2. She is far from the land Where her young hero sleeps, And lovers are round her, sighing; But coldly she turns From their gaze, and weeps, For her heart in his grave is lying.
3. She sings the wild songs Of her dear native plains, Ev'ry note which she loved awakening - Ah! little they think Who delight in her strains, How the heart of the Minstrel is breaking.
4. He had lived for his love, For his country he died, They were all that to life Had entwined him - Nor soon shall the tears Of his country be dried, Nor long will his love Stay behind him.
5. Oh! make her a grave Where the sunbeams rest, When they promise a glorious morrow; They'll shine o'er her sleep Like a smile from the West, From her own loved Island of sorrow. Lyricsby Thomas Moore (1779-1852)
6. Topics Union Catholic emancipation Economy Education Housing Population increase Migration
8. Act of Union - English Motivation Reaction to Rebellion of 1798 Independent Irish parliament had passed different measures for regency Fear that Catholic emancipation would be forced in Ireland and A Catholic dominated Ireland would ally with France
9. Act of Union - English Motivation Direct control Consolidation (as France was doing) Rejection of confederation (as US did) Greater security
10. Act of Union – Irish Support “We cannot shut our eyes to the map of Europe . . .What then in point of fact is the security of a country which has no means of defence, or security or self-preservation. . .” Lord Auckland
11. The British Effort Viceroy Cornwallis; Secretary Castlereagh Government publications 1799 vote 104-109 Problem: 300 Irish commons seats replaced by 100 seats in Westminster; Lords to elect 28 to serve in Westminster Offer of Catholic Emancipation
13. British Effort in Ireland Secret service money Paying supporters of the union (pensions), Funding a propaganda campaign Purchasing seats in parliament Members of both houses given British peerages Buy out eliminated boroughs £1,260,000 1800 vote 158-115
14. How did they pass the Union?(Irish nationalist poem) By perjury and fraud; By slaves who sold their land for gold As Judas sold his God By all the savage acts that yet Have followed England's track, The pitch-cap and the bayonet, The gibbet and the rack; And thus was passed the union By Pitt and Castlereagh; Could Satan send for such an end More worthy tools than they?
15. Act of Union -Particulars Abolishes Dublin parliament Gives Ireland representation in Westminster Lords: Four Church of Ireland bishops, 28 peers Commons: 100 MPs United Church Abolish tariffs over 10 year period Ireland to contribute 2/17 of the budget
20. Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847)Catholic Emancipation Born Co. Kerry of dispossessed family Educated in France 1794 admitted to bar in England 1811 Catholic Board 1823 Catholic Association w. Richard LalorShiel
21. Catholic Association Moderate pose - open meetings Membership – one guinea Promotion by Frederick William Conway, protestant editor of the Dublin Evening Post ‘Catholic Rent’ Associate membership for 1d/month
22. Strategies Participate in census Petition Abolition of tithes to support the Church of Ireland Repeal of the remaining Penal laws Repeal the Act of Union Advocate suppression of Orange lodges For Government assistance for Catholic education; Poor Laws.
27. Tithe War (1831-38) 1823 Tithe Composition Act Tithes in produce replaced by monetary tithes Proportional to parish income Resistance in form of non-payment Enforcement Rallies and taunting crowds
28. Tithe War 1834 Massacre at Gortroe – 9 immediate deaths; 3 from wounds 1836 Tithe Composition Act Tithes apply just to landlords Passed down in higher rents
29. O’Connell in Parliament Advocate for: Prison reform Free trade Abolition of slavery Jewish emancipation Universal suffrage Repeal
33. Some Government Interventions 1831 Board of Works 1833 Education: Public funding of elementary schools 1838 Poverty: Irish Poor Law
34. Public Works Set up a number of commissions Discuss loans for railway construction Aim to provide employment 1831 Dunleary harbor - Kingstown 1834 Dublin – Kingstown Railway (William Dargan, James Pim) 3rd passenger line in UK Public buildings
35. Education Hedge schools continue traditions 1824 11,000 schools with ~500,000 students Kildare Place Society Non-sectarian 1831 1,621 schools with 140,000 students 1831 National Schools
39. Census - Economy - Jobs 1821 census Ask name; age; occupation; relationship to the head of the household; acreage of land holding; number of storeys (stories) of house. Distribution of occupations ~50/50 Chiefly employed in agriculture Chiefly employed in trades, manufactures and handicrafts
40. Census 1831 & 1841 1831 Ask about religion but not about housing 1841 More complete - name; age; occupation; relationship to the head of the household; date of marriage; literacy; absent family members; family members who died since 1831;
42. Character of the Economy Rural - only 20% in areas over 20 houses Dispersed industry Rising competition from Lancashire and Scotland Cash exports Wheat – prices decrease after 1815 Live cattle
48. Migration: Regional differences Available wasteland in the West that was of little interest to large landlords Difficulty of obtaining land in the East Subletting Act of 1826 Pre 1845 emigration does not seem related to famine or disease
49. Factors Division of land Competition from English mills Changing land use
50. Cycles of famine and disease Strong economy during Napoleonic wars Poor harvests 1815, 1816 1817 famine Poor harvest 1821 Famine 1822
51. Division of land - 1841 135,209 Irish tenants held an acre or less 306,915 held less than five acres 1793 Farm leased to one tenant for 54 years 1847 96 tenants (81 living on land) 48 cabins with under tenants Population ~700
52. Assisted Emigration 1837 Colonial bounty system, NSW Agricultural laborers, shepherds, tradesmen, female domestics and farm servants £38 as a bounty for any married man and his wife, if under 40 year; £5 for each child between 1 and 7 years; £10 for each child between 7 and 15 years and £15 for each above 15 years; £19 for an unmarried female domestic or farm servant between 15 and 30
53. Motives “eliminate paupers” Lower poor rates Converted by Priest Protection Society Enlarge farms and covert to pasturage Human “ballast” Timber from Canada Cotton from New Orleans to Liverpool
55. Emigration 1831-41 214,047 sailed directly from Ireland to America (2/3 from Ulster and Munster). It is estimated that 152,738 more sailed via Liverpool 1841419,256 Irish-born living in Great Britain
56. Emigration - pull Land in America Towns in America Coalfields in England
57. Decline in Irish Speakers 1800 Irish primary language of half of Irish people 1851 Irish speakers down to a quarter Only 1/5 of those were "monolingual Irish speakers"
60. Poor Law 1838 Set up poor unions to administer Poor tax levied on local landlords but passed on to their tenants. Burden on small land owners Resistance in some areas Resentment because imposed by England
65. Problems in workhouses (Xer)ophthalmia WILLIAM R. WILDE, Esq., F.R.C.S.I., Surgeon to St. Mark's Ophthalmic Hospital, Dublin ; and Assistant Commissioner for taking the Census of Ireland in 1851, etc Scurvy
66. Acts affecting Ireland 1838 Irish Poor Law Act 1840 Irish Municipal Corporations Act Does away with some boroughs Makes municipal government more representative
