Download to read offline
Uploaded byVTPI
Istanbul iett workshop 1 foundations_14_june2015
This document summarizes a presentation on foundations of public transport planning. It discusses key concepts like mobility versus accessibility, the benefits of public transit compared to roads and parking, and strategies to encourage more sustainable transportation like improving walking, cycling and transit options. The presentation argues for more comprehensive planning that considers all impacts and favors affordable and efficient modes like walking, cycling and public transit to optimize transportation system efficiency and equity.
Istanbul iett workshop 1 foundations_14_june2015
- 1. Foundations of Public TransportPlanning Todd Litman Victoria Transport Policy Institute Presented IETT Professional Development Workshop Istanbul 14 June 2015
- 2. Help Create Paradisein IstanbulHelp Create Paradise in Istanbul Paradise is not a distant destination - it is something we create in our own communities.
- 3. Sustainable PlanningSustainable Planning Sustainability emphasizesthe integrated nature of human activities and therefore the need to coordinate planning among different sectors, jurisdictions and groups.
- 4. Sustainabile Transportation?Sustainabile Transportation? Isa transport system sustainable if all vehicles are electric powered? 4
- 5. Electric Power DoesNot:Electric Power Does Not: • Reduce traffic congestion • Reduce accidents • Reduce roadway costs • Reduce parking facility costs • Reduce vehicle purchase costs • Improve mobility for non-drivers • Improve social equity • Improve public fitness and health • Reduce sprawl • Protect threatened habitat 5
- 6. Past Visions ofFuture TransportPast Visions of Future Transport 1949 ConvAIRCAR Flying Car Segways Supersonic Concord Jet Pack Audi Self-Driving Car 6
- 7. 2001 A SpaceOdyssey2001 A Space Odyssey 7
- 8.
- 9. We Have Solutions!WeHave Solutions! • Public transit improvements can make Istanbul a better city. • It is up to IETT planners to identify practical transit improvement strategies. • If you don’t do it, nobody else will.
- 10. Transportation Affects OurLivesTransportation Affects Our Lives • People tend to spend a major portion of their money and time budgets on travel. More affordable and efficient transport leaves more money and time for other goods and activities. • Travel is the main way that people interact with their city. A good city requires a good transportation system. • Stressful and uncomfortable travel makes people unhappy and a city unattractive, improving travel conditions improves livability. • Improving public transit service can improve residents’ quality of life – it makes people happy, makes cities more livable, and reduces the need to own a car. • Public transit planners are responsible for making this happen – it’s up to you!
- 11. Mode Share ByCountryMode Share By Country 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Sw itzerlandN etherlands Spain Sw eden Austria G erm any Finland D enm ark N orw ay U K France Belgium Ireland C anada Australia U SA Bicycle Walk Public Transit Many affluent countries have high walking, cycling and public transit mode due to policies and planning practices that support multi-modalism.
- 12. Efficient TransportationEfficient Transportation 12 Anefficient urban transport system encourages people to use the most efficient mode for each trip: • Walking and cycling for local travel. • Public transit for travel on busy corridors. • Driving only when necessary.
- 13. Principles of GoodPlanningPrinciples of Good Planning Comprehensive – all significant options and impacts are considered. Efficient – the process should not waste time or money. Inclusive – people affected by the plan have opportunities to be involved. Informative – results are understood by stakeholders (people affected by a decision). Integrated – individual, short-term decisions should support strategic, long-term goals. Logical – each step leads to the next. Transparent – everybody involved understands how the process operates.
- 14. Good Planning StartsWith ClearGood Planning Starts With Clear DefinitionsDefinitions Planners are professional problem solvers. Good planning starts with clear definitions: •Problems – undesirable conditions, the things people don’t want. Example, crowded transit. •Goals – want we ultimately want. Example: reduced transit crowding. •Objectives – ways to achieve goals. Example: increase peak-period transit service. •Targets – specific, measurable outcomes that you plan to achieve within a specified time period. Example: within two years service frequency will increase by 50% during peak periods, resulting in a 40% reduction in crowding.
