Poverty in the 18th-19th centuries was strongly correlated with poor health outcomes like high infant mortality rates. Wealthier families had better access to healthcare and lived longer. The development of hospitals, medical institutions, and dispensaries helped improve public health, while the rise of banks and paper currency expanded access to financial services. However, banking crises still occurred and exposed people to risks of financial ruin. Overall, the documents discuss how health and wealth were intertwined, with poverty bringing illness and wealth enabling better access to medical care.
Tobacco Growing in the West of England ~and connections with slave plantation...Sweet TLC Ltd
A look at tobacco growing in the West of England in the 17th & 18th Centuries. How local growers fought attaempts by the Royalist and Cromwellian states to suppress people growing tobacco. It explores the links between their struggles and those of slaves in the USA.
City That William Pynchon Built hcc 30 jul 2016Dave Robison
William Pynchon founded the Springfield Plantation in 1636 with a vision and the talents of an entrepreneur. The Plantation has grown into a vibrant city, considered the crossroad of New England.
Tobacco Growing in the West of England ~and connections with slave plantation...Sweet TLC Ltd
A look at tobacco growing in the West of England in the 17th & 18th Centuries. How local growers fought attaempts by the Royalist and Cromwellian states to suppress people growing tobacco. It explores the links between their struggles and those of slaves in the USA.
City That William Pynchon Built hcc 30 jul 2016Dave Robison
William Pynchon founded the Springfield Plantation in 1636 with a vision and the talents of an entrepreneur. The Plantation has grown into a vibrant city, considered the crossroad of New England.
The Statistical Accounts of Scotland / Vivienne Mayo (EDINA)CIGScotland
Vivienne describes how information from the past has found a new lease of life in the recently re-launched Statistical Accounts of Scotland. Presented at the CIG Scotland seminar 'Somewhere over the Rainbow: our metadata online, past, present & future' (Metadata & Web 2.0 Series) at the National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh, 5th April 2017
International horse show judge and breeder withdraws appealRSPCA
An international horse show judge and breeder who was banned from owning, keeping, dealing or transporting equines for three years in September has withdrawn his appeal against his sentence. He, and his mother, have been ordered to pay £184,667.66 in costs between them.
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International horse show judge and breeder withdraws appealRSPCA
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00. History of British social welfare development pre_1601 eraDr. Imran A. Sajid
These slides were prepared by Prof. Amir Zada Asad, ex Chairman Department of Social Work, university of Peshawar. They have been modified by Dr. Imran A. Sajid.
They are based on the works of Walter Friedlander in his book Introduction to Social Work and Social Welfare.
These slides provide details of pre-1601 social policy developments in England and Wales.
This presentation is highly useful for the students of BS and Masters in Social Work, Social Welfare, or Social Policy.
Dr. Imran A. Sajid
University of Peshawar
ln medieval England, as elsewhere, since the main motive for almsgiving was the salvation of the donor's soul, there was
usually little concern for the human being who received the
charity. Begınning in the fourteenth Century, however, some distinction was made between two classes of the poor: the able-bodied poor, who could earn their living, and the
impotent poor, who were unable to work-the blind, the lame,
the aged, the sick, young children, and pregnant women.
1Historical Development of the IrishSystem of Social Sec.docxaulasnilda
1
Historical Development of the Irish
System of Social Security
INTRODUCTION
This chapter offers an overview of the development of Irish social security from
the first quarter of the nineteenth century until political independence in 1921.
The chapter begins with an account of the nineteenth century Poor Law in the
UK and its establishment in Ireland and then shows how the Poor Law became
the motif for later developments in Ireland and the United Kingdom. Then a
summary account of the emergence of old age pensions is given, followed by a brief
account of the introduction of national insurance for unemployment and sickness.
In Ireland social security was the political responsibility of the government in
London until political independence, and of necessity, therefore, the chapter
records the development of social security in Ireland largely, although not wholly,
as a by-product of political influences and choices in Great Britain.
THE POOR LAW
The first national, statutory system of welfare in Ireland was the 1838 Poor Relief
(Ireland) Act that emerged from the establishment of the ‘new’ Poor Law in Great
Britain in 1834. The latter was embodied in the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act.
