requirements:
Precipitation analysis – time-series & stats
Drought indices / Hydrological Balance
Vegetation indices / Soil Moisture
Meteorological parameters
(ET, Temp, etc.)
6. NASA Satellites for Precipitation data
Multi-satellite algorithms allow
improved spatial and temporal
coverage of precipitation data and are
widely used for applications:
• TRMM Multi-satellite Precipitation
Analysis (TMPA)
• Integrated Multi-satellitE
Retrievals for GPM (IMERG)
(Huffman et al., 2007; http://pmm.nasa.gov/)
These tools have been shown to be useful for getting regional and global drought indices and precipitation
statistics – several researchers have successfully used them (De Jesus et al., 2016; Sheffield et al.,2012)
7. NASA Satellites for Soil Moisture & Vegetation Indices
MODIS (2000 – present)
• Spatial Resolution (250 m, 500 m, 1 km)
• Temporal Resolution (Daily, 8 day, 16 day,
monthly, quarterly, yearly)
MOD 13 it the MODIS type that observes Vegetation Indices (spatial
resolution = 250-1000m; frequency = 16 day, monthly)
MOD13 produces:
– NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)
• 16-day, 250-meter spatial resolution (gridded)
• Used for characterizing land surface processes
• Anomalies can be used to identify drought
– EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index)
• Minimizes canopy background
• Improvement in dense vegetation conditions
Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP): 01/2015 – present good for agricultural/ hydrological drought
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index based on
how ‘green’ or ‘red’ are the leaves colour to indicate their
dryness.
EVI is similar to NDVI and can be used to quantify
vegetation greenness. It corrects for some atmospheric
conditions and canopy background noise and is more sensitive
in areas with dense vegetation.
8. Example 1: Monthly precipitation analysis
• GPM satellite – IMERG algorithm
(example for Ireland)
• Period: 2010-01-01 - 2019-12-31
• Month 1,2,3 stands for Jan, Feb, Mar, etc.
• Then in the name of the files, we have the
coordinates (Ireland)
• Rename (shorter names for calcs)
• Various time steps to choose
Downloaded:
• monthly precipitation maps for the averages of the period 2010-2019
• same maps for each month of a year (e.g., 2018)
9. Example 1: Monthly precipitation analysis
Contin.2 Contin.3
Useful for spatial differences,
• identification of dry years, areas, months,
• statistics (St.Dev.) & calcs of SPI,
10. Example 2: Seasonal precipitation
analysis
20 years – seasonal data from GPM IMERG.
Data:
• (Monthly and) Seasonal Averages
• Time series – seasonal
• (Monthly and) Seasonal Averages here the
example only for JJA
• & all years (2000-2020)
List of statistics that can be calculated (min,
max, average, St. Dev., …)
11. Example 2: Seasonal precipitation analysis
• Seasonal precipitation anomaly can be calculated as shown
• QGIS free geospatial software
• Raster Calculator routine for operations among raster files
• All data are extractable to be further edited in spread-sheets
Example – seasonal anomaly how dry is JJA
of 2018, compared to the averages of 2000-2020
(only negative values)
12. Example 3: Hydrological Balance
Parameters used:
• DEM
https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA06672
https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/ireland.html#PIA06672
• hydrosheds hydrobasins downlowed hydrobasins
(e.g. EU level 12 customised with lakes)
https://giovanni.gsfc.nasa.gov/giovanni/
• 0.1deg P (mm/month),
• ET (kg/m²/s monthly),
• I = Subsurface flow (kg/m²/s monthly),
• R = StormRunoff (kg/m²/s)
QGIS conversion to same Coordinate system
Hydrosheds & Giovanni datasets
QGIS Raster calculator conversion to the
same units (multiply)
e.g., here all in kg/m²/s
in order to be able
to apply water
balance Equations:
P – ET – Runoff
(simple estimation)
13. Example 3: Hydrological Balance
or water balance Equation: ΔS = P – ET – I – R
operations
Raster
Calculator
14. • Earthdata nasa for vegetation index (e.g. search
MOD 13 – A1), and similarly for other parameters
More examples and resources (Vegetation Index & Soil Moisture)
http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Soilmst_Monito
ring/gl_Soil-Moisture-Monthly.php
• NOAA Climate Prediction Center provides calculated
monthly soil moisture climatology (1971-2000) and
