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1. Introduction to Networks v5.1
Chapter 7:
IP Addressing
Jupriyadi
Juli 2020

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7.0 Introduction
7.1 IPv4 Network Addresses
7.2 IPv6 Network Addresses
7.3 Connectivity Verification
7.4 Summary

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Upon completion of this section, you should be able to:
• Convert between binary and decimal numbering systems.
• Describe the structure of an IPv4 address including the network portion, the host
portion, and the subnet mask.
• Compare the characteristics and uses of the unicast, broadcast, and multicast
IPv4 addresses.
• Explain public, private, and reserved IPv4 addresses.

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Dotted Decimal Address
Octets
32-Bit Address

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Decimal Positional Notation

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Applying Decimal Positional Notation

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Binary Positional Notation

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Applying Binary Positional Notation

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To convert a binary IPv4 address to its dotted decimal equivalent:
• Divide the IPv4 address into four 8-bit octets. Apply the binary positional
value to the first octet binary number and calculate accordingly.
• Repeat for each octet.

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The following illustrates how to use the binary positional value
table to convert decimal to binary.

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Continue to evaluate the decimal until all positional
values have been entered, which results in the
equivalent binary value.

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See VIDEO DEMONSTRATION

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One portion of the 32 bit IPv4 address identifies the network, and another
portion identifies the host.

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• Comparing the IP Address and the Subnet Mask
• The 1s in the subnet mask identify the network portion while the
0s identify the host portion.

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• Logical AND is the comparison of two bits.
• ANDing between the IP address and the
subnet mask yields the network address.

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• Shorthand method of identifying a subnet mask.
• It is the number of bits set to 1 in the subnet mask.
• Written in “slash notation”, a “/” followed by the number of bits
set to 1.

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See VIDEO DEMONSTRATION

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Unicast
Broadcast
Multicast

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• Unicast communication is used for normal host-to-host
communication.
• The unicast address applied to an
end device is referred to as the host
address.
• The source address of any packet is
always the unicast address of the
originating host.

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• A host sends a single packet to a selected set of hosts that
subscribe to a multicast group.
• The 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 range of addresses are
reserved for multicast.

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Private Addresses:
• 10.0.0.0/8 or 10.0.0.0 to10.255.255.255
• 172.16.0.0 /12 or 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
• 192.168.0.0 /16 or 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

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• Loopback addresses
127.0.0.0 /8 or 127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.254
• Link-Local addresses or Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) addresses
169.254.0.0 /16 or
169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254
• TEST-NET addresses
192.0.2.0/24 or 192.0.2.0
to 192.0.2.255

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• Formal name is Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR, pronounced
“cider”).
• Created a new set of standards that allowed service providers to
allocate IPv4 addresses on any address bit boundary (prefix length)
instead of only by a class A, B, or C address.

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Upon completion of this section, you should be able to:
• Explain the need for IPv6 addressing.
• Describe the representation of an IPv6 address.
• Describe types of IPv6 network addresses.
• Configure global unicast addresses.
• Describe multicast addresses.

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• The migration techniques can be divided into three categories: Dual
Tack, Tunneling, and Translation.
• Dual-stack allows IPv4 and IPv6 to coexist on the same network.
Devices run both IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks simultaneously.

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• Tunneling is a method of transporting an IPv6 packet over an
IPv4 network. The IPv6 packet is encapsulated inside an IPv4
packet.

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• Translation: Network Address Translation 64 (NAT64) allows
IPv6-enabled devices to communicate with IPv4-enabled devices
using a translation technique similar to NAT for IPv4. An IPv6
packet is translated to an IPv4 packet, and vice versa.

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Hextets – 4 Hexadecimal digits = 16 binary digits

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(cont.)

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(cont.)

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Example 1
Example 2
Example 3

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Example 1
Example 2

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Example 3
Example 4

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There are three types of IPv6 addresses:
• Unicast
• Multicast
• Anycast
Note: IPv6 does not have broadcast addresses.

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• IPv6 does not use the dotted-decimal subnet mask notation.
• Prefix length indicates the network portion of an IPv6 address using the
following format:
o IPv6 address /prefix length
o Prefix length can range from 0 to 128
o Typical prefix length is /64

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Uses of an IPv6 Link-local address

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Reading a Global Unicast Address

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EUI-64 Process

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EUI-64 Process
Randomly Generated Interface ID

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• IPv6 multicast addresses have the prefix FF00::/8.
• There are two types of IPv6 multicast addresses:
o Assigned multicast
o Solicited node multicast

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Upon completion of this section, you should be able to:
• Explain how ICMP is used to test network connectivity.
• Use ping and traceroute utilities to test network connectivity.

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• ICMP messages common to both ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 include:
o Host confirmation
o Destination or service unreachable
o Time exceeded
o Route redirection
• Although IP is not a reliable protocol, the TCP/IP suite provides
for messages to be sent in the event of certain errors. They are
sent using the services of ICMP.

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Chapter Objectives:
• Explain the use of IPv4 addresses to provide connectivity in a small to
medium-sized business network.
• Configure IPv6 addresses to provide connectivity in small to medium-
sized business networks.
• Use common testing utilities to verify network connectivity.

99. Thank you.