Some background is necessary here. In 1601 the ‘old’ Elizabethan Poor Law was
introduced in the wake of a series of bad harvests that created widespread
deprivation and unrest (Fraser, 1973). Under the Elizabethan Poor Law the local
parish gave relief to the poor from local funding. Three important principles
underpinned the operation of local poor relief: to receive aid the poor had to prove
‘settlement’ (permanent residence) in the parish; the principle of the liability of
dependants meant that family members were mutually responsible for their well-
being and maintenance, and poor relief was utterly minimal. An important
addition to the Poor Law was the 1662 Act of Settlement. As a result of
geographical mobility in the seventeenth century, many poor people were
3
SocialSecurity.qxd 4/6/04 11:47 Page 3
perceived as moving from one parish to another — specifically, from poorer to
richer parishes — to avail of the more generous relief that was available in better-
off parishes. The Act allowed the parish to return individuals to their original
parish if it was judged that they might become a burden on the local parish.
The old Poor Law gave way to the ‘new’ Poor Law embodied in the 1834 Poor
Law Amendment Act for a number of reasons. (Powell, 1992; McKay and
Rowlingson, 1999; Cook, 1990) First, the settlement requirements of the old law
became increasingly incongruous in the context of the free mobility of labour that
became an inherent feature of the newly urbanised, industrialised economy.
Second, the old Poor Law became transformed in many areas in to a
‘Speenhamland’ system (after the name of the parish in which the arrangement
first appeared). In the 1790s, bad harvests and the resulting shortages and inflation
led to fears that the new revolution ...
1Historical Development of the IrishSystem of Social Seckendahudson
1
Historical Development of the Irish
System of Social Security
INTRODUCTION
This chapter offers an overview of the development of Irish social security from
the first quarter of the nineteenth century until political independence in 1921.
The chapter begins with an account of the nineteenth century Poor Law in the
UK and its establishment in Ireland and then shows how the Poor Law became
the motif for later developments in Ireland and the United Kingdom. Then a
summary account of the emergence of old age pensions is given, followed by a brief
account of the introduction of national insurance for unemployment and sickness.
In Ireland social security was the political responsibility of the government in
London until political independence, and of necessity, therefore, the chapter
records the development of social security in Ireland largely, although not wholly,
as a by-product of political influences and choices in Great Britain.
THE POOR LAW
The first national, statutory system of welfare in Ireland was the 1838 Poor Relief
(Ireland) Act that emerged from the establishment of the ‘new’ Poor Law in Great
Britain in 1834. The latter was embodied in the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act.
Some background is necessary here. In 1601 the ‘old’ Elizabethan Poor Law was
introduced in the wake of a series of bad harvests that created widespread
deprivation and unrest (Fraser, 1973). Under the Elizabethan Poor Law the local
parish gave relief to the poor from local funding. Three important principles
underpinned the operation of local poor relief: to receive aid the poor had to prove
‘settlement’ (permanent residence) in the parish; the principle of the liability of
dependants meant that family members were mutually responsible for their well-
being and maintenance, and poor relief was utterly minimal. An important
addition to the Poor Law was the 1662 Act of Settlement. As a result of
geographical mobility in the seventeenth century, many poor people were
3
SocialSecurity.qxd 4/6/04 11:47 Page 3
perceived as moving from one parish to another — specifically, from poorer to
richer parishes — to avail of the more generous relief that was available in better-
off parishes. The Act allowed the parish to return individuals to their original
parish if it was judged that they might become a burden on the local parish.
The old Poor Law gave way to the ‘new’ Poor Law embodied in the 1834 Poor
Law Amendment Act for a number of reasons. (Powell, 1992; McKay and
Rowlingson, 1999; Cook, 1990) First, the settlement requirements of the old law
became increasingly incongruous in the context of the free mobility of labour that
became an inherent feature of the newly urbanised, industrialised economy.
Second, the old Poor Law became transformed in many areas in to a
‘Speenhamland’ system (after the name of the parish in which the arrangement
first appeared). In the 1790s, bad harvests and the resulting shortages and inflation
led to fears that the new revolution ...
Where has public health been in the last 500 years? John Middleton
As part of the celebrations of the Royal College of Physicians of London 500 year anniversary, a presentation made at the RCPL History of Medicine conference, October 26th 2018. A look at the parallel 500 years of mainly English public health- heroes, events, and progress. With a global look at the role of the East India company as a monopoly corporation reeking destruction and damaging health in its path, much as multinational corporations such as Big Tobacco, and Big Food do today. 181026 middleton j 500 years of public health.
