The document provides details on the anatomy, function, and pathophysiology of the heart including the structure of the heart chambers and layers, blood flow, electrical conduction system, common cardiac tests, risk factors and causes of coronary artery disease, characteristics of angina and myocardial infarction, and lifestyle and medical management of heart conditions. Key points covered include the size of the heart, blood flow rate, heart sound causes, atherosclerotic plaque formation, risk factors for coronary artery disease, signs and symptoms of angina and heart attack, and diagnostic tests like echocardiograms, EKGs, and cardiac catheterization.
High blood pressure causes many types of cardiovascular disease, such as stroke and heart failure, and renal disease. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is caused by atherosclerosis, which is the narrowing and / or blockage of the blood vessels in the legs.
Ischemic heart disease is caused by an imbalance between blood supply and myocardial oxygen demand, most commonly due to atherosclerosis. It presents clinically as angina, myocardial infarction, or chronic heart failure. Myocardial infarction occurs when a coronary artery becomes occluded by a thrombus, causing transmural or subendocardial necrosis of the myocardium. Complications include arrhythmias, heart failure, ventricular rupture, or aneurysm formation depending on the size and location of the infarcted area. Prognosis depends primarily on infarct size, with larger transmural infarcts carrying a higher risk of complications.
The document provides information about heart disorders. It defines the heart and its functions. Several types of heart disorders are described, including coronary artery disease, hypertension, restrictive cardiomyopathy, alcoholic heart disease, heart attack, heart failure, heart valve disease, and heart muscle disease. Causes, symptoms, and how each develops are explained for the main heart disorders.
Ischaemic heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease, is caused by an imbalance between the myocardial demand for oxygenated blood and its supply. It is usually caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. The main clinical manifestations include asymptomatic chronic ischaemic heart disease, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. Complications occur in 80-90% of cases and can include arrhythmias, congestive cardiac failure, cardiogenic shock, mural thrombosis and thromboembolism. Serum markers like CK-MB and troponin rise and help diagnose a myocardial infarction.
This document discusses diseases of the heart, including:
1. The major causes of heart disease are atherosclerosis, heart failure, metabolic/autoimmune damage, high blood pressure, and valve/structural abnormalities.
2. Arrhythmias can cause inefficient pumping and death from ischemia, heart attacks, electrolyte imbalances or genetic defects.
3. Coronary artery disease is usually caused by atherosclerosis and can lead to angina, heart attacks, and heart failure. It is a major cause of death.
4. Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump sufficiently due to issues like coronary disease, high blood pressure, or valve problems. It affects blood flow and congestion.
The document discusses ischemic heart disease and coronary artery disease. It begins by describing the anatomy of the heart and coronary arteries. It then explains how atherosclerotic plaques can develop in the coronary arteries due to risk factors like high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and smoking. These plaques reduce blood flow and can lead to conditions like angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. The management of ischemic heart disease includes pharmaceutical treatments, lifestyle changes, and procedures like stenting, angioplasty, and bypass surgery. Nursing assessment focuses on understanding a patient's symptoms and risk factors to help guide treatment and risk reduction.
Coronary artery disease occurs when the coronary arteries become narrowed due to atherosclerotic plaques, preventing adequate blood flow to the heart. Over time, this can damage the heart muscle and lead to complications like heart attack. The main risk factors are high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, and lack of exercise. Treatment depends on the severity but may include lifestyle changes, medications, angioplasty, stenting, or bypass surgery to reopen blocked arteries.
Cardiovascular disease is caused by conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels such as coronary heart disease, thrombosis, heart attacks, and strokes. The main causes are atherosclerosis, where plaque builds up in the arteries, and hypertension, or high blood pressure. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease include unhealthy eating, smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol.
High blood pressure causes many types of cardiovascular disease, such as stroke and heart failure, and renal disease. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is caused by atherosclerosis, which is the narrowing and / or blockage of the blood vessels in the legs.
Ischemic heart disease is caused by an imbalance between blood supply and myocardial oxygen demand, most commonly due to atherosclerosis. It presents clinically as angina, myocardial infarction, or chronic heart failure. Myocardial infarction occurs when a coronary artery becomes occluded by a thrombus, causing transmural or subendocardial necrosis of the myocardium. Complications include arrhythmias, heart failure, ventricular rupture, or aneurysm formation depending on the size and location of the infarcted area. Prognosis depends primarily on infarct size, with larger transmural infarcts carrying a higher risk of complications.
The document provides information about heart disorders. It defines the heart and its functions. Several types of heart disorders are described, including coronary artery disease, hypertension, restrictive cardiomyopathy, alcoholic heart disease, heart attack, heart failure, heart valve disease, and heart muscle disease. Causes, symptoms, and how each develops are explained for the main heart disorders.
Ischaemic heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease, is caused by an imbalance between the myocardial demand for oxygenated blood and its supply. It is usually caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. The main clinical manifestations include asymptomatic chronic ischaemic heart disease, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. Complications occur in 80-90% of cases and can include arrhythmias, congestive cardiac failure, cardiogenic shock, mural thrombosis and thromboembolism. Serum markers like CK-MB and troponin rise and help diagnose a myocardial infarction.
This document discusses diseases of the heart, including:
1. The major causes of heart disease are atherosclerosis, heart failure, metabolic/autoimmune damage, high blood pressure, and valve/structural abnormalities.
2. Arrhythmias can cause inefficient pumping and death from ischemia, heart attacks, electrolyte imbalances or genetic defects.
3. Coronary artery disease is usually caused by atherosclerosis and can lead to angina, heart attacks, and heart failure. It is a major cause of death.
4. Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump sufficiently due to issues like coronary disease, high blood pressure, or valve problems. It affects blood flow and congestion.
The document discusses ischemic heart disease and coronary artery disease. It begins by describing the anatomy of the heart and coronary arteries. It then explains how atherosclerotic plaques can develop in the coronary arteries due to risk factors like high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and smoking. These plaques reduce blood flow and can lead to conditions like angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. The management of ischemic heart disease includes pharmaceutical treatments, lifestyle changes, and procedures like stenting, angioplasty, and bypass surgery. Nursing assessment focuses on understanding a patient's symptoms and risk factors to help guide treatment and risk reduction.
Coronary artery disease occurs when the coronary arteries become narrowed due to atherosclerotic plaques, preventing adequate blood flow to the heart. Over time, this can damage the heart muscle and lead to complications like heart attack. The main risk factors are high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, and lack of exercise. Treatment depends on the severity but may include lifestyle changes, medications, angioplasty, stenting, or bypass surgery to reopen blocked arteries.
Cardiovascular disease is caused by conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels such as coronary heart disease, thrombosis, heart attacks, and strokes. The main causes are atherosclerosis, where plaque builds up in the arteries, and hypertension, or high blood pressure. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease include unhealthy eating, smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol.
