The document discusses maximizing transit benefits through mobility demand management (TDM), emphasizing efficient urban transport systems that promote walking, cycling, and public transit while reducing reliance on automobiles. It outlines various TDM strategies, including transportation improvements, pricing reforms, and integrated programs that enhance public mobility options, reduce traffic congestion, and promote sustainability. Case studies from cities like London, Stockholm, and Singapore illustrate successful implementation of pricing mechanisms and transit enhancements that lead to improved transport efficiency and reduced environmental impacts.

1. Maximizing Transit
Benefits Using Mobility
Demand Management
Todd Litman
Victoria Transport Policy Institute
Presented
IETT Professional Development Workshop
Istanbul
15 June 2015

2. 2
Move People EfficientlyMove People Efficiently
An efficient urban transport
system encourages people
to use the most efficient
mode for each trip:
• Walking and cycling for local travel.
• Public transit for travel on busy
corridors.
• Driving only when necessary.

3. Latent DemandLatent Demand
Experience indicates that there is significant
latent demand for walking, cycling and public
transit, and for living in multimodal communiuties:
•When walking and cycling conditions are improved,
with better sidewalks, crosswalks and bicycle parking,
walking and cycling activity increase significantly. In a
major U.S. study, community-wide increases of 22% for
walking and 49% for bicycling occurred between 2007
and 2010.
•When cities improve public transit services, such as
building rail lines or BRT systems, ridership often
increases significantly.
•Market surveys indicate that most households want to
live in walkable neighborhoods with local shops and
transit services.
3

4. Travel DemandsTravel Demands
“Demand” refers to how and how
much do people want to travel, and
the factors that affect those
decisions.
“Transportation Demand
Management” (TDM also called
Mobility Management) refers to
various strategies that affect travel
behavior in order to increase
efficiency and achieve various
planning objectives.
TDM is increasingly used in cities
around the world.

5. TDM StrategiesTDM Strategies
Improves Transport
Options Incentives
Land Use
Management
Implementation
Programs
Transit improvements
and fare reductions
Walking & cycling
improvements
Rideshare programs
HOV priority
Flextime
Car- and bikesharing
Telework
Taxi service
improvements
Guaranteed ride home
Vehicle purchase or
registration fees
Distance-based fees
Commuter financial
incentives
Fuel tax increases
Parking pricing
Parking regulations
Road Tolls/
Congestion pricing
Driving restrictions
Complete streets
Smart growth/New
Urbanism
Transit oriented
development
Location-efficient
development
Parking management
Carfree planning
Traffic calming
Campaigns and
events
Commute trip
reduction programs
School and campus
transport management
Freight transport
management
Tourist transport
management
Transport planning
reforms

6. Transport Demand ManagementTransport Demand Management
6

7. A Recipe for ChangeA Recipe for Change
TDM strategies tend to
have synergistic effects
(their impacts and benefits
are larger if they are
implemented together) and
so should usually be
implemented as an
integrated program with a
combination of
improvements and
incentives.

8. Sustainable Transport HierarchySustainable Transport Hierarchy
1. Walking
2. Cycling
3. Public Transit
4. Service & Freight
5. Automobile Travel
6. Automobile Parking

9. 06/22/15
Mode ShiftsMode Shifts
How do we
convince people
who drive luxury
cars to shift mode?

10. Public Transit ImprovementsPublic Transit Improvements
• Increase service (routes and frequency)
• Grade separation (bus lanes)
• Better customer service (e.g., nicer drivers)
• Nicer vehicles
• Nicer stops
• Better walking and cycling access
• Reduced fares
• More convenient information
• Amenities (attractive stations, on-board wifi, etc.)
• Positive Image

11. Transit PriorityTransit Priority
Transit passengers requires
far less road space than
automobile travel. A bus lane
that carries 20 buses or more
during peak hours carries
more people than a general
traffic lane.
It is therefore more efficient
and fair to give buses priority
in traffic.

12. Walking and Cycling ImprovementsWalking and Cycling Improvements
• More investment in
sidewalks, crosswalks,
paths and bike lanes.
• Improved roadway
shoulders.
• More traffic calming.
• Bicycle parking and
changing facilities.
• Encouragement, education
and enforcement programs.
12

13. Istanbul: Accessible City – A City for PeopleIstanbul: Accessible City – A City for People

14. Impacts and BenefitsImpacts and Benefits

15. Bicycling Is EfficientBicycling Is Efficient
Bicycling is the most resource-
efficient travel mode:
•Faster than walking.
•Bicycles are inexpensive to own and
operate.
•Requires less space for travel and
parking than cars.
•Consumes no fuel and produces no
pollution.
•Is healthy and enjoyable.
•Is a good complement to public transit.

