IPR in breeding
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This document discusses intellectual property rights (IPR) issues in commercial plant breeding. It covers the definition of intellectual property, IPR according to the Indian constitution, plant breeders' rights as a form of IPR, and the Protection of Plant Variety and Farmers Right Act of 2001. It also describes the variety testing and release notification system in India, including the requirements for a new variety to obtain plant breeders' rights, the advantages and disadvantages of this system, and the process of variety testing, release, and notification.
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This document summarizes intellectual property rights as they relate to plant breeding and genetics. It defines intellectual property and intellectual property rights, and describes the key forms of intellectual property rights including patents, copyrights, trademarks, and sui generis rights. It focuses on plant breeder rights (PBR), providing definitions and explaining features such as registration, duration, validity and requirements. The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act of 2001 is summarized, along with objectives, functions, rights it provides such as breeders' rights, researchers' rights and farmers' rights. Key terms are also defined like extant varieties, farmers' varieties, and essentially derived varieties.
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ABSTRACT
Mehta .P.
India is mainly an agricultural country and agriculture sector provides livelihood to 65-70 percent of the total population. Farmer is the breeder, conserver and distributor of not only seeds but also responsible for conservation of vast genetic diversity resources. So there is a need to protect the rights of the farmers and provide reward and recognition to farmers & farmers’ community engaged in conservation and development of vast genetic diversity.
IPR provides protection to rights of original inventor through its different forms viz. patents, trademarks, copyrights, geographical indications and plant variety protection throughout the world. IPR in the context of agriculture could be provided either through a patent or a sui generis system for plant. Under TRIPS agreement, it is obligatory to India to protect new plant variety either through patent or sui generis system or through combination of both. India opted for a sui generis system and enacted the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001 (PPVFR Act) to grant intellectual property rights to plant breeders, researchers and farmers and promoting plant breeding by vesting adequate IP rights protection which will boost further research and innovation in this field.
During the year of 2016–17 the authority received a total of 3569 applications of which 85% were filed by farmers. Apart from the 3041 farmers’ varieties, the public and private institutes submitted 230 applications of extant notified varieties, 221 applications of new varieties and 77 applications of varieties of common knowledge. In 2016–17, a total of 495 certificates of registration were issued. Of these, 288 belonged to farmers, 107 belonged to private organizations and 99 belonged to public organizations. In the last decade, the number of applications received annually has increased from 654 during 2007-08 to 3569 during 2016-17 (Annual Report 2016-2017)
Data on exchange of planting materials, release of notified varieties, seed production, seed replacement rate and public-private partnerships (PPP) are examined to ascertain the early impact of PVP on Indian seed industry. On the basis of evidence it is shown there is positive impact of PPVFR act on Indian seed industry (Venkatesh and Pal, 2014)
Being a decade old there is inadequacies in the effective implementation of act which are of grave concern to the seed industry and Indian agriculture which needs to resolve by the government and the authority to meet out the objectives of the act (Kumar PS et al. 2011).
In conclusion the PPV&FR act showcases that farmers’ and breeders’ rights can be protected under a single piece of legislation but there is need to focus more on farmers’ right than the breeders’ right for ensuring food security as India is an agricultural country. The major challenge of the act is unawareness among tribal communities who live in isolation in remote pocket of India.
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This document summarizes the process of hybrid seed production for maize. It discusses selecting appropriate parent lines and maintaining isolation distances between male and female lines. Key steps include planting ratios, detasseling the male plants, roguing undesirable plants, and harvesting when seeds reach proper maturity. Multiple inspections are needed to ensure genetic purity is maintained throughout production. Proper post-harvest handling and storage is also important for high quality hybrid maize seed.
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1. Hybridization involves crossing two plants or lines with differing genotypes to create variation. It can be used for combination breeding to transfer traits, transgressive breeding to improve quantitative traits, or to create hybrid varieties.
2. Procedures for hybridization include selecting parents, evaluating parents, emasculating flowers, bagging flowers to prevent unwanted crosses, tagging flowers, performing controlled pollination, and harvesting and storing F1 seeds.
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Maintenance breeding is the branch of plant breeding that deals with producing and maintaining breeder seed to preserve the genetic purity and identity of plant varieties. It involves continuously producing fresh breeder seed through methods like growing isolated plots and bulk selection to remove off-types. Proper handling and roguing of the breeder seed crop is crucial. The breeder seed is then used to produce foundation seed while maintaining a carry-over stock to safeguard against losses. Maintenance breeding helps purify varieties and parental lines, prevent genetic deterioration, support quality seed production, and prolong the life of varieties.
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Chickpea breeding aims to develop higher yielding varieties with improved resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Breeding methods include hybridization of selected parents followed by selection of progeny. Hybridization techniques can increase success rates. Segregating populations are handled using pedigree, bulk, or single seed descent selection. Mutation breeding induces genetic variation which is selected in subsequent generations. This helps develop stress resistant and high yielding varieties adapted to Pakistan.
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The document describes Diallel Selective Mating (DSM), a population improvement approach involving parental diallel crosses, F1 diallel crosses, and selective mating series. DSM aims to accumulate desirable alleles, broaden the genetic base, and develop new cultivars through recurrent selection and intermating in segregating generations. It allows for introduction of new germplasm and isolation of pure lines at various stages of the breeding program. While effective for some autogamous crops, DSM requires a large number of crosses and is labor intensive.