The document discusses various diseases of the heart and blood vessels. It describes the structure of the heart and how diseases can affect the heart's chambers, valves, arteries and muscle. Some of the most common heart diseases mentioned are coronary artery disease, heart attacks, heart failure, arrhythmias, and congenital heart defects. It also discusses various diseases that can affect the blood vessels, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, aneurysms, and peripheral arterial disease. Finally, it provides an overview of several common heart scanning techniques used to diagnose heart conditions, such as echocardiograms, stress tests, angiograms, CT scans, MRI and PET scans.
Reducing your Risk of Cardiovascular Diseasetbrame
This chapter discusses cardiovascular health and disease. It defines cardiovascular disease and lists some major types like hypertension, coronary heart disease, and stroke. It then discusses risk factors for cardiovascular disease, separating them into those that cannot be changed like age and gender, and those that can be changed like smoking, physical inactivity, abnormal blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity. The chapter concludes by covering specific forms of cardiovascular disease like coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke, and their causes, symptoms, and treatments.
The heart is divided into four chambers by septa and valves. The document discusses the anatomy and function of the heart and blood vessels. It then describes various heart diseases and conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, and methods used to diagnose and treat heart disease.
A myocardial infarction, or heart attack, occurs when blood flow to part of the heart is blocked, usually by a blood clot, and the heart muscle begins to die due to lack of oxygen. Coronary arteries can become blocked by plaques made of fat, cholesterol, and other substances that build up in the arteries. Rupture of a vulnerable plaque in a coronary artery often leads to a heart attack. Symptoms of a heart attack include chest pain and shortness of breath.
Ischemic heart disease is caused by a reduction in blood supply to the heart muscle due to blockages in the coronary arteries from atherosclerotic plaques. As plaque builds up, it can partially or fully occlude the arteries leading to conditions like angina, heart attack, or sudden cardiac death. Dental treatment for patients with ischemic heart disease requires assessing cardiovascular risk and stabilizing the patient's condition. Procedures use local anesthetic without epinephrine and monitor vitals. Treatment is delayed for 1 month after a heart attack for stability.
Ischaemic heart disease (IHD), also known as coronary artery disease (CAD), is caused by an imbalance between the heart muscle's supply and demand for oxygenated blood. IHD is commonly caused by coronary atherosclerosis which leads to the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries and reduces blood flow. This can result in ischemia, infarction, and complications such as angina, myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. MI occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque ruptures, causing a blood clot that blocks one of the coronary arteries and leads to cell death in the heart muscle. Diagnosis of MI involves clinical features, electrocardiogram changes, and elevated cardiac enzyme markers in the
This document discusses cardiac arrhythmia, or irregular heartbeats. It defines arrhythmia and notes that while most are harmless, some can be serious or life-threatening if the heart cannot pump enough blood. The types of arrhythmias include bradycardia, tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, ventricular fibrillation, and premature contractions. Risk factors include coronary heart disease, heart attacks, heart failure, endocarditis, heart valve disease, age, gender, and lifestyle. Symptoms result from decreased cardiac output and include chest pain, shortness of breath, low blood pressure, dizziness, seizures, and fainting.
1. Ischemic heart disease (IHD), also known as coronary artery disease, is caused by an imbalance between the heart's oxygen supply and demand, and is commonly seen in middle-aged men and post-menopausal women.
2. The major cause is coronary atherosclerosis, which causes plaque buildup in the coronary arteries and can lead to conditions like angina, acute myocardial infarction (MI), and sudden cardiac death.
3. Acute MI occurs when a coronary artery becomes blocked, causing localized heart muscle cell death from lack of oxygen. It is a medical emergency characterized by chest pain and changes in electrocardiogram (ECG) and cardiac enzyme levels.
Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by diseases that weaken the heart muscle, stiffen the heart muscles, or increase oxygen demand. The document discusses the anatomy and function of the heart, including the atria, ventricles, valves, coronary arteries, and conduction system. It describes tests used to diagnose congestive heart failure such as physical exams, blood tests, and urine tests. Signs and symptoms include enlarged heart, irregular heart sounds, fluid retention, and signs of congestion in the lungs or other organs as heart failure progresses.
Heart failure is a common condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can result from structural or functional disorders of the heart. The document provides details on the definition, causes, risk factors, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, classification systems, and treatment of heart failure. It emphasizes the importance of controlling risk factors, using medications such as ACE inhibitors and diuretics to manage symptoms, and making lifestyle changes like following a low-sodium diet and exercising regularly.
Heart is a muscular organ. Pathology of heart indicates any disorder of heart, a properly functioning heart is important to sustain a live because it pumps blood out to whole body providing oxygen and nutrients. Here I've discussed on two common cardiovascular pathological condition.
Ischemic heart disease (IHD), also called coronary heart disease, is the leading cause of death in developed countries. It is caused by a reduction of blood flow to the heart muscle due to blockages in the coronary arteries, usually from atherosclerosis. The main risk factors for IHD are age, sex, family history, hypertension, smoking, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, and stress. Symptoms include chest pain called angina and heart attacks. Diagnosis involves ECG and cardiac enzyme tests. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and medications to reduce risk factors and chest pain, while procedures like angioplasty and bypass surgery can restore blood flow. Regular exercise, diet, not smoking, and controlling conditions like diabetes
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system. It describes the layers of the heart including the pericardium, myocardium, and endocardium. It discusses the pumping action of the heart including the roles of the atria, ventricles, and valves. It explains factors that influence cardiac output such as preload, contractility, afterload, and heart rate. It also provides an overview of the coronary arteries and systemic circulation.
The heart is a muscle about the size of a fist located behind the breastbone. It pumps blood through the body through two coronary arteries that encircle the heart. Coronary artery disease occurs when fatty deposits build up in the arteries and reduce blood flow, which can lead to chest pain, heart attack, or heart failure. Risk factors include high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, and lack of exercise. Treatment may involve lifestyle changes, medication, procedures like angioplasty to clear blockages, or bypass surgery.
Cardiomyopathy refers to diseases of the heart muscle that weaken the heart's ability to pump blood effectively. The main types are dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Dilated cardiomyopathy involves enlargement and weakening of the heart chambers. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes abnormal thickening of the heart muscle. Restrictive cardiomyopathy results in stiffening and rigidity of the heart ventricles. Cardiomyopathy can cause symptoms like fatigue, edema, and shortness of breath as the heart becomes weaker and less able to pump blood. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, stopping disease progression, and reducing complications through medications, device therapies, and possibly surgery or transplant.