16. Establishing a Cycling CultureEstablishing a Cycling Culture
Many cities are now working to
develop a bicycle culture. This
requires suitable facilities, so
bicycling is convenient and safe,
plus programs that encourage
people to try cycling for recreation
and daily travel.

17. Safe Cycling Design Manual for IstanbulSafe Cycling Design Manual for Istanbul
EMBARQ Turkey's Safe Cycling Design Manual for]
Istanbul examines three topics:
•The social, economic, and environmental benefits of urban
cycling.
•The governance of cycling infrastructure and user
preferences.
•Solutions for implementing safe, sustainable cycling
infrastructure.
Based on these findings, the manual recommends three new
cycling routes in Istanbul.
The Safe Cycling Design Manual for Istanbul is supported by
funding from the Istanbul Development Agency (İSTKA).

18. Proposed Cycling NetworkProposed Cycling Network
The proposed cycling
network would help
create a cycling
culture in Istanbul.

19. Ridesharing (Van- and Carpooling)Ridesharing (Van- and Carpooling)
Market studies suggest that a third of
suburban automobile commuters would
consider vanpooling, if it had:
• Flexibility.
• High Occupant Vehicle priority lanes and parking.
• Financial incentives.
• Integration with public transit.
• Employer support.

20. Vehicle RestrictionsVehicle Restrictions
Rome and Milan Traffic Restricted Zones
Many cities are now
restricting the number
and types of vehicles
that may enter central
areas to reduce traffic
and pollution problems.

21. Redesigning City CentersRedesigning City Centers
The Cheonggyecheon River
in Seoul (South Korea) before (top) and
after (bottom) the project. Claiming back
urban space from road vehicles can
dramatically improve the liveability of cities.
Photos by Seoul Development Institute

22. Employee Trip Reduction ProgramsEmployee Trip Reduction Programs
Employers encourage
employees to walk,
bicycle, carpool, ride
transit and telework
rather than drive to work.

23. School & Campus Transport ManagementSchool & Campus Transport Management
Programs that encourage
parents and students to
use alternative modes to
travel to schools, colleges
and universities.

24. 24
CarsharingCarsharing
Automobile rental
services intended to
substitute for private
vehicle ownership.

25. 25
BikesharingBikesharing
Bicycle rental
services distributed
around a city so
travelers can pick
up a bike in one
location and drop it
off at another.

26. Pricing ReformsPricing Reforms
• Increase vehicle registration fees.
• Predictable, regular fuel tax increases.
• Require motorists to have an off-street parking
space before they can register a vehicle.
• Efficient parking pricing.
• Parking cash out and unbundling.
• Congestion pricing.
• Pay-as-you-drive insurance and registration
fees.
• Improve enforcement of vehicle registration,
fuel tax and parking fees collection.

27. Motorists Must Pay Either Time or MoneyMotorists Must Pay Either Time or Money
Something must limit peak-
period traffic volumes:
• Either congestion becomes self-
limiting (motorists spend time).
• Or efficient pricing encourages
some travelers who could drive to
choose alternatives (motorists
spend money).

28. Pricing Increases EfficiencyPricing Increases Efficiency
• Pricing allows higher value trips
and more efficient modes to outbid
lower-value trips and less efficient
modes for scarce road space.
• Pricing creates transparency. It
explicitly tests motorists’
willingness-to-pay for
infrastructure expansion.
• It also generates revenues that
can be used to improve transport
(sidewalks, roads and public
transit) or other useful public
services.

29. Efficient PricingEfficient Pricing
• Either the price needed to reduce
traffic congestion and raise traffic
speeds to optimal levels.
or
• The price needed to finance both
roadway operations (ongoing repairs
and maintenance) and capacity
expansion to accommodate
additional peak-period traffic
volumes (typically $0.25 to $1.00 per
additional vehicle-kilometer).

30. ““Raise My Prices, Please!”Raise My Prices, Please!”
Of course, consumers do not like to pay more for
roads and parking, but unpriced facilities are not
really free, consumers ultimately pay through
higher taxes and retail prices. The choice is
actually between paying directly or indirectly.

31. Paying Directly Returns Savings To MotoristsPaying Directly Returns Savings To Motorists
Motorist Reduces
Mileage

Reduced
Congestion,
Road & Parking
Facility Costs,
Reduced
Crashes, etc.

Economic Savings
Paying directly is more
equitable and efficient, since
users pay in proportion to
the costs they impose.
“Free” facilities force
everybody to pay, including
non-drivers and motorists
who reduce their vehicle use.
Paying directly gives
individual consumers the
savings that result when they
drive less, providing a new
opportunity to save money.

