α -Amylase is an enzyme which has ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of internal α-1, 4-glycosidic linkages in starch to yield products like glucose and maltose.
It describes the history, production, and substrates used in the production of the enzyme. also, emphasize the application of amylase in food industry.
It describes the history, production, and substrates used in the production of the enzyme. also, emphasize the application of amylase in food industry.
AMYLASES AND PROTEASES ARE THE ENZYMES USED A LOT IN FOOD INDUSTRIES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FOODS. THESE ARE SUPPOSED TO PRODUCE AT A LARGER QUANTITIES IN ORDER TO FULFILL THE DEMANDS FROM THESE INDUSTRIES, THE LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION OF THESE ENZYMES MUST BE CARRIED OUT. THIS METHOD OF LARGER PRODUCTION OF THESE ENZYMES ARE EXPLAINED IN THIS PRESENTATION.
Science and technology of manipulating and improving microbial strains, in order to enhance their metabolic capacities for biotechnological applications, are referred to as strain improvement.
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Amylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into sugars.
Amylase is present in the saliva of humans and some other mammals, where it begins the chemical process of digestion. Foods that contain large amount of starch but less amount of sugar, such as rice and potatoes, may acquire a slightly sweet taste as they are chewed because amylase degrades some of their starch into sugar.
α- amylase is a protein enzyme that hydrolyses alpha bonds of large, alpha - linked polysaccharides, such as starch and glycogen, yielding glucose and maltose. It is a major form of amylase found in humans and other mammals.
Many of the enzymes used in the industries are extracellular derived from microorganisms. Among various extracellular enzymes, alpha amylase ranks first in terms of commercial exploitation.
Bacteria and fungi secrets amylases to the outside of the cells to carryout extracellular digestions when they have broken down the soluble starch, the soluble end products such as Glucose or Maltose are absorbed into their cells.
The industrially important Bacillus strains which are extensively used to produce alpha amylase, are, B. licheniformis, B. subtilis etc. B. amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus licheniformis is a Gram-positive endospore forming organism that can be isolated from soils and plant material all over the world.
This organism is used extensively for large-scale industrial production of exoenzymes as it can secrete large quantities of proteins of up to 20–25 g/l.
The use of the submerged culture is advantageous because of the ease of sterilization and its process control.
The objective of this work was to study the pattern and the comparison of α-amylase production by using two strains of Bacillus licheniformis, MTCC 2617 and MTCC 2618 using four different substrates starch, rice, wheat and ragi powder as carbon source.
Ragi or finger millet is round, soft yet firm and rich brown in color. It is probably the only edible solid you are advised to swallow not chew. A gram of ragi has 72% carbohydrate, 3.6% fiber, 7.3% of protein, vitamin B and a good combination of minerals.
Effect of Different Physico-Chemical Parameters on Production ofAmylase by Ba...IOSR Journals
The present study is concerned with the production of amylase by Bacillus species strain. In this
study 12 bacterial strains were isolated and screened for their α-amylase activity. These strains were
maintained on nutrient agar medium. Fermentation for the production of amylase was carried out in the enzyme
production medium (EPM). All the 12 strains were tested for amylase production. On the basis of maximum
amylase activity strain no.1 was selected for further studies. Different starch concentrations, 0.75,1.00,1.25%,
pH labels 6.5,7.0,7.5,8.0, aeration (RPM), 100,120,140, temperatures 250C,280C,370C, and 400C and inoculums
level 0.5%,1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% were studied
AMYLASES AND PROTEASES ARE THE ENZYMES USED A LOT IN FOOD INDUSTRIES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FOODS. THESE ARE SUPPOSED TO PRODUCE AT A LARGER QUANTITIES IN ORDER TO FULFILL THE DEMANDS FROM THESE INDUSTRIES, THE LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION OF THESE ENZYMES MUST BE CARRIED OUT. THIS METHOD OF LARGER PRODUCTION OF THESE ENZYMES ARE EXPLAINED IN THIS PRESENTATION.