High blood pressure, also called hypertension, is when blood pressure is consistently higher than normal levels. There are two main types of hypertension - primary/essential hypertension which has no identifiable cause and occurs in 95% of hypertensive patients, and secondary hypertension which is caused by an underlying condition and occurs in 5% of patients. Risk factors for developing hypertension include increasing age, family history, being overweight, lack of exercise, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and certain chronic conditions. Symptoms of severe hypertension can include headaches, confusion, vision issues, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet changes and exercise as well as medications to lower blood pressure. Uncontrolled hypertension can increase the risk of heart attack, stroke
This document provides an overview of coronary heart disease (CHD). It defines CHD as a disease involving the coronary arteries that supply the heart with blood. The main types of CHD discussed are arrhythmia, ischemic heart disease, angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction. Risk factors for CHD include smoking, diet, high blood pressure, stress, and physical inactivity. Diagnosis of CHD involves tests like electrocardiograms, stress tests, and angiograms. The document emphasizes prevention through a healthy lifestyle with a good diet, exercise, not smoking, and controlling conditions like high blood pressure.
This document discusses coronary circulation and ischemic heart disease. Coronary circulation involves the blood vessels that supply and remove blood from the heart muscle. Ischemic heart disease occurs when the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked, reducing blood flow and oxygen to the heart. Symptoms of angina can result from not enough oxygen reaching the heart muscle. The document outlines risk factors, diagnostic tests, treatments including medications, angioplasty, stenting, and stem cell therapy to improve blood flow and repair damaged heart tissue.
Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, results from a critical imbalance between oxygen supply and demand in the heart muscle. The primary cause is coronary artery occlusion due to atherosclerosis, vasospasm, or embolism. Symptoms may include chest pain, dyspnea, sweating, and anxiety. Diagnosis is made based on elevated cardiac enzyme levels and ECG changes. Initial treatment focuses on pain relief, oxygen, fluids, and aspirin while long-term prevention includes medications like beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, antiplatelets, and statins to reduce risk of future heart attacks and heart failure.
La guía explica cómo los usuarios pueden acceder a la Biblioteca Virtual de la UNAD a través de la página web de la universidad. Ofrece dos opciones principales de búsqueda: el Catálogo de libros, donde los usuarios pueden buscar por título, autor u otros campos; y los eLibros o libros electrónicos, a los que se accede con nombre de usuario y contraseña. También describe cómo los usuarios pueden reservar o solicitar préstamos de materiales.
El documento trata sobre conceptos epistemológicos como la observación, la técnica, el problema y la teoría. Brevemente define la observación como la detección de información a través de los sentidos, la técnica como un procedimiento para lograr un objetivo requiriendo destrezas, el problema como un asunto que requiere solución, y la teoría como un modelo que permite hacer predicciones e inferencias sobre un sistema.
The document discusses various diseases of the heart and blood vessels. It describes the structure of the heart and how diseases can affect the heart's chambers, valves, arteries and muscle. Some of the most common heart diseases mentioned are coronary artery disease, heart attacks, heart failure, arrhythmias, and congenital heart defects. It also discusses various diseases that can affect the blood vessels, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, aneurysms, and peripheral arterial disease. Finally, it provides an overview of several common heart scanning techniques used to diagnose heart conditions, such as echocardiograms, stress tests, angiograms, CT scans, MRI and PET scans.
Reducing your Risk of Cardiovascular Diseasetbrame
This chapter discusses cardiovascular health and disease. It defines cardiovascular disease and lists some major types like hypertension, coronary heart disease, and stroke. It then discusses risk factors for cardiovascular disease, separating them into those that cannot be changed like age and gender, and those that can be changed like smoking, physical inactivity, abnormal blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity. The chapter concludes by covering specific forms of cardiovascular disease like coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke, and their causes, symptoms, and treatments.
The heart is divided into four chambers by septa and valves. The document discusses the anatomy and function of the heart and blood vessels. It then describes various heart diseases and conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, and methods used to diagnose and treat heart disease.
A myocardial infarction, or heart attack, occurs when blood flow to part of the heart is blocked, usually by a blood clot, and the heart muscle begins to die due to lack of oxygen. Coronary arteries can become blocked by plaques made of fat, cholesterol, and other substances that build up in the arteries. Rupture of a vulnerable plaque in a coronary artery often leads to a heart attack. Symptoms of a heart attack include chest pain and shortness of breath.
Ischemic heart disease is caused by a reduction in blood supply to the heart muscle due to blockages in the coronary arteries from atherosclerotic plaques. As plaque builds up, it can partially or fully occlude the arteries leading to conditions like angina, heart attack, or sudden cardiac death. Dental treatment for patients with ischemic heart disease requires assessing cardiovascular risk and stabilizing the patient's condition. Procedures use local anesthetic without epinephrine and monitor vitals. Treatment is delayed for 1 month after a heart attack for stability.
Ischaemic heart disease (IHD), also known as coronary artery disease (CAD), is caused by an imbalance between the heart muscle's supply and demand for oxygenated blood. IHD is commonly caused by coronary atherosclerosis which leads to the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries and reduces blood flow. This can result in ischemia, infarction, and complications such as angina, myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. MI occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque ruptures, causing a blood clot that blocks one of the coronary arteries and leads to cell death in the heart muscle. Diagnosis of MI involves clinical features, electrocardiogram changes, and elevated cardiac enzyme markers in the
This document discusses cardiac arrhythmia, or irregular heartbeats. It defines arrhythmia and notes that while most are harmless, some can be serious or life-threatening if the heart cannot pump enough blood. The types of arrhythmias include bradycardia, tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, ventricular fibrillation, and premature contractions. Risk factors include coronary heart disease, heart attacks, heart failure, endocarditis, heart valve disease, age, gender, and lifestyle. Symptoms result from decreased cardiac output and include chest pain, shortness of breath, low blood pressure, dizziness, seizures, and fainting.
1. Ischemic heart disease (IHD), also known as coronary artery disease, is caused by an imbalance between the heart's oxygen supply and demand, and is commonly seen in middle-aged men and post-menopausal women.
2. The major cause is coronary atherosclerosis, which causes plaque buildup in the coronary arteries and can lead to conditions like angina, acute myocardial infarction (MI), and sudden cardiac death.
3. Acute MI occurs when a coronary artery becomes blocked, causing localized heart muscle cell death from lack of oxygen. It is a medical emergency characterized by chest pain and changes in electrocardiogram (ECG) and cardiac enzyme levels.
Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by diseases that weaken the heart muscle, stiffen the heart muscles, or increase oxygen demand. The document discusses the anatomy and function of the heart, including the atria, ventricles, valves, coronary arteries, and conduction system. It describes tests used to diagnose congestive heart failure such as physical exams, blood tests, and urine tests. Signs and symptoms include enlarged heart, irregular heart sounds, fluid retention, and signs of congestion in the lungs or other organs as heart failure progresses.
Heart failure is a common condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can result from structural or functional disorders of the heart. The document provides details on the definition, causes, risk factors, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, classification systems, and treatment of heart failure. It emphasizes the importance of controlling risk factors, using medications such as ACE inhibitors and diuretics to manage symptoms, and making lifestyle changes like following a low-sodium diet and exercising regularly.