32. Vehicle Travel Price SensitivityVehicle Travel Price Sensitivity
Recent experience indicates that vehicle
travel is often quite price sensitive: even
modest tolls (such as $0.10 per vehicle-
kilometer) can significantly reduce vehicle
travel demand (by 20-40%). As a result,
many toll roads have not achieved their
projected traffic volumes and revenues.
In other words, many motorists want
additional roadway capacity only if
somebody else pays. This suggests it is
generally more economically efficient to
price existing urban roadways to reduce
demand, rather than to build costly new
urban highways.

33. Very Appropriate In Developing CitiesVery Appropriate In Developing Cities
Efficient road pricing is very
appropriate in developing country
cities because:
• Traffic congestion is particularly intense.
• Vehicle ownership rates are low, so
pricing benefits most residents and is
progressive with respect to income.
• There is insufficient money to significantly
expand roadways.
• It can help prevent automobile
dependency and sprawl. It helps preserve
walking, cycling and public transit use.
• They can adopt new pricing technologies
at relatively low costs.

34. Cost-Based PricingCost-Based Pricing
Rank Category Examples
Best
Time- and location-
specific road and
parking pricing
Variable road pricing, location-specific parking
management, location-specific emission
charges.
Second
Best
Mileage-pricing Weight-distance charges, distance-based
vehicle insurance and registration fees,
mileage based emission charges.
Third
Best
Fuel charges Increase fuel tax, pay-at-the-pump insurance,
carbon tax, increase Hazardous Sub. Tax.
Bad Fixed vehicle charges Current MVET, vehicle purchase and ownership
fees.
Worst External costs
(not charged to
motorists)
General taxes paying for roads and traffic
services, parking subsidies, uncompensated
external costs.

35. Parking PricingParking Pricing
• Charge motorists for using parking
facilities.
• Expand when and where parking
is priced (e.g., evenings and
Sundays, residential streets).
• Congestion pricing, with higher
rates at times and locations with
higher demand to encourage more
efficient use of parking facilities.
• Reduce long-term discounts and
“early bird” specials. Shift to
shorter time periods (e.g, hourly
rather than daily).

36. Unbundling and Cash OutUnbundling and Cash Out
• Unbundling – Parking is rented separately
from building space, so for example, rather
than paying $1,000 per month for an
apartment with a “free” parking space,
residents pay $900 per month for the
apartment and $100 per month for each
parking space they use. This prevents
residents from paying for parking spaces
they do not need.
• Cash out – Employees who are offered a
subsidized parking space can choose
instead to receive its cash equivalent if they
use another commute mode. This is more
equitable and encourages use of alternative
modes.

37. Vehicle Purchase and OwnershipVehicle Purchase and Ownership
FeesFees
• High fees or auctions to
limit total vehicle
purchases.
• Higher fees for larger or
more polluting vehicles.
• Higher annual
registration fees.

38. 38
New Pricing SystemsNew Pricing Systems
GPS-based vehicle
tracking is now quite
precise and reliable. As a
result, new electronic
system can make road
and parking pricing
convenient and cost-
effective to operate if
widely implemented, but
have high initial costs and
raise privacy concerns.

39. Travel Options Affect PricingTravel Options Affect Pricing
The quality of transport options
affects pricing effectiveness. If
alternatives are inferior a relatively
high price is needed to reduce
vehicle traffic volumes and
congestion delays. If alternatives
are convenient, comfortable and
affordable, a smaller price is
needed to reduce automobile
travel demand and consumers are
less harmed.

40. Comparing BenefitsComparing Benefits
Planning
Objectives
Expand
Roadways
Efficient and
Alt. Fuel
Improve
Transit
Efficient
Pricing
Vehicle Travel Impacts Increased Increased Reduced Reduced
Improve travel experience   
Reduce traffic congestion   
Roadway cost savings  
Parking cost savings  
Consumer financial savings   
Improve mobility options  
Improve traffic safety  
Energy conservation   
Pollution reduction   
Land use objectives  
Economic development ?   
Public fitness & health  

41. Example: LondonExample: London
Since 2003 London has charged for
driving private automobiles in its
central area during weekdays. This
significantly reduces congestion in that
area, improved bus and taxi service,
and generates substantial revenues
(although more than a third are used to
finance the payment system). The
program expanded to new areas in
2007 but was reduced back to its
original size in 2011.
Motorists pay by Internet or at kiosks.
License numbers of vehicles driving in
the area are tracked using roadside
cameras.

42. Example: StockholmExample: Stockholm
Since 2006 Stockholm has
charged a tax for driving vehicle
into our out of its central area
during weekdays. After a six-
month trail it was approved by a
referendum. The tax varies, with
higher rates during peak hours
and no charge evenings, nights
and weekends.
Vehicles entering the charge area
are recorded electronically and
sent a bill at the end of each
month. Funds are used to
improve local roads.