Science and technology of manipulating and improving microbial strains, in order to enhance their metabolic capacities for biotechnological applications, are referred to as strain improvement.
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Amylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into sugars.
Amylase is present in the saliva of humans and some other mammals, where it begins the chemical process of digestion. Foods that contain large amount of starch but less amount of sugar, such as rice and potatoes, may acquire a slightly sweet taste as they are chewed because amylase degrades some of their starch into sugar.
α- amylase is a protein enzyme that hydrolyses alpha bonds of large, alpha - linked polysaccharides, such as starch and glycogen, yielding glucose and maltose. It is a major form of amylase found in humans and other mammals.
Many of the enzymes used in the industries are extracellular derived from microorganisms. Among various extracellular enzymes, alpha amylase ranks first in terms of commercial exploitation.
Bacteria and fungi secrets amylases to the outside of the cells to carryout extracellular digestions when they have broken down the soluble starch, the soluble end products such as Glucose or Maltose are absorbed into their cells.
The industrially important Bacillus strains which are extensively used to produce alpha amylase, are, B. licheniformis, B. subtilis etc. B. amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus licheniformis is a Gram-positive endospore forming organism that can be isolated from soils and plant material all over the world.
This organism is used extensively for large-scale industrial production of exoenzymes as it can secrete large quantities of proteins of up to 20–25 g/l.
The use of the submerged culture is advantageous because of the ease of sterilization and its process control.
The objective of this work was to study the pattern and the comparison of α-amylase production by using two strains of Bacillus licheniformis, MTCC 2617 and MTCC 2618 using four different substrates starch, rice, wheat and ragi powder as carbon source.
Ragi or finger millet is round, soft yet firm and rich brown in color. It is probably the only edible solid you are advised to swallow not chew. A gram of ragi has 72% carbohydrate, 3.6% fiber, 7.3% of protein, vitamin B and a good combination of minerals.
Effect of Different Physico-Chemical Parameters on Production ofAmylase by Ba...IOSR Journals
The present study is concerned with the production of amylase by Bacillus species strain. In this
study 12 bacterial strains were isolated and screened for their α-amylase activity. These strains were
maintained on nutrient agar medium. Fermentation for the production of amylase was carried out in the enzyme
production medium (EPM). All the 12 strains were tested for amylase production. On the basis of maximum
amylase activity strain no.1 was selected for further studies. Different starch concentrations, 0.75,1.00,1.25%,
pH labels 6.5,7.0,7.5,8.0, aeration (RPM), 100,120,140, temperatures 250C,280C,370C, and 400C and inoculums
level 0.5%,1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% were studied
Production and Purification of Amylase from Bacillus subtilis Isolated from SoilDr. Amarjeet Singh
In spite of progress in biotechnology and
enzymology, the enzymes have been industrialized in recent
years for the mounting up the product development in
various arena. The ultimate goal of this study comprises the
production and purification the amylase enzyme from the
bacterial strain. A powerful amylase producer, Bacillus
subtilis ISOLATE-4 was isolated, screened and identified
from the soil sample. In order to produce extracellular
amylase, various physico-chemical parameters were
optimized. During optimization, the maximal production of
amylase by the isolate at 48 hrs of incubation in 100 rpm was
found to be 6.93U/ml, 5.94U/ml, 6.0U/ml at 45ºC, pH 6 with
1% substrate concentration respectively. Ammonium
sulphate fractionation was done for rapid precipitation of the
amylase at a concentration of 60% and exposed to dialysis
showed the 25% purification fold of an enzyme. The dialyzed
product was further subjected to DEAE-Cellulose column
chromatography resulted in an increase up to 75%
purification fold than crude enzyme. The amylase enzyme
might be suitable for the liquefaction of starch, detergent,
textile and several additional industrial applications.