Heart is a muscular organ. Pathology of heart indicates any disorder of heart, a properly functioning heart is important to sustain a live because it pumps blood out to whole body providing oxygen and nutrients. Here I've discussed on two common cardiovascular pathological condition.
Ischemic heart disease (IHD), also called coronary heart disease, is the leading cause of death in developed countries. It is caused by a reduction of blood flow to the heart muscle due to blockages in the coronary arteries, usually from atherosclerosis. The main risk factors for IHD are age, sex, family history, hypertension, smoking, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, and stress. Symptoms include chest pain called angina and heart attacks. Diagnosis involves ECG and cardiac enzyme tests. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and medications to reduce risk factors and chest pain, while procedures like angioplasty and bypass surgery can restore blood flow. Regular exercise, diet, not smoking, and controlling conditions like diabetes
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system. It describes the layers of the heart including the pericardium, myocardium, and endocardium. It discusses the pumping action of the heart including the roles of the atria, ventricles, and valves. It explains factors that influence cardiac output such as preload, contractility, afterload, and heart rate. It also provides an overview of the coronary arteries and systemic circulation.
The heart is a muscle about the size of a fist located behind the breastbone. It pumps blood through the body through two coronary arteries that encircle the heart. Coronary artery disease occurs when fatty deposits build up in the arteries and reduce blood flow, which can lead to chest pain, heart attack, or heart failure. Risk factors include high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, and lack of exercise. Treatment may involve lifestyle changes, medication, procedures like angioplasty to clear blockages, or bypass surgery.
Cardiomyopathy refers to diseases of the heart muscle that weaken the heart's ability to pump blood effectively. The main types are dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Dilated cardiomyopathy involves enlargement and weakening of the heart chambers. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes abnormal thickening of the heart muscle. Restrictive cardiomyopathy results in stiffening and rigidity of the heart ventricles. Cardiomyopathy can cause symptoms like fatigue, edema, and shortness of breath as the heart becomes weaker and less able to pump blood. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, stopping disease progression, and reducing complications through medications, device therapies, and possibly surgery or transplant.
High blood pressure, also called hypertension, is when blood pressure is consistently higher than normal levels. There are two main types of hypertension - primary/essential hypertension which has no identifiable cause and occurs in 95% of hypertensive patients, and secondary hypertension which is caused by an underlying condition and occurs in 5% of patients. Risk factors for developing hypertension include increasing age, family history, being overweight, lack of exercise, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and certain chronic conditions. Symptoms of severe hypertension can include headaches, confusion, vision issues, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet changes and exercise as well as medications to lower blood pressure. Uncontrolled hypertension can increase the risk of heart attack, stroke
This document provides an overview of coronary heart disease (CHD). It defines CHD as a disease involving the coronary arteries that supply the heart with blood. The main types of CHD discussed are arrhythmia, ischemic heart disease, angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction. Risk factors for CHD include smoking, diet, high blood pressure, stress, and physical inactivity. Diagnosis of CHD involves tests like electrocardiograms, stress tests, and angiograms. The document emphasizes prevention through a healthy lifestyle with a good diet, exercise, not smoking, and controlling conditions like high blood pressure.
This document discusses coronary circulation and ischemic heart disease. Coronary circulation involves the blood vessels that supply and remove blood from the heart muscle. Ischemic heart disease occurs when the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked, reducing blood flow and oxygen to the heart. Symptoms of angina can result from not enough oxygen reaching the heart muscle. The document outlines risk factors, diagnostic tests, treatments including medications, angioplasty, stenting, and stem cell therapy to improve blood flow and repair damaged heart tissue.
Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, results from a critical imbalance between oxygen supply and demand in the heart muscle. The primary cause is coronary artery occlusion due to atherosclerosis, vasospasm, or embolism. Symptoms may include chest pain, dyspnea, sweating, and anxiety. Diagnosis is made based on elevated cardiac enzyme levels and ECG changes. Initial treatment focuses on pain relief, oxygen, fluids, and aspirin while long-term prevention includes medications like beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, antiplatelets, and statins to reduce risk of future heart attacks and heart failure.
La guía explica cómo los usuarios pueden acceder a la Biblioteca Virtual de la UNAD a través de la página web de la universidad. Ofrece dos opciones principales de búsqueda: el Catálogo de libros, donde los usuarios pueden buscar por título, autor u otros campos; y los eLibros o libros electrónicos, a los que se accede con nombre de usuario y contraseña. También describe cómo los usuarios pueden reservar o solicitar préstamos de materiales.
El documento trata sobre conceptos epistemológicos como la observación, la técnica, el problema y la teoría. Brevemente define la observación como la detección de información a través de los sentidos, la técnica como un procedimiento para lograr un objetivo requiriendo destrezas, el problema como un asunto que requiere solución, y la teoría como un modelo que permite hacer predicciones e inferencias sobre un sistema.
Este documento proporciona información sobre diferentes tipos de varillas para soldadura oxiacetilénica, incluyendo varillas de aluminio, bronce, plata y acero al carbono. Describe las clasificaciones, composiciones químicas, aplicaciones y especificaciones de compra de cada varilla.
El documento presenta una lista de 5 integrantes de un equipo y describe brevemente conceptos clave de una investigación documental como muestra, tema, técnicas de investigación, objetivos, delimitación, hipótesis, justificación y planteamiento del problema.
La guía explica cómo acceder a la Biblioteca Virtual de la UNAD a través de la página principal de la universidad. Ofrece dos alternativas principales de búsqueda: el Catálogo de libros, donde se puede buscar por título, autor u otros campos; y los eLibros o libros electrónicos, requiriendo identificación de usuario y contraseña. También explica cómo realizar préstamos y renovaciones de material didáctico.
La guía explica cómo acceder a la Biblioteca Virtual de la UNAD a través de la página web de la universidad. Ofrece dos alternativas principales de búsqueda: el Catálogo de libros, donde se puede buscar por título, autor u otros campos; y los eLibros o libros electrónicos, a los que se accede identificándose con nombre de usuario y contraseña. También explica cómo realizar préstamos y renovaciones de material didáctico.
Definición de tóxico y términos relacionados.
Definición de toxicidad.
Clasificación de la toxicidad.
Dosis Letal Media (DL50).
Clasificación de los agentes tóxicos.
La guía explica cómo acceder a la Biblioteca Virtual de la UNAD a través de la página principal de la universidad. Ofrece dos alternativas principales de búsqueda: el Catálogo de libros, donde se puede buscar por título, autor u otros campos; y los eLibros o libros electrónicos, requiriendo identificación de usuario y contraseña. También explica cómo realizar préstamos y renovaciones de material didáctico.