- 15. What are Istanbul’s Transport Problems?What are Istanbul’ s Transport Problems? • Traffic congestion among the world’s worst, which is bad for people and industry. • Parking congestion. Many streets are crowded with parked cars. • Unaffordable. Many households spend more than they can afford on transportation. • Walking and pubic transit travel is often inconvenient and uncomfortable. • Traffic accidents • Air and noise pollution. • Many Turks are overweight partly due to inadequate physical activity. • Others? TomTom 2015
- 16. 16 Traffic ProblemsTraffic Problems Trafficproblems tend to be severe in cities that: • Are large (more than 1 million population). • Growing rapidly. • Sprawled (automobile-oriented land use). • Have rising incomes (leading to growing per capita vehicle ownership rates). (Embarq Turkey 2013)
- 17. Paradigm ShiftParadigm Shift OldParadigm New Paradigm Definition of Transportation Mobility (physical travel) Accessibility (people’s overall ability to reach services and activities) Transport planning goals Maximize travel speeds and minimize user costs Optimize transport system efficiency and equity Modes considered Mainly automobile Multi-modal: Walking, cycling, public transport, and automobile Performance indicators Vehicle traffic speeds, roadway Level-of-Service (LOS), distance-based crash and emission rates Quality of transport options. Multi-modal LOS. Land use accessibility. Quality of accessibility for disadvantaged groups. Various costs to users and society. Favored transport improvement strategies Road and parking facility expansion. Improve transport options. TDM. More accessible land development. Health impacts considered Per-kilometer traffic crash and pollution emission rates Per capita crash, emission and physical activity rates, and basic access 17
- 18. Mobility Versus AccessibilityMobilityVersus Accessibility Accessibility (ability to reach desired services and activities) • How close are destinations (shops, schools, work)? • How many ways can we get there? • What does it cost to travel? Mobility (physical movement) • How fast can we travel? • Are destinations close to highways? • What does it cost to drive a car?
- 19.
- 20. Istanbul Accessibility Map IstanbulWalk Score now provides maps that indicate the area that people can reach within a defined time period by various travel modes. It currently lacks information on public transit. www.walkscore.com/score/20.dash.44-sadri-alışık-sokak-ista .
- 21. Mobility Vs. AccessibilityTrade-Mobility Vs. Accessibility Trade- OffsOffs • Should Istanbul develop into a city for cars or for people? • Should streets be designed to increase automobile traffic speeds, or to improve walking and public transit conditions? • Should common destinations (employment centers, shops, medical clinics, etc.) be located for convenient access by car or by public transit? • Should parking be abundant and free, or limited and priced? • Should transportation funding focus on expanding urban highways or improving walking and public transit services? • Should urban arterials have bus lanes?
- 22. 22 Conventional Transport IndicatorsConventionalTransport Indicators • Roadway Level-of-Service (LOS) • Average traffic speeds. • Per capita congestion delay. • Parking occupancy rates. • Traffic fatalities per billion vehicle-miles. • Traffic fatalities per 100,000 population.
- 23. 23 Multi-Modal LOSMulti-Modal LOS Newindicators can be used to evaluate multiple modes. This is critical for creating more efficient and diverse transportation systems.
- 24. Integrated PlanningIntegrated Planning Themost fundamental principle of good planning is that individual, short-term decisions should support strategic, long-term goals. Does Istanbul have well- defined strategic planning goals? How well does IETT support these larger goals? Integrated planning helps identify win-win strategies, that is, the solutions to one problem that also help achieve other planning objectives. For example, cities should choose congestion reduction strategies that also help reduce parking problems, improve safety and reduce pollution.
- 25. What isWhat is“The” Transportation Problem?“The” Transportation Problem? • Traffic congestion? • Road construction costs? • Parking congestion or costs? • Excessive costs to consumers? • Traffic crashes? • Lack of mobility for non-drivers? • Poor freight services? • Environmental impacts? • Inadequate physical activity? • Others? 25
- 26. Current Transport PlanningCurrentTransport Planning Current planning tends to be reductionist: each problem is assigned to a single agency with narrowly defined responsibilities. For example: • Transport agencies deal with congestion. • Environmental agencies deal with pollution. • Welfare agencies deal with the needs of disadvantaged people. • Public health agencies are concerned with community fitness. • Etc. 26
- 27. Reductionist Decision-MakingReductionist Decision-Making Reductionistplanning can result in public agencies implementing solutions to one problem that exacerbate other problems facing society, and tends to undervalue strategies that provide multiple but modest benefits. 27
- 28. Win-Win SolutionsWin-Win Solutions Putanother way, more comprehensive planning helps identify “Win-Win” strategies: solutions to one problem that also help solve other problems facing society. Ask: “Which congestion-reduction strategy also reduces parking costs, saves consumers money, and improves mobility options for non-drivers.” 28
- 29. Comparing BenefitsComparing Benefits Planning Objectives Expand Roadways Efficientand Alt. Fuel Vehicles Improve Walking and Public Transit Reduce traffic congestion Minimize roadway costs Minimize parking costs Consumer savings Improve mobility options Improve traffic safety Energy conservation Pollution reduction Efficient development Public fitness & health 29
- 30. Affordable-Efficient ModesAffordable-Efficient Modes Walking,cycling and public transport are affordable and resource efficient, and so tend to be most sustainable. Sustainability does not require eliminating automobile travel entirely, but it does require favoring affordable-efficient modes in policy and planning decisions.