Isolation and Characterization of Thermostable Protease Producing Bacteria fr...IOSR Journals
This study is a search for potential thermostable protease producing strain. Among nine protease
producing strains screened from soap industry effluent, one was selected as promising thermostable protease
producer and identified as Bacillus subtilis. The activity of the protease produced by this organism is stable up
to 70ºC. The optimum yield was achieved after 48 hours of culture, at 65ºC with the pH 8.0. The maximum
protease activity was observed at 65ºC and at pH 8.0.
UNIT-5 Protein Engineering: Brief introduction to protein engineering,Use of ...Shyam Bass
UNIT-5 6th Sem B.PHARMA PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)
Protein Engineering: Brief introduction to protein engineering, Use of microbes in industry, Production of enzymes-general considerations, Amylase, Catalase, peroxidase, Lipase Basic principles of genetic engineering
BY- SHYAM BASS
Proteases are protein-degrading enzymes that catalyses hydrolytic reaction in which protein molecules are degraded into peptides and amino acids. Thermostable alkaline proteases are of particular great interest for industrial application because they are stable and active at temperature above 60-70˚C. Thermophiles are found in wide array of environment such as mushroom compost material, nest, hay, wood chips, grains, soil, manure, coal mines etc. Alkaline proteases are most important industrial enzymes and they occupy about 60% of total enzyme market. From the soil samples, eight different fungal species were isolated through soil dilution plate method. In the present study, two fungi Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus glaucus from mushroom compost and two fungi Aspergillus terrus, and Aspergillus fumigates from cow manure, showing alkaline protease activity, were isolated. The zones of clearance were observed in Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus glaucus, Aspergillus terrus, and Aspergillus fumigatus species of fungi isolated from cow manure and mushroom compost. The best enzyme production was observed in Aspergillus terrus (1.005 ± 0.057 IU/mg protein) obtained from cow manure and the minimum enzyme activity was observed with Aspergillus glaucus (0.278 ± 0.026 IU/mg protein). However, more studies are required to assess the potential of Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus glaucus, Aspergillus terrus, and Aspergillus fumigatus species. Key-words- Alkaline protease, Thermophiles, Zone of clearance, Trichloroacetic acid
Detection of Alpha-Amylase Activity from Soil Bacteriaiosrjce
Alpha-amylase is one of the industrial enzymes that hydrolyze starch molecules into polymers
composed of glucose units. The enzyme has potential application in a wide number of industrial processes such
as food, textile, paper, detergent, fermentation and pharmaceutical industries. Alpha-amylase can be produced
by microorganisms, plants or animals.
Aim: The aim of this study is to detect the activity of alpha-amylase from bacteria isolated from soil
environment.
Method: Soil samples were inoculated onto the media that are rich in nutrient that favour the growth of the
bacteria and incubated for 24 hours at 37oC after which the bacterial growth was detected in form of colonies.
In this study, bacterial species belonging to the genus Bacillus were identified through phylogenetic analysis
using 16s-ribosomal RNA sequencing for detection of the enzymatic activity. Effects of pH and temperature on
the enzymatic activity were observed using DNS activity assay method.
Results: Positive response to alpha-amylase activity by the soil bacteria was observed by the formation of clear
zone of inhibition shown by the colonies on the petri plates.