This curriculum vitae outlines the personal and professional details of Mahmoud Ahmed Mahmoud Abdalla. It summarizes his education, skills, work experience, computer skills, and languages. He has over 20 years of experience as a sound and light technician, DJ, and supervisor in hotels and resorts across Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Germany, Spain, Italy and Austria. His most recent role was as Sound & Light Supervisor at Cleopatra Luxury Resort Makadi Bay in Egypt since 2012.
Partidos políticos são organizações que competem por votos e poder durante as eleições. Eles defendem ideologias e políticas públicas para atrair eleitores e tentam eleger seus candidatos para cargos públicos. Partidos políticos desempenham um papel fundamental na democracia representativa, dando voz às diferentes visões políticas da sociedade e buscando implementar suas plataformas por meio de campanhas eleitorais e legislação.
This is an April 1916 Havana presentation stressing that Cuba has the technical skills to make major digital advances in the Internet ecosystem, and that the lack of political will to "unleash" Cuban abilities (mainly among its underemployed youth) is a major risk to Cuba's future. It can muster the political will to ride the digital wave, or sit back and be swamped by a tsunami of foreign oligopolies in league with emerging Cuban oligarchs. It is the tragedy of a country with the abilities being shackled by a lack or (or perverse) political will that will betray even the goals of the Cuban Revolution.
Cerebrovascular accident refers to a stroke, which occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted. The document discusses the causes, types, symptoms, risk factors, and diagnostic evaluation of strokes. It also summarizes hypertension, myocardial infarction, and coronary artery disease - all of which can increase the risk of strokes if not properly managed.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) involves the heart and blood vessels. The most common type is coronary artery disease, which causes heart attacks and angina. CVD can be caused by atherosclerosis, where plaque builds up in arteries due to conditions like high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, and obesity. While some risk factors cannot be controlled, it is estimated that 90% of CVD is preventable through lifestyle changes like quitting smoking, healthy diet and exercise. Stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is blocked or reduced, and is a medical emergency. The two main types are ischemic, caused by clots, and hemorrhagic, caused by bleeding. Transient ischemic attacks are mini-strokes that resolve
The document discusses cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. It defines cardiovascular disease as conditions affecting the heart or blood vessels, and lists some major types of CVD like coronary artery disease, heart attacks, heart failure, and strokes. It then discusses general risk factors for CVD like high blood pressure, smoking, high cholesterol, diabetes, and family history. The document also outlines some common symptoms of CVD like chest pain and shortness of breath. Finally, it defines hypertension as high blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg and notes it can lead to organ damage and illnesses if not controlled.
Is characterized by the sudden loss of blood circulation to an area of the brain, resulting in a corresponding loss of neurologic function. Acute ischemic stroke is caused by thrombotic or embolic occlusion of a cerebral artery and is more common than hemorrhagic stroke.
It can occur
in the carotid
artery of the
neck as well as
other arteries.
When an artery is acutely occluded by thrombus or embolus, the area of the CNS supplied by it will undergo infarction if there is no adequate collateral blood supply.
Surrounding a central necrotic zone, an ‘ischemic penumbra’ remains viable for a time, i.e. it may recover function if blood flow is restored.
CNS ischemia may be accompanied by swelling for two reasons:
● cytotoxic oedema – accumulation of water in damaged glial cells and neurones,
● vasogenic oedema – extracellular fluid accumulation as a result of breakdown of the blood–brain barrier.
In the brain, this swelling may be sufficient to produce clinical deterioration in the days following a major stroke, as a result of a rise in intracranial pressure and compression of adjacent structures.
Don't break my heart...my achy, achy heart!kshirley245
There are many cardiovascular diseases that can affect the heart's rhythm or cause it to beat too quickly or slowly. Nearly one-third of deaths in Western countries are due to heart disease, mainly caused by coronary artery disease and high blood pressure. Coronary artery disease occurs when the arteries supplying the heart muscle become narrowed over time from atherosclerotic deposits, restricting blood flow and oxygen to the heart. Symptoms of coronary artery disease include chest pain and shortness of breath. Angina pectoris is a type of chest pain that occurs due to reduced oxygen supply to the heart muscle, usually brought on by exertion and relieved by rest.
Coronary artery disease is one of the most common and serious effects of aging where fatty deposits build up in the walls of blood vessels and narrow the passageway for blood flow. Over time, this condition called atherosclerosis can lead to a blockage of the coronary arteries and a heart attack. The heart is a muscle that pumps blood through the lungs and body to provide oxygen and nutrients. The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle itself. Risk factors for coronary artery disease include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, and lack of physical activity. Treatment options depend on the severity of blockages and may include lifestyle changes, medications, angioplasty, stenting, or bypass surgery.
This document summarizes several common heart disorders:
- Coronary heart disease is caused by plaque buildup in the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart. Atherosclerosis is a similar condition where plaques develop inside arterial walls.
- Chest pain called angina occurs due to insufficient blood supply to the heart. Arrhythmias happen when the heart's electrical system malfunctions, causing irregular heartbeats.
- Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Other disorders discussed include stroke, myocardial infarction, hypotension, hypertension, rheumatic heart disease, and congenital heart disease. Risk factors and treatments are also outlined.
The function of coronary circulation is to supply the heart muscle (myocardium) with oxygen, nutrients, and remove waste products to support its metabolic needs and maintain cardiac function. This circulation ensures that the heart itself receives the necessary oxygenated blood to pump effectively, despite the fact that it's constantly working. Without adequate coronary circulation, the heart muscle can become ischemic (lacking oxygen), leading to conditions like angina or myocardial infarction (heart attack).
Coronary circulation is a type of systemic circulation, as it involves the transport of oxygenated blood from the heart (left ventricle) to the tissues of the heart (myocardium) via the coronary arteries, and the return of deoxygenated blood from the myocardium to the right atrium of the heart through the coronary veins. It's a vital part of the overall circulatory system, specifically focusing on the needs of the heart tissue itself.
It seems like you're asking about the type of bench used in studying or observing coronary circulation. There isn't a specific "coronary circulation type bench" per se, but laboratories and medical facilities might have specialized benches or workstations equipped with materials and instruments for studying cardiovascular physiology, including models of the heart, vessels, and monitoring devices. These benches would be designed to facilitate experiments and resecoronary circulation.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common type of heart disease and the most prevalent cause of heart attacks. It occurs when the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque (atherosclerosis). This narrowing restricts blood flow to the heart, leading to symptoms such as chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, and in severe cases, heart attack. Risk factors for coronary artery disease include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. Treatment options include lifestyle changes, medications, procedures like angioplasty or stent placement, and in some cases, coronary artery bypass surgery.Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is essential for promoting good coronary circulation and overall heart health. Here are some key lifestyle habits to support coronary circulation:
1. **Regular Exercise:** Engage in aerobic exercises like walking, jogging, swimming, or cycling to promote cardiovascular fitness and improve blood flow throughout the body, including the coronary arteries.