- 31. Public Transit BenefitCategoriesPublic Transit Benefit Categories
- 32. Limited CapacityLimited Capacity •How much water can a one-litre bottle hold? • How many vehicles can a city street carry?
- 33. Road Space RequirementsRoadSpace Requirements
- 34. Road and ParkingSpaceRoad and Parking Space RequirementsRequirements Automobile travel requires far more space than other transport modes.
- 35. Generated TrafficGenerated Traffic •Traffic congestion tends to maintain equilibrium, traffic volumes increase to the point that congestion delays discourage additional peak- period vehicle trips. • Expanding roadway capacity often generates traffic, additional peak-period vehicle trips that would not otherwise occur. As a result, urban roadway expansions fail to reduce traffic congestion over the long run. Figure depicts AADTs on Bosporus Bridge (blue bars) opened in 1973 and Fatih Sultan Mehmet (FSM) Bridge (orange bars) opened in 1988. The patterns of traffic volumes over the years clearly support your prediction. By Pro. Ismail Sahin, 11th Congress of Transportation, Chamber of Civil Engineers in Istanbul, 2015
- 36. Congestion ReductionCongestion Reduction •The quality of travel options affects this point of equilibrium: If alternatives are inferior, few motorists will shift mode and congestion will be severe. If alternatives are attractive, motorists are more likely to shift modes, reducing congestion equilibrium. • Grade-separated transit tends to reduce congestion on parallel highways. When all impacts are considered it is often the most cost effective congestion reduction strategy.
- 37. Parking CongestionParking Congestion Findinga parking space is a constant problem for motorists, and illegal parking is common, often blocking sidewalks, bus lanes and traffic flow.
- 38. Manage Street SpaceManageStreet Space Public streets are the City’s most valuable asset. They are currently devoted primarily to automobile. To become more efficient the City must prioritize use of road space.
- 39. 39 Public Transit AllowsGrowthPublic Transit Allows Growth Road Capacity
- 40. Optimal Urban ModeShareOptimal Urban Mode Share 40 Urban transport systems work best if traffic is managed to favor space-efficient modes. As a city becomes larger and denser, the portion of trips that should be by automobile declines.
- 41. Vehicle Ownership TrendsVehicleOwnership Trends As people become affluent they tend to increase their vehicle ownership and use until a point of saturation. Public policies determine the point of saturation, with much higher rates in automobile-dependent than in multi-modal areas. 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2009 Year VehiclesPerCapita Denmark Germany Spain France Italy Netherland s Portugal Finland Sweden UK US
- 42. Vehicle Travel Vs.Traffic DeathsVehicle Travel Vs. Traffic Deaths R2 = 0.6405 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 Annual Vehicle Kilometers Per Capita TrafficFatalitiesPer100,000Pop. Canada Denmark Germany Iceland Italy Japan Netherlands Norw ay Sw eden Sw itzerland United Kingdom United States 42
- 43.
- 44. Traffic FatalitiesTraffic Fatalities Trafficfatalities per 100,000 residents typically average 20- 30 in developing country cities, 10-20 in affluent, automobile- dependent cities, 5-10 in affluent, compact cities, and just 1.5-3 in affluent, compact cities with strong transportation demand management (TDM) programs.
- 45. Traffic FatalitiesTraffic Fatalities In2010, traffic accidents killed 265 people in Istanbul, or 1.9 deaths per 100,000 residents. This gives Istanbul one of the lowest traffic fatality rates in the world. This results, in part, from the city’s heavy reliance on walking and public transit and low rates of automobile travel. Well done! Istanbul
- 46. Overweight Rates, Turkey#18 46
- 47. What Gets PeopleMoving?What Gets People Moving? Walking is a natural and essential activity. If you ask sedentary people what physical activity they will most likely to stick with, walking usually ranks first.