anomalies for present-day and the past 12 months
These maps
visually provide
indications of
soil moisture
deficit and
drought
conditions
15. https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/ e.g., here a video (monthly 2017-2019)
Since early 2015, the SMAP mission provides global soil moisture observations that can be used to monitor soil
moisture variability from day-to-day and month-to-month
More examples and resources (Soil Moisture)
Daily and monthly soil moisture
data can be visualized using
NASA Worldview
16. More examples and resources (ET)
http://eeflux-level1.appspot.com/
• ET for Drought Monitoring (and
various other parameters)
• 30m resolution
• These maps provide information
about changing ET, indicative of
agricultural and hydrological
drought conditions
Dates & Location & select images with percentage of clouds
17. More examples and resources
http://eeflux-
level1.appspot.com/
A) NDVI
B) ET
• DEM
• Land Cover
• T, P, …
http://geoid.colorado.edu
/grace/dataportal.html
GRACE-Based Water
Storage Anomalies for
Drought Monitoring
18. More examples and resources (Socio-economic Data)
https://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/sets/browse
Free download & Comparison with other parameters
comparing indicatively the population
density with the Standard Deviation of
JJA of 2018 (from the 20-year
Precipitation average)
E.g., data on crops, agriculture, population density, economic
losses from disasters, drought or flood risk mortality, etc.
analyses with SDGs and comparisons with water data (Alamanos &
Linnane, 2021)
19. Conclusions
Limitations
• Not recommended for small areas (e.g. sub-catchment),
• Cannot replace catchment modelling fed with earth-observed data and measurements, in terms of accuracy,
calibration-validation, and testing under various scenarios.
Advantages:
a) education, awareness, and understanding of the natural processes and the magnitudes of the various
parameters, their different spatial and temporal scales;
b) larger areas given the pixel size;
c) when there are no data available;
d) when one seeks a fast, preliminary picture of a situation without needing to develop and solve a model (which
is way more time-consuming);
e) this preliminary estimation assists and provides guidance for a more detailed research (e.g. identifying years,
months or seasons and areas with specific hydrological characteristics).
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Combine with local-data (e.g. EPA maps) to refine any analysis and perform the same basic or more complex
operations, with respect to hydrological, wate quality (colour-based analyses), or other parameters.
Provision of a near real-time monitoring for processes that demand a data-hungry and longer
simulation and modelling effort. Both ways must be used together in a complementary way.
21. References
• Wilhite, D.A.; and M.H. Glantz. 1985. Understanding the Drought Phenomenon: The Role of Definitions.
Water International 10(3):111–120
• Mehta, V.M., 2017: Natural Decadal Climate Variability: Societal Impacts. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida,
326 pp.
• Alamanos, A., Rolston, A., & Linnane, S. (2021). Irish bathing sites closures and Stormwater Overflows:
Precipitation forecasts, extremes analysis, and comparison with climate change projections. EGU General
Assembly 2021, online, April 19–30, 2021.
• Huffman, G.J., R.F. Adler, D.T. Bolvin, G. Gu, E.J. Nelkin, K.P. Bowman, E.F. Stocker, D.B. Wolff, 2007: The
TRMM Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis: Quasi-Global, Multi-Year, Combined-Sensor Precipitation
Estimates at Fine Scale. J. Hydrometeor., 8, 33-55. MERG_ATBD_V4.5.pdf
• http://pmm.nasa.gov/
• Alamanos A, Linnane S. (2021). Estimating SDG Indicators in Data-Scarce Areas: The Transition to the Use of
New Technologies and Multidisciplinary Studies. Earth.; 2(3):635-652. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth2030037
• De Jesús, A., J. Agustín Breña-Naranjo, A. Pedrozo-Acuña, and V. Hugo Alcocer Yamanaka, 2016:The Use of
TRMM 3B42 Product for Drought Monitoring in Mexico, Water, 8, doi:10.3390/w8080325
• Sheffield, J., G. Goteti, and E. F. Wood, 2006: Development of a 50-yr high-resolution global dataset of
meteorological forcings for land surface modeling, J. Climate, 19 (13), 3088-3111