IQ tests are valid measurements of human intelligence that were invented by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon to differentiate students needing special help. They measure a person's ability to understand ideas and theories rather than knowledge. While IQ tests have been used for centuries to categorize students and predict performance, they also have limitations as intelligence is multi-dimensional and test results can depend on experiences. Emotions and social issues may affect a test score on a given day but do not interfere with the underlying ability to comprehend.