- 48. AffordabilityAffordability Households can save thousandsof dollars annually by reducing their vehicle ownership. This requires: •Good walking and cycling conditions and convenient public transit and taxi services. •Compact, mixed neighborhoods with services and activities near homes. •Convenient vehicle rental services (such as carsharing)
- 49. Cost-Efficiency ExampleCost-Efficiency Example CarsSpecial Buses Existing Public Transit Vehicles 6,300 cars (1.1 pass.) 140 buses (50 pass.) 35 trains (200 pass.) Fuel ~21,000 l/day ~5,000 l/day ~500 l/day Parking 6,300 (25 hc) 140 (1 hc) None Roads 4 highway 9 streets 1/8 highway 1/4 streets None Inputs required to transport 5,000 attendees and 2,000 employees a downtown conference
- 50. Total Costs PerCommuterTotal Costs Per Commuter When all costs are considered, automobile commuting costs far more than public transport. However, many of the costs are external – motorists do not pay the full costs of roads and parking, resulting in economically excessive car travel.
- 51. Return on InvestmentReturnon Investment High quality public transit typically requires about $268 in additional subsidies and $104 in additional fares annually per capita, but provides vehicle, parking and road cost savings averaging $1,040 per capita, plus other savings and benefits: • Parking cost savings. • Congestion reductions • Accident reductions • Pollution reductions Improved mobility for non-drivers, • Improved fitness and health
- 52. Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development Publictransit supports economic development in several ways: •Transport savings and efficiencies (congestion, parking, taxes) increases productivity and competitiveness. •Helps employees reach jobs and students attend school, allowing businesses to attract the employees they need. •Reducing vehicle expenditures and expanding transit service increases regional employment and business activity. •Supports compact development, which provides agglomeration efficiencies. •Supports real estate development. R2 = 0.3363 $0 $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $60,000 $70,000 $80,000 $90,000 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 Per Capita Annual Transit Passenger-Miles PerCapitaAnnualGDP
- 53. Social Equity ObjectivesSocialEquity Objectives Public transit helps achieve social equity objectives: •It provides basic mobility for people who are unable to drive an automobile due to low incomes and disabilities. •It supports economic opportunities (access to jobs and housing) for economically disadvantaged people. •It ensures that people who don’t drive receive a fair share of public resources such as road space and parking facilities.
- 54. Motorist BenefitsMotorist Benefits Amore diverse transport system is no more “anti-car” than a healthy diet is anti-food. Motorists have every reason to support alternative modes because they can: • Reduce traffic and parking congestion. • Improve safety. • Improve travel options. • Reduce chauffeuring burden. • Provide mobility if needed due to disability, vehicle failures or other problems. • Improve driving conditions more quickly than roadway expansion.
- 55. Performance IndicatorsPerformance Indicators Performanceindicators are like the score in a game. They define what must be accomplished to succeed. Old New • Roadway level-of-service (LOS) • Traffic speeds and delay • Accidents and emissions measured per mile • Cost to government of facilities and services • Quality of access options (ability to reach desired services and activities) by user type • Total costs to users, businesses and users (for vehicles, fuel, insurance, parking, roads, transit services, etc.) • Affordability (costs to lower-income people) • Quality of mobility for non-drivers • Portion of household budget devoted to transport • Accidents and emissions measured per capita • Average daily minutes engaged in active transport • Land use impacts • Portion of residents exposed to excessive pollution. • User satisfaction
- 56. Improve Transport DataImproveTransport Data Good planning requires good data in order to identify problems, evaluate potential solutions, track trends and set performance targets.
- 57. Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions •What are the Istanbul’s transport problems and goals? • Does everybody agree? What goals face debate. • How can public transit help achieve the Istanbul’s overall goals? • What other organizations and professions should IETT work with to promote public transit improvements. • How good is the data needed for planning and performance evaluation? What more is needed?
- 58. “Evaluating Public TransitBenefits and Costs” “Transportation Cost and Benefit Analysis” “Parking Management Best Practices” “Evaluating Smart Growth Benefits” “Online TDM Encyclopedia” and more... www.vtpi.org