2. **Healthy Diet:** Consume a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Limit intake of saturated and trans fats, cholesterol, sodium, and added sugars, which can contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries.
3. **Maintain a Healthy Weight:** Being overweight or obese can increase the risk of coronary artery disease. Aim for a healthy weight through a combination of regu .
Coronary circulation and it's function .IrannaAngadi
Coronary circulation refers to the circulation of blood in the blood vessels of the heart muscle (myocardium). It's crucial for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the heart tissue to support its function. If you have any specific questions about coronary circulation, feel free to ask!
The function of coronary circulation is to supply the heart muscle (myocardium) with oxygen, nutrients, and remove waste products to support its metabolic needs and maintain cardiac function. This circulation ensures that the heart itself receives the necessary oxygenated blood to pump effectively, despite the fact that it's constantly working. Without adequate coronary circulation, the heart muscle can become ischemic (lacking oxygen), leading to conditions like angina or myocardial infarction (heart attack).
Coronary circulation is a type of systemic circulation, as it involves the transport of oxygenated blood from the heart (left ventricle) to the tissues of the heart (myocardium) via the coronary arteries, and the return of deoxygenated blood from the myocardium to the right atrium of the heart through the coronary veins. It's a vital part of the overall circulatory system, specifically focusing on the needs of the heart tissue itself.
It seems like you're asking about the type of bench used in studying or observing coronary circulation. There isn't a specific "coronary circulation type bench" per se, but laboratories and medical facilities might have specialized benches or workstations equipped with materials and instruments for studying cardiovascular physiology, including models of the heart, vessels, and monitoring devices. These benches would be designed to facilitate experiments and research related to coronary circulation.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common type of heart disease and the most prevalent cause of heart attacks. It occurs when the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque (atherosclerosis). This narrowing restricts blood flow to the heart, leading to symptoms such as chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, and in severe cases, heart attack. Risk factors for coronary artery disease include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. Treatment options include lifestyle changes, medications, procedures like angioplasty or stent placement, and in some cases, coronary artery bypass surgerysurgery
The coronary arteries are the blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle (myocardium). These arteries originate from the base of the aorta, the main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. There are two main coronary arteries: the left coronary artery and the right coronary artery.
1. **Left Coronary Artery (LCA):** The left coronary artery branches into two main arteries:
- **Left Anterior Descending (LAD) artery:** This artery supplies blood to the
- Ischemic heart disease is caused by a reduced blood supply to the heart muscle due to coronary artery atherosclerosis. The heart requires constant blood flow to function properly but atherosclerotic plaques can block this blood flow.
- Symptoms range from stable angina (predictable chest pain) to unstable angina (increasing chest pain) to myocardial infarction (heart attack caused by severe blockage or clot).
- Risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, and lack of exercise. Proper management can reduce the risk of further heart problems.
Atherosclerosis is a disease where fatty deposits build up in the arteries and restrict blood flow. It is the leading cause of heart attacks and occurs when cholesterol builds up on the inner walls of the arteries that supply the heart. Over time, this buildup narrows the arteries and reduces blood flow. If a blocked artery completely closes off, it can cause a heart attack. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, lack of exercise, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Treatment options depend on the severity and can include lifestyle changes, medications, angioplasty, stents, or bypass surgery to reroute blood flow around blocked arteries.
This document summarizes information about atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. It discusses the structure and function of the heart, how coronary arteries supply the heart with blood, and what happens in atherosclerosis when fatty deposits build up in the arteries. The document outlines risk factors for coronary artery disease like high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, and lack of physical activity. It describes potential signs and symptoms of the disease including chest pain, shortness of breath, and heart attack. Finally, it provides an overview of treatment options for coronary artery disease such as lifestyle changes, medications, stenting, angioplasty, and bypass surgery.
Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle where the heart loses its ability to pump blood effectively. There are three main types: dilated cardiomyopathy where the heart chambers enlarge over time and the heart weakens; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy where the heart muscle thickens abnormally; and restrictive cardiomyopathy where the ventricles become stiff. Symptoms include fatigue, edema, arrhythmias, and heart failure. Diagnosis involves tests like echocardiograms, EKGs and cardiac catheterization. Treatments focus on managing symptoms, slowing disease progression, and reducing complications through medications, lifestyle changes, surgery like septal myectomy, or heart transplant in severe cases.
An acute myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked causing damage to heart muscle. Diagnosis involves ECGs, blood tests of cardiac markers, and symptoms like chest pain. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow through medications and preventing further complications. Nursing interventions for an MI aim to support cardiac output and tissue perfusion, manage pain and activity levels, and provide education on lifestyle changes and medication management upon discharge.
The Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) algorithm is a systematic, evidence-based approach designed to guide healthcare providers in the urgent treatment of: Cardiac arrest. Arrhythmias. Stroke. Other life-threatening cardiovascular emergencies.
The heart pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body and is divided into four chambers. The right side collects deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood and pumps it throughout the body. Cardiogenic shock occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, usually due to a heart attack. It is dangerous but treatments like medicines and devices have increased the survival rate to around 50%. Risk factors include age, history of heart issues, and coronary artery disease.
1. The document discusses a demo class on myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack. It defines MI as the death of heart muscle from interrupted blood supply.
2. Risk factors for MI include smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, lack of physical activity, and more. Causes are typically coronary artery disease, blood clots, or coronary artery spasms.
3. Diagnostic tests discussed are electrocardiogram, stress test, echocardiogram, coronary angiography and more to evaluate symptoms, location, and extent of MI.
The document provides information on cardiomyopathy including:
- Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common type and causes the heart chambers to enlarge and the myocardium to weaken, reducing cardiac output. It can result from viral infections, alcohol toxicity, cancer treatments and genetic disorders.
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes thickening of the heart muscle walls, most often the septum. It can obstruct blood flow and cause chest pain, fainting and arrhythmias. Genetic factors and long-term pressure overload contribute to its development.
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy stiffens the heart muscle, impairing its ability to fill with blood. It is rare and can be caused by infiltrative diseases like amyloidosis
1. An acute myocardial infarction (AMI), or heart attack, occurs when blood supply to part of the heart is blocked, damaging heart muscle.
2. Risk factors include smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and physical inactivity.
3. Symptoms of a heart attack include chest pain, nausea, sweating, shortness of breath, and changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Diagnosis involves EKGs and blood tests to check for cardiac markers.
Similar to Ischemic heartdisease lecture made easy (20)
Anesthesia consideration for parotidectomyTayyab_khanoo9
This document summarizes anesthesia considerations for parotidectomy surgery. It discusses the anatomy of the parotid gland and facial nerve. Parotidectomy is usually indicated for parotid tumors and may require facial nerve monitoring. The document presents a case of performing parotidectomy under local anesthesia in a high-risk patient with hypertension. It describes blocking the maxillary and cervical plexus nerves along with local infiltration to anesthetize the area. The surgery was performed successfully without complications under local anesthesia. Advantages of this technique include avoiding risks of general anesthesia and facilitating identification and protection of the facial nerve.
