This ppt is about irrigation and irrigation system of Pakistan. I hope that this presentation will be proved to be very helpful for you.

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2. College of
Agriculture BZU
Sub Campus
Layyah
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3. SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. Sajid Nawaz
SUBMITTED BY:
Hamza Shabbir (06)
Talha Mustafa (07)
Iqra Khalid(08)
Shahid Nadeem(09)
Saba Tufail(12)
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4. Importance of water, Conflicts and
irrigation pattern of Pakistan
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5. PROPERTIES OF WATER
 Molecules of water: H2O
 2 Hydrogen atoms
 1 Oxygen atom
 Polar molecule
 One end slightly positive
 One end slightly negative
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6. PROPERTIES OF WATER
 Hydrogen bonds that result from water’s polarity responsible for many of
water’s properties
 High heat capacity
(Moderates climate)
 Universal solvent
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7. THE IMPORTENCE OF WATER
 All living things need water
 Composes majority of the body of organisms
 Habitat for many organisms
 Helps regulate climate
 Shapes earth’s surface
 Dilutes & degrades wastes
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8. WATER ON EARTH
 About 97% Earth’s water is salty–less than 1% of the planet’s water is available
fresh H2O
 Fresh water is distributed unevenly
 2025: 1/3 human population will live in areas lacking fresh water
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9. WATER WARS
 Many countries in the Middle East, which has one of the world’s highest
population growth rates, face water shortages.
 Most water in this dry region comes from the Nile, Jordan or Tigris rivers.
 Countries are in disagreement as to who has water rights.
 Currently, there are no cooperative agreements for use of 158 of the world’s
263 water basins that are shared by two or more countries.
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10. WATER WARS
 There was water dispute among India and Pakistan since indepedance.
 There was an agreement known as ”Indus water treaty” in 1960 ,but it does
not seems to work because India always violates the rules of agreemet.
 Now it is predicted that next war among these countries will be related to
water or due to water.
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11. IRRIGATION
 The artificial application of water to the land is called irrigation.
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12. IRRIGATION STRUCTURE OF PAKISTAN
 Main intake structure and pumping station
 Conveyance and distribution system
 Field application system
 Drainage system
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13. 1.Main intake structure and pumping
station
 Rivers
 Lakes
 Dames
 Barrage
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14. 2. Conveyance and distribution system
 Canal
 Distributaries
 Minor
 Field water courses
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15. 3. FIELD APPLICATION SYSTEM
 Surface irrigation
 Sub surface irrigation
 Sprinkler irrigation
 Drip irrigaton
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16. SURFACE IRRIGATION
 BASIN IRRIGATION:
Irrigation of land by surrounding it with embankments to
form a basin and flooding it with water.
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17. SURFACE IRRIGATION
 FURROW IRRIGATION:
Irrigation of land by surrounding it with embankments
to form a basin and flooding it with water.
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18. SUB SURFACE IRRIGATION
Subsurface irrigation is a highly-efficient watering technique that reduces
outdoor water use by 30 to 40 percent.
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19. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
 Sprinkler irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar
to natural rainfall.
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20. DRIP IRRIGATION
 Drip irrigation is defined as any watering system that delivers a slow moving
supply of water at a gradual rate directly to the soil.
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21. WATER MANAGMENT
 Goal: sustainable supply of high quality water
 How do we supply water?
 Building dams
 Diversion
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22. WATER CONSERVATION-AGRICULTURE
 Single largest user of water worldwide
 Much lost to evaporation or seepage
 Solution: drip irrigation
 Perforated pipes distribute water
 Goes straight to plants
 Reduces water use 40-60%
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23. WATER CONSERVATION-MUNICIPAL
 Solutions:
 Education: modify habits
 Water-saving fixtures
& Appliances
 Repair leaks
 Rain barrels
 Water gardens
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24. CONTROLLING WATER POLLUTION
1. Source Reduction (Pollution Prevention)
 Cheapest and most effective way to reduce pollution is to avoid producing it or
releasing it into the environment.
 Design products that do not pollute
 Soil Conservation
2.Ban release of pollutants
3.Reward purchasing environmentally preferable products (e.g. rebates)
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