Conclusions: The optimal pH and temperature activities showed that the bacteria exhibit enzymatic activity at
mesophilic temperature and acidophilic or alkalophilic pH.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Production of α-amylase using new strain of Bacillus polymyxa isolated from s...IOSR Journals
In this study, a new amylase producer strain was isolated from sweet potato tuber. This strain was able to grow at 37 °C and produce α-amylase in high quantity compared to other standard strain cultures. In the first part, cultivation in shake flask in standard medium was carried out to give complete information about the growth and production kinetics of this strain. The results clearly demonstrate that the isolated strain is able to production α-amylase in submerged culture with concentration up to 2050 kat/L after 20 h cultivation. Furthermore, medium optimization was carried out by changing the starch concentration and cell cultivation in medium of mixed carbon source (composed of starch and glucose of ratio 15:5 g/g) to enhance the production process and to increase the growth rate. The volumetric and specific α-amylase production in this optimized medium were 4550 kat/L and 1060 kat/g, respectively. Further improvement in enzyme production process was achieved by scaling up the process from shake flask to 3-L stirred tank bioreactor under non-oxygen limiting condition. The maximal volumetric and specific α-amylase productions in bioreactor batch culture were 5210 kat/L and 1095kat/g, respectively, after only 14 h cultivation
Spore Forming Bacterium from Oil Contaminated Soil as a Source of a Lipase En...IOSRJPBS
Twenty two bacterial isolates were obtained from oil contaminated soil, collected from some oil stations in Jeddah. All the obtained bacterial isolates were screened on Tween-Yeast extract medium for lipase production. Three bacterial isolates HM10, HM15 and HM20 showed the highest growth and lipase production agar medium, thus they were grown in liquid olive oil medium at 120 rpm. Maximum lipase production was obtained by the isolate HM10. The isolate HM10 was characterized and identified through physiological, biochemical tests and culture characteristics in addition to 16S rDNA as Bacillus coagulans. The effects of different factors on the enzyme production were studied. It was found that bacterial growth in medium 4 at initial pH 7.0, containing olive oil and incubation at 37ºC for 2 days at 120 rpm were the most favorable conditions for maximum lipase production by the tested isolate. The bacterial isolate was grown using the best culture conditions and lipase was precipitated using 80% of ammonium sulphate, purified using colum chromatography and characterized. The molecular weight was 62 kDa and the maximum enzyme activity was at 50ºC and pH 7.0. Presence of K + and Ca++ ions enhance enzyme activity.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
Alpha amylase
1. BGE 503
Enzyme Technology
Effat Jahan Tamanna
Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering,
Jahanginagar University.
α-Amylase
2. Introduction
Enzymes are biological catalysts which are indispensable components of
reactions and work at milder conditions than chemical catalysts.
Amylases are important hydrolase enzymes which have been widely used
since many decades.
Randomly cleave internal glycosidic linkages in starch molecules to
hydrolyze them into dextrins and oligosaccharides.
Three types of amylase enzymes: α-amylase, β-amylase, γ-amylase.
Among these α-amylase is mostly used.
3. α -Amylase is an enzyme which has ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of
internal α-1, 4-glycosidic linkages in starch to yield products like glucose and
maltose.
It was first discovered and isolated by Anselme Payen in 1833.
Mostly extracellular.
EC (Enzyme Commission) number: 3.2.1.1
Molecular weight: 51 - 55.4KDa.
α-amylase is produced by plants, animals and microorganisms.
It is a major digestive enzyme secreted in pancreas and salivary glands.
Other names: glycogenase, endoamylase, 1,4-α-D-glucan glucanohydrolase.
α-Amylase
4. α -Amylase
• Active sites contains
trio of acidic groups –
white and red.
• A short chain of five
sugars – yellow and
orange.
• The site of cleavage –
pink.
• A calcium ion – grey.
• A chloride ion – green.
5. Sources of α-amylase
There are mainly two methods
which are used for production of
α-amylase.
These are:
1) Submerged fermentation and
2) Solid state fermentation.
Bacteria Fungi
Bacillus subtilis Aspergillus oryzae
Bacillus licheniformis Penicillium fellutanum
Bacillus cereus Thermomyces lanuginosus
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Aspergillus niger
Bacillus coagulans Penicillium roquefortii
Chromohalobacter sp. Engyodontium album
Halobacillus sp. Penicillium chrysogenumm
Halomonas meridiana Penicillium janthinellum
Rhodothermus marinus Pycnoporus sanguineus
Genetic Engineering of Microbes
• α-Amylase enzyme can be produced from
genetically engineered microorganisms.
• Methods Used: Conventional mutagenesis
(UV or chemical exposure) or Recombinant
DNA technology.
6. Materials and Methods
Isolation of bacteria: 50 strains were isolated and characterized.