181026 final middleton j 500 years of public health
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Is health better than wealth waterford
1. Is fearr an tsláinte
ná na táinte
Is health better than wealth?
Waterford County Archivist
Joanne Rothwell
2. Is it better to be healthy than
wealthy?
It requires a certain amount of wealth to
be healthy
Poverty brings illness and disease
Wealth can also bring illness
The two conditions are intimately
entwined and it can be hard to separate
them enough to judge whether one or
the other wins out on points
This is the job we are undertaking in this
lecture series
3. Poverty and Health
Edwin Chadwick's Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Laboring
Population of Great Britain which was published as a report of the Poor
Law Commissioners in 1842
"More than half the children of the working classes die, and only one-fifth of
the children of the gentry die, before the fifth year of age," and he estimated
that "The probable duration of life of a miner who had attained 40 years of
age may not be, and we have reason to believe is not, half of that of the
agricultural ranks who had attained the same period.
"An epidemic of smallpox raged at the end of the year 1837," he declared,
"and carried off up- wards of 300 persons; yet of all this number I do not
think there was a single gentleman, and not above two or three tradesmen.“
Frank H. Hankins ". . . under existing conditions, some selective impor-
tance must be attached to infant mortality. The poverty of the parents,
which is obviously the most important environmental cause, is itself
primarily due to the inferior physique and intelligence of parents. While one
must admit that there is doubtless an enormous number of unselected
deaths among infants, he must also admit that in a crude and rough way
infant mortality as a whole is biologically selective”
4. WAGES AND FEES
1820s Average labourers wage was 6d per day
1836 carpenter 1 shilling per day
1840 carpenter 2 shillings 8 ½ pence per day. Yearly income c.
£60 per year
Rent of land of labourers “cottiers” worked out in labour
25 December 1852 Lismore Workhouse Qtly salaries – J.E.
Currey MD salary as MO £12:10, David Barry, apothecary
£8:15. Nurse £3:13 and Weaver £2:12
1867 average annual income £10 to £26. Highly skilled
labourers average £1pw. Low skilled 14 shillings pw. Irish
incomes half those of England and Scotland
1870 – wages ranged from 7 to 10 shillings
30 June 1875 Richard O’Reilly M.D. Lismore Workhouse
quarterly salary £25
5. Programme
Introducing Institutions to Health and
Wealth: the birth of banks and health
services
Gorging and Gout: health and the
disposable income
Dis-ease and Disease: the tonic
Chronic Conditions in Health and
Wealth
6. 18th and 19th Centuries
Age of Enlightenment
Science and Technology
Revolution
Cottage Industry to big industry
Same holds true when it comes to the
fields of health and of finance
7. HEALTH: BARBERS TO SURGEONS
Guild of Barbers in Ireland received a royal charter in 1446 –
included surgeons, wig-makers and apothecaries (pre-dates
London and Edinburgh)
Guild dissolved in the 1840s
Surgeons originally trained by apprenticeship
c.1620 Trinity statues required a Doctor of Medicine “...be present
at three anatomical dissections”
1654 Fraternity of Physicians (later Royal College of Physicians)
founded connected to Trinity
14 June 1710 “...ordered that ground be laid out at the South east
corner of ye Physic Garden sufficient for erecting a laboratory and
an Anatomical Theatre therefor” Cost £100. Opened 16 August
1711
1729 College of Physicians required that a candidate batchelor be
examined in (1) Anatomy, (2) Materia Medica, Pharmacy and
Botany, (3) Chemistry and (4) Pathology
1784 – Royal College of Surgeons Ireland founded
8. WATERFORD HOSPITALS
Holy Ghost Hospital – a dissolved monastery purchased at
the Reformation in 1545, enlarged in 1741 and 1743
County and City Fever Hospital – for contagious diseases
established in 1799 (2 attending physicians and one
resident apothecary)
Dispensary for Diseases of the Eye and Ear – founded 1831
Lying-in Charity – Queen Street visited women at their
own residences
Leper Hospital –founded 13th century, closed mid-18th
century and re-opened as a General Infirmary. 1839
recognised as a School of Surgery
Dispensary – including a fever hospital for typhus
Dungarvan founded 1819
Dispensary – Portlaw 1835 Dr. James Martin employed as
Resident Surgeon
10. Workhouse Fever Hospitals
Poor Law Unions (1838) – Dungarvan,
Kilmacthomas, Lismore and Waterford. Carrick-on-
Suir and Youghal Unions served part of Co.