This case report describes performing a superficial parotidectomy under local anesthesia for a patient with uncontrolled hypertension and a difficult airway. Nerve blocks were used to anesthetize the maxillary nerve, superficial cervical plexus including the greater auricular nerve, as well as incision site infiltration. The surgery was performed successfully using these nerve blocks with mild sedation. Local anesthesia allowed preservation of the facial nerve and avoidance of risks from general anesthesia for this high risk patient.
This document discusses tracheotomy, including its history, indications, contraindications, and complications. Tracheotomy is an operative procedure that creates a surgical airway in the cervical trachea and is often performed in patients who have difficulty weaning off ventilators or who have suffered trauma or neurological insult. Indications include inability to intubate or manage secretions, while contraindications include anticipation that an airway blockage is cancerous. Percutaneous tracheostomy is preferred for many patients but open tracheostomy may be necessary in cases of obesity, coagulopathy or abnormal neck anatomy. Complications can be prevented through careful dissection and avoiding injury to surrounding structures like nerves and blood vessels.
Laryngectomy involves removing the larynx and parts of the trachea for laryngeal cancer. It requires a team approach and optimizing cardiac, respiratory, and nutritional status preoperatively. The procedure involves creating a permanent tracheostomy and repairing the pharynx. Postoperatively, careful monitoring of the airway, ventilation, nutrition, and rehabilitation is needed.
This document discusses day case or ambulatory surgery. It notes that over the last 30 years, there has been rapid expansion in the use of day-case surgery, with the percentage of patients going home the same day increasing from less than 10% to approximately 65%. Suitable procedures are those that take less than 90 minutes, do not cause excessive bleeding or pain, and have minimal postoperative physiological disturbances. The growth of ambulatory surgery has been facilitated by improved anesthetic techniques and shorter-acting drugs that allow for faster recovery.
This document discusses best practices for writing effective memos. It explains that memos are an important form of business communication and should be clear, concise, and follow a standard structure. The recommended structure includes a header with recipients and date, a subject line summarizing the memo's purpose, an opening paragraph introducing the topic, supporting details in logical order, and a closing restating any required actions. The document also provides tips for writing clearly and directly using active voice and avoiding unnecessary complexity.
The document discusses the seven Cs of effective communication: completeness, conciseness, clarity, correctness, consideration, courtesy, and concreteness. Each C provides guidelines for ensuring communication is effective. Completeness means being comprehensive. Conciseness is being brief. Clarity is making the message understandable. Correctness involves accuracy. Consideration is seeing from the receiver's perspective. Courtesy builds goodwill. Concreteness means being specific rather than vague. Following these seven Cs helps optimize communication.
Interviews are an important part of the hiring process. They allow employers to learn more about a candidate's qualifications, skills, experiences and personality. The interview is a chance for candidates to showcase why they are the best fit for the job and convince the employer to hire them.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
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2. Facts:
The heart is about the size of a fist
and weighs less than 1 pound
The average bpm is 72
The average adult heart pumps about 6000-7500
liters of blood per day through 60,000 miles of
blood vessels each minute at rest.
2
14. Mechanical
SA node: pacemaker
Cardiac output (CO)
Heart rate (HR)
Stroke volume (SV): the volume of blood pumped
from one ventricle of the heart with each beat
CO = HR x SV
21. TEE (transesophageal echocardiogram)
Monitor breathing, cough, gag reflex
Keep NPO until gag reflex returns
Doppler sonography: is a medical imaging technique that
uses ultrasound enhanced by the Doppler effect and is often provide
helpful information about the flow and movement of blood and inner
areas of the body
Monitor BP
Wash extremities to remove gel after test
completed
22. X-rays/CT scan/EBCT
Electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) is
used to determine coronary calcium
Document client allergy to fish or shellfish
Pregnancy risk
Angiography/cardiac catheterization
MRI
Document presence of implanted electronic
devices
Radionuclear scans
Increase fluids after the test
23. Telemetry/Holter monitor
Teach about purpose: is a portable device for
continuously monitoring various electrical activity
of the central nervous system for at least 24 hours
(often for two weeks at a tim
Dry skin
Remove hair
Avoid getting unit wet
When to phone the MD
27. CAD is the largest killer of American males and females
13 million Americans have CAD
1.1 million MI’s per year
Every 26 seconds an American will suffer from a
coronary event
Every 60 seconds an American will die because of a
coronary event
@ 42% of those having a coronary event will die from it
@350K people die per year because of a coronary event in
the Emergency Department before even being admitted to
the hospital
Death Rate in 2001:
177 in 100,000
27
28. 84% of those who die from CAD are 65 or older
If under the age of 65, 80% mortality rate with the first
myocardial infarction
Within 1 year of initial MI:
25% of men and 38% of women will die
Within 8 years of initial MI:
50% of men and women under 65 will die
An average of 11.5 years of life are lost due to an MI
IMPORTANT:
50% of men and 64% of women who have died suddenly
via CAD DID NOT HAVE ANY PREVIOUS SYMPTOMS
Sudden Death:
Those with a previous history of MI have a 5-6 times
Sudden Death rate compared to the general population
28
31. " Ischaemia " refers to an insufficient amount
of blood. The coronary arteries are the only
source of blood for the heart muscle. If this
coronary arteries are blocked, the blood
supply will reduce.
31
32. 32
Ischemic heart disease (IHD): caused by
coronary atherosclerotic plaque formation
which leads to imbalance between O2
supply & demand
results in myocardial ischemia
Chest pain: cardinal symptom of
myocardial ischemia caused by coronary
artery disease (CAD)
32
36. Why would there be an insufficient blood supply
to the heart?
Remember that the coronary arteries are the only
source of fuel to the heart
The coronary arteries may become
partially/completely occluded:
Atherosclerotic Plaques
36
37. Focal accumulation of smooth muscle
cells, foam cells, cholesterol crystals and
lipid under the endothelium of the artery
(within the Tunica Intima)
Given time, this plaque can protrude into
the lumen of the vessel reducing blood
flow
Often develops at branch points or curves
within the vasculature blood is slowed
and/or turbulent
37
38. Where does the plaque begin?
within the Tunica Intima, the
innermost wall of the artery
What is a plaque made of?