43. Example: SingaporeExample: Singapore
• Singapore first implement cordon-
based congestion pricing in 1975.
An ERP (Electronic Road Pricing)
system introduced in 1998 now
charges for different roads at
different times automatically as
vehicle passes under gantries.
• The charge has been successful in
reducing peak-period traffic
volumes an estimated 13%, which
increases traffic speeds by 22%.

44. ImplicationsImplications
• Without efficient pricing and improvements to
alternative modes, urban traffic congestion is
virtually unavoidable.
• Motorists either spend time or money. Spending
money is more efficient overall because it allows
higher value trips to “outbid” lower-value trips, and
generates revenue.
• Urban traffic congestion is increasingly severe in
developing countries.
• Pricing reforms can reduce congestion and help
achieve other planning objectives. Although road
tolls are most effective at reducing congestion,
other pricing strategies (parking pricing, higher fuel
taxes, and distance-based fees) are easier to
implement and may provide greater total benefits.

45. Parking ManagementParking Management
Various strategies that
result in more efficient
use of parking supply

46. Why Parking Management?Why Parking Management?
• Improves motorist
convenience.
• Creates more attractive
streetscapes.
• Housing affordability.
• Downtown redevelopment.
• More walkable communities.
• Economic development.
• Reduced pavement.
• Encourages walking, cycling
and public transit use.
More efficient management
is increasingly used to
address parking problems,
particularly in growing
communities and
downtowns areas.

47. Smart GrowthSmart Growth
47
• Compact (higher density)
• Mixed use
• Diverse housing types
• Connected roads
• Multi-modal
• Good walking and cycling
conditions
• Good public transit services
• Efficient parking management
• Emphasis on the public realm
(public places where people
interact)

48. Institutional ReformsInstitutional Reforms
• Comprehensive, multi-modal transport
planning.
• Integrate transport and land use
planning.
• Sustainable transport hierarchy.
• Set performance targets
• Interagency coordination.
• Improve user information.
• Improve enforcement.
• Identify best practices and appropriate
innovations from other countries,
including Northern Europe, Brazil,
Korea and India.

49. 06/22/15
Potential For Change
Some people would
prefer to drive less
and use alternatives
more. Focus on them.
What would help these
people change their
travel behavior?

50. Public Transport Reform in SeoulPublic Transport Reform in Seoul
In 2002 Seoul implemented various transport
including a reduction in downtown road space, and
a new BRT system with more than 5,000 high-
quality buses operating on 107 km of median
busways, and improved integration between buses
and the already existing, extensive subway system.
As a result, public transit customer satisfaction has
improved, bus accidents have declined and transit
ridership has increased. Traffic congestion was
reduced and liveability improved, particularly in the
downtown core. On the three initial BRT corridors,
bus speeds rose up to 85% in the morning rush
hour and up to 99% in the afternoon. The express
buses using the median lanes carry six times more
passengers than other road lanes used by cars in
the same corridor.

51. Road Pricing in SingaporeRoad Pricing in Singapore
Singapore first implemented an Area
Licensing Scheme in 1975 and Electronic
Road Pricing in 1998. It is designed to
minimize traffic congestion and maintain
optimal traffic speeds of 45 to 65 km/h for
expressways and 20 to 30 km/h for arterial
roads.
Several Studies have concluded that the ERP
has reduced congestion and pollution
significantly and, in conjunction with a
comprehensive TDM strategy maintained
high mobility. The establishment of the
restricted zone (RZ) led to a reduction of 31%
of traffic in the city area which is mainly due
to motorists not using the CBD as a bypass.

52. Benefits CategoriesBenefits Categories
Improved Transport
Options
Increased Use of
Alt. Modes
Reduced Automobile
Travel
More Compact
Development
• Improved user
convenience and
comfort
• Improved travel
options, particularly for
non-drivers
• User cost savings
• User enjoyment
• Economic
development
benefits from
increased access to
education and
employment
• Increased public
fitness and health
• Reduced traffic and
parking congestion
• Road and parking cost
savings
• Consumer cost savings
• Reduced crash risk to
others
• Air and noise pollution
reductions
• Energy conservation
• Economic development
benefits
• More livable
communities
• Reduced land
consumption, heritage
and openspace
preservation, and
public service cost
savings
• Improved accessibility,
particularly for non-
drivers
• Reduced vehicle
ownership
52

53. Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions
• What TDM strategies are being
implemented in Istanbul?
• What additional TDM strategies could be
implemented?
• What obstacles must be overcome for
these to be implemented as much as
justified?
• What policy reforms can help support
TDM?
• What partnerships can help implement

54. “Analysis of Public Policies that Unintentionally Encourage and Subsidize
Sprawl”
“Evaluating Active Transport Benefits and Costs”
“Parking Pricing Implementation Guidelines”
“Transportation Cost and Benefit Analysis”
“Parking Management Best Practices”
“Evaluating Complete Streets”
“Online TDM Encyclopedia”
and more...
www.vtpi.org