Waterford
Each Workhouse had a Fever Hospital and a
resident Medical Officer
Under the Medical Charities Act, 1851the PLUs
were further divided into Dispensary Districts with
a Dispensary (Doctor’s residence/surgery) staffed
by a Dispensary Doctor. 22 in Co. Waterford
Visits to the Dispensary were by ticket
Proof of lack of means was required
13. Means – the rise of banks and paper
currency
Banks were individual and family run businesses – national
banks from end of 17th century onwards
Bankers notes – receipts for money lodged in their hands
Bank of Ireland Royal Charter 1783
1815 Trustees Savings Bank
Hibernian Joint Stock Bank 1824 (RCs)
Provincial Bank of Ireland 1825
1826 Amalgamation of Irish and English currency
National Bank of Ireland 1834
Agricultural and Commercial Bank of Ireland 1834 (1836)
1861 Post Office Savings Bank
18. BANKING CRISIS
William Colville, Esq., Director of the Bank of Ireland, before a Parliamentary Committee in 1804
" I remember perfectly well, that in 1753, the circulation of paper in Dublin from the private bankers was
so general and extensive, that in receiving £1,000, there was not £10 of it in gold at that time. I
remember that exchange was near three per cent above par; the consequence of which was, that the
bankers of Dublin, of whom there were as many as at present, if not more, were in competition with one
another to send their specie over to London, and to get bank bills at four per cent. above par, bringing a
clear profit to that extent. The consequence of this shewed itself in the succeeding year; all the banks
failed except Messrs. Latouche‘s house, and Sir William Newcomens under the name at that time of
Gleadowe and Co. ; and these two banks paid off their entire paper : there followed a total annihilation of
bank paper in Ireland at that time…but the result was, that multitudes of people were ruined ; the
convulsion was exceedingly severe, many tenants threw up their lands, and there was no person
connected with the three Southern provinces of Ireland that did not suffer either immediately or
remotely”
1733 Act for the relief of the Bank of Samuel Burton and others (1700-1733)
1755 An Act passed for the relief of the creditors of the bank lately kept by William Lennox
and George French, of the city of Dublin. The above bank was carried on in Dublin from
1751 to 1755, when both the partners absconded. As their creditors were numerous, and
the ordinary mode of legal settlement difficult and expensive, this Act was passed to afford a
more speedy remedy.
3rd March 1797 Bank of Ireland suspended its cash payments
1820 Banking Crisis
1820-1830s Runs on gold. Linked to O’Connell and Irish nationalist movement
19. Munster Bank Ltd
Munster Bank established October1864
1870 Munster Bank merged with La Touche private bank in Dublin
Local branch network - small towns
Focus on agricultural community - farmers
High ratio of lending to deposits
25 January 1883 William Shaw “...that some of the Directors are largely overdrawing their accounts
without security and that the Bank is in a very serious position now with those Directors. I now assure
you here publicly that there is not the slightest foundation for any such statement…”
July 1884 Shaw resigned and announced that £75,000 be moved from reserves to Bad and
Doubtful Debts account
20 November 1884 Shaw filed a claim of £40,000 for services to the bank since 1884 in the
Court of Chancery
26 June 1885 Dublin shareholders case against directors. Shaws statement in January “as false
a statement as had ever been made”
11 July 1885 Munster Bank failed – Bank of Ireland refused to honour its cheques due to it
being over its £400,000 overdraft
Robert Farquharson manager of Dame Street Branch absconded with £90,000 on 24 July.
Since 1880s he had been rifling the banks accounts
Shaw and “crony” directors bankrupt – shareholders lost all capital
20. MUNSTER AND LEINSTER BANK LTD.
2 days after the closure of the Munster at a public meeting
presided over by the Mayor of Cork Shaw claimed he could
get the bank back with a loan of £200,000 in London on
bank’s securities
A committee was formed to re-establish the bank
Support sought from Munster inhabitants – Duke of
Devonshire in particular was approached for support
Local people became shareholders £5 shares
Munster and Leinster Bank established 19th October 1885.
Cork, Dublin and 9 other branches
1894 Waterford and Lismore branches added
1899 Waterford County Council moved from Provincial Bank
to Munster and Leinster Bank at its first meeting
21. CONCLUSION
Development of institutions to improve public
health
Development of institutions and much
broader interaction of people with banking
and with savings and investment
Development of new technologies and new
advances in health and wealth
Disposable Income – what do people do?