Superficial fibrous cap made of
smooth muscle cells, collagen,
elastin and proteins
Also contains Macrophages,
Foam Cells, T Cells
Foam cells are one of the first cells
found at the site of the fatty streak,
which is the beginning of
atherosclerotic plaque formation in
vessels
Necrotic Center of cholesterol
crystals, lipids, Apolipoprotein
B LDL
38
43. As the atheroma within the coronary
arteries enlarges, the blood flow to the
heart decreases and therefore so does the
O2 supply
The heart is not in danger of hypoxia until
50% of the vessel is occluded
As the heart senses a decrease in O2, there
is attempted compensation:
Increase Heart Rate
Increase Blood Pressure
Aggravation/Worsening of the atheroma
When 70% of the artery is occluded, Angina
Pectoris will occur
43
44. Classification = mainly 4 types
Myocardial infarction (MI)
Sudden cardiac death
Angina pectoris
Chronic IHD with heart failure
44
45. At least 70% occlusion of coronary
artery resulting in pain. What
kind of pain?
Chest pain
Radiating pain to:
Left shoulder
Jaw
Left or Right arm
Usually brought on by physical
exertion as the heart is trying to
pump blood to the muscles, it
requires more blood that is not
available due to the blockage of
the coronary artery(ies)
Is self limiting usually stops
when exertion is ceased
45
46. Angina Pectoris can be Stable or Unstable:
Stable:
The pain and pattern of events is unchanged over a
period of time (months years)
Unstable:
The pain and pattern is changing, be it in duration,
intensity or frequency
A Myocardial Infarction waiting to happen
46
47. Partial or total occlusion of one or more of
the coronary arteries due to an atheroma,
thrombus or emboli resulting in cell death
(infarction) of the heart muscle
When an MI occurs, there is usually
involvement of 3 or 4 occluded coronary
vessels
47
48. 250,000 deaths per year.
30% mortality within the first 2 hours
45 Minutes of Ischemia:
Cardiac muscle death occurs
How is the Diagnosis Made?
Electrocardiographic changes
ST elevation
Myocardial enzyme elevation
Creatine kinase
Troponin
C Reactive Protein
48
49. When there is an atheroma, as mentioned before
there can be rupture resulting in thrombus
formation because of the build up of platelets
When there is breakage of the thrombus there is
emboli formation
An emboli can travel to the brain (cerebral infarct)
can remain in the heart (myocardial infarct) or even
travel to the extremities cutting off blood supply
As the area beneath the is disrupted atheroma
hemorrhages, there can is increased risk of abscess
formation and infection
49
50. Infarction leading to inability of the heart to
function properly leading to Heart Failure
Angina/Pain
Cardiogenic shock
Ventricular aneurysm and rupture
Embolism Formation
Arrhythmias Myocardial Infarctions can
lead to Ventricular Fibrillation (shockable!)
50
51. Sudden Death :
250,000 deaths in the US per year are caused by what
is referred to as “sudden” cardiac death
Sudden Cardiac Death is also known as a “Massive
Heart Attack” in which the heart converts from
sinus rhythm to ventricular fibrillation
In V-Fib, the heart is unable to contract fully
resulting in lack of blood being pumped to the vital
organs
V-Fib requires shock from defibrillator
“SHOCKABLE RHYTHM”
51
52. Many people are able to manage coronary
artery disease with lifestyle changes and
medications.
Other people with severe coronary artery
disease may need angioplasty or surgery.
52
53. Pharmaceuticals:
Beta Blockers
Act either selectively or non-selectively on Beta receptors:
Beta 1 cardiac muscle increase rate and contraction
Beta 2 dilates bronchial smooth muscle
Ca++
Channel Blockers
Acts on vasculature blocking Ca++ and causing vasodilation
Nitrates
Vasculature vasodilation
Anti-Hypercholesterolemia
HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors reduction in “manmade”
cholesterol thus helping to reduce atheroma formation
Antiplatelet Medication:
Clopidogrel (Plavix)
Aspirin
53
57. 1.
1. Gather information about all facets of the
client’s activities, especially those that precede
and precipitate attacks of anginal pain.
2. Assess the risk factors in the client’s history
and modifications possible to reduce risk.
3. If chest discomfort is present at the time of the
interview, further collection of data is delayed
until pain and dysrhythmias are resolved.
4. A complete physical assessment is performed
to identify the presence of chest, epigastric, jaw,
back, or arm discomfort which is then rated on a
subjective scale of 1 to 10 in intensity. The client is
questioned regarding nausea, vomiting,
diaphoresis, dizziness, weakness, palpitations,
and SOB
57
58. 1. Pain related to myocardial ischemia.
2. Altered tissue perfusion: related to imbalance
between myocardial oxygen supply and
demand.
3. Anxiety related to fear of death and knowledge
deficit
58
59. Goals
1. Prevention of pain.
2. Improved tissue perfusion as evidenced by
absence of chest pain and absence of
dysrhythmias.
3. Reduction of anxiety and increased
knowledge of disease process.
59
60. 1. The nurse must teach the client the link between symptoms
and activity and the need to avoid activities known to cause
angina, such as sudden exertion, exposure to cold, and
emotional excitement.
2. Medications used in the treatment of angina include
nitrates, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and
platelet antiaggregants. Administer cardiac medication as
prescribed and be alert for adverse side effects, particularly
their effect on blood pressure. Teach the client the
symptoms to be aware of and what measures to take.
3. Encourage the client to remain on bedrest in order to
decrease cardiac workload and oxygen consumption.
4. Administer oxygen therapy as prescribed.
5. Evaluate vital signs hourly to determine the hemodynamic
effect of the drugs and the client’s tissue perfusion.
6. Nursing care should be planned so that minimal time is
spent away from the bedside due to the high level of client
anxiety, as well as the unstable condition of the patient.
60
61. 7. Clients with unstable angina are at high risk for
myocardial infarction (MI) and sudden death. The
nurse watches for development of heart failure and
dysrhythmias.
8. Relieving pain is the top priority for the client with an
acute MI, and medication therapy is administered to
accomplish this goal.
9. Maintain patent IV for administration of fluids and
vasodilators and anticoagulant therapy (Nitroglycerin
and heparin). They relieve pain and they aid in
minimizing permanent injury to the myocardium.
10. Prepare for possible emergency heart
catheterization or CABG.
61
62. 11. Whether CABG is planned as an elective
procedure or performed on an emergency basis,
the nurse should try to alleviate the client’s and
the family’s anxiety and assist them in
understanding the need for this life-saving
procedure.
12. The nurse describes the postoperative course,
emphasizing the close monitoring and use of
sophisticated equipment. The client is encourage
to tell the nurse about any discomfort post-op.
13. Encourage the client and family members to
verbalize their fears and concerns.
14. Teach the client the nature of the illness and the
facts needed to reorganize living habits in order to
reduce the frequency and severity of anginal
attacks, delay the progress of the disease, and
avoid other complications.
62
63. 1. Verbalizes relief of chest pain.
2. No signs of respiratory difficulties.
3. Modifies lifestyle in order to prevent future
attacks.
4. Demonstrates increased knowledge of disease
process and reduction in anxiety.
5. Absence of complications.
63