Screening of bacterial isolates: 3 strains showed the biggest zone of
clearance in starch hydrolysis.
● Selected strain: Bacillus subtilis RSA-27, RSB-75 and RSE-162.
● Inoculum preparation: The selected bacterial strains were inoculated in
nutrient broth followed by incubation at 37°C for 24 h.
● Substrate: Four agro-industrial wastes - wheat bran, gram husk, rice bran
and mustard oilseed cake.
● Fermentation media: Media was prepared and sterilized.
7. Optimization:
─ Substrate: Four substrate material were made particle size of 1.0 to 2.0 mm.
─ Moisture: 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5.
─ Temperature and pH: 37°C and 7.0.
─ Inoculum size: 1%, 5%, 10% and 20% of bacterial culture.
SSF technique: The flasks inoculated with inoculum, thoroughly mixed
and followed by incubation at 37°C for 5 days.
● Enzyme assay: Carried by DNSA (3, 5-dinitro salicylic acid) method.
● Partial purification of enzyme:
─ (𝑁𝐻4)2 𝑆𝑂4 precipitation.
─ Centrifugation at 12000g for 20 minutes at 4°C.
● Characterization of purified enzyme
8. Table – 01
Strain Activity (U/g)
(on the third day)
RSA-27 900
RSB-75 200
RSE-162 626
Results and Discussions
Strain RSA-27, a gram positive
rod shaped bacterium, was
selected for further testing and
optimization.
Table – 02
Substrate Activity (U/g)
Mustard oilseed cake 5166
Wheat bran 1233
Gram husk 900
Rice bran 933
Mustard oilseed cake was
selected as substrate for further
optimization.
10. Table – 03
Moisture Content Activity (U/g)
1:2 1233
1:3 5366
1:4 2166
1:5 2966
Table – 04
Inoculum size Activity (U/g)
1% 226
5% 1733
10% 3333
20% 5133
Best Result
Strain RSA-27 produced
about 5400 U/g of α-amylase
at 1:3 moisture content, 20%
inoculum, after 72 h of
incubation with mustard
oilseed cake as the
substrate.
11. Figure: Effects of variation in substrate, moisture content and inoculum size in enzyme production.
12. Various parameters that affects enzyme activity were optimized:
Optimum temperature: 50°C
Optimum pH: 6
Figure: (A) Temperature optimization for enzyme production [30°C to 70°C].
(B) pH optimization for enzyme production [5 to 9].
13. Thermostability and pH stability of the enzyme:
─ The enzyme was found to be stable mostly at 30°C for 2h.
─ The enzyme was very stable at neutral pH (6- 7).
Figure: (A) Stability of enzyme at temperatures 30°c to 70°C (◆) 30°C, (●) 40°C, ( ▲) 50°C, (■) 60°C, (□) 70°C.
(B) Stability of enzyme at pH 5 – 9 (◆) 5, (■) 6, (▲) 7, (●) 8, ( Ж) 9
14. Effects of metal ions: The presence of salts as 𝐶𝑎2+
, 𝑀𝑔2+
, 𝐶𝑜2+
and 𝑁𝑎+
at 5mM and
10mM concentration enhanced the activity of the enzyme.
Effect of 𝐶𝑎++ ions on
the thermal stability
of the enzyme at 70°C
(▦) Crude,
(▧) 5Mm 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2,
(▥) 10mM 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2.
15. Conclusion
Among all enzymes, α-amylase covers 25% of total enzyme market.
α-amylase is used in
─ Starch conversion
─ Bakery Industry
─ Detergent Industry
─ Textile Industry
─ Fuel alcohol Production
─ Pharmaceutical industry
Textiles and apparel industries capture the leading position in Bangladesh and α-
amylase enzyme can minimize these costing.
Living in an era of depleting fossil fuels with a desperate need to produce alternative
forms of energy, this enzyme is a ray of hope.
As enzyme helps to keep the environment clean, more researchers are focusing on the
microbial production of the enzyme.