Diallele selective mating system
This document discusses the diallel selective mating approach (DSM) for genetic improvement of autogamous crops. DSM involves three steps: 1) a parental diallel series of crosses between multiple parents, 2) F1 diallel series of crosses between F1 plants, and 3) selective mating series where selected F2 plants are intercrossed and selfed in successive generations. The goal is to accumulate desirable genes and increase recombination through restoring heterozygosity via intermating selected plants over multiple cycles. While it broadens the genetic base, DSM is more complex than pedigree methods and success depends on identifying desirable plants in segregating generations.
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This document discusses general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) in plant breeding. GCA is due to additive genetic effects and refers to a genotype's average performance in crosses. SCA is due to non-additive genetic effects and refers to when certain crosses perform better or worse than expected. GCA is estimated using half-sib mating and helps identify best parents for hybridization. SCA is estimated using full-sib mating and helps identify best cross combinations. The document outlines procedures for estimating and utilizing GCA and SCA over multiple generations or seasons in plant breeding programs.
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1) The document discusses the floral biology and crossing techniques used in groundnut or peanut. It describes the flower structure and development, self-pollination, hybridization process including emasculation and pollination.
2) Two common hybridization techniques are discussed - the conventional technique which involves emasculation by removing anthers followed by pollination, and the ring cut technique which uses incisions and forceps to expose and remove anthers.
3) After pollination, developing hybrid pegs are monitored and grown along with parental lines to confirm hybridity based on morphological traits and seed characteristics. The goal is to develop new varieties with traits like high yield, early maturity, and resistance to diseases
principles of seed production
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
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Breeding methods in cross pollinated crops with major emphasis on population ...
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Similar to IPR in breeding
PPVFRA 2001
This document summarizes intellectual property rights as they relate to plant breeding and genetics. It defines intellectual property and intellectual property rights, and describes the key forms of intellectual property rights including patents, copyrights, trademarks, and sui generis rights. It focuses on plant breeder rights (PBR), providing definitions and explaining features such as registration, duration, validity and requirements. The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act of 2001 is summarized, along with objectives, functions, rights it provides such as breeders' rights, researchers' rights and farmers' rights. Key terms are also defined like extant varieties, farmers' varieties, and essentially derived varieties.
'Protection of Plant Varieties & Farmers’ Rights Act under Intellectual Prope...
ABSTRACT
Mehta .P.
India is mainly an agricultural country and agriculture sector provides livelihood to 65-70 percent of the total population. Farmer is the breeder, conserver and distributor of not only seeds but also responsible for conservation of vast genetic diversity resources. So there is a need to protect the rights of the farmers and provide reward and recognition to farmers & farmers’ community engaged in conservation and development of vast genetic diversity.
IPR provides protection to rights of original inventor through its different forms viz. patents, trademarks, copyrights, geographical indications and plant variety protection throughout the world. IPR in the context of agriculture could be provided either through a patent or a sui generis system for plant. Under TRIPS agreement, it is obligatory to India to protect new plant variety either through patent or sui generis system or through combination of both. India opted for a sui generis system and enacted the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001 (PPVFR Act) to grant intellectual property rights to plant breeders, researchers and farmers and promoting plant breeding by vesting adequate IP rights protection which will boost further research and innovation in this field.
During the year of 2016–17 the authority received a total of 3569 applications of which 85% were filed by farmers. Apart from the 3041 farmers’ varieties, the public and private institutes submitted 230 applications of extant notified varieties, 221 applications of new varieties and 77 applications of varieties of common knowledge. In 2016–17, a total of 495 certificates of registration were issued. Of these, 288 belonged to farmers, 107 belonged to private organizations and 99 belonged to public organizations. In the last decade, the number of applications received annually has increased from 654 during 2007-08 to 3569 during 2016-17 (Annual Report 2016-2017)
Data on exchange of planting materials, release of notified varieties, seed production, seed replacement rate and public-private partnerships (PPP) are examined to ascertain the early impact of PVP on Indian seed industry. On the basis of evidence it is shown there is positive impact of PPVFR act on Indian seed industry (Venkatesh and Pal, 2014)
Being a decade old there is inadequacies in the effective implementation of act which are of grave concern to the seed industry and Indian agriculture which needs to resolve by the government and the authority to meet out the objectives of the act (Kumar PS et al. 2011).
In conclusion the PPV&FR act showcases that farmers’ and breeders’ rights can be protected under a single piece of legislation but there is need to focus more on farmers’ right than the breeders’ right for ensuring food security as India is an agricultural country. The major challenge of the act is unawareness among tribal communities who live in isolation in remote pocket of India.
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2) It describes the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act of 2001, which aims to recognize farmers' rights and encourage new plant variety development.
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This document discusses plant breeders' rights, which provide intellectual property protection for new plant varieties. It defines plant breeders' rights, explains why they exist and their requirements. Plant breeders' rights give breeders exclusive commercial rights over a new plant variety for 25-30 years, allowing them to profit from their work and stimulate new variety development. The document outlines the rights and exceptions covered by plant breeders' rights and their role in encouraging the seed industry and genetic resources.
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This document discusses intellectual property rights (IPR) and plant breeders' rights (PBR). It defines IPR as rights granted to inventors to economically benefit from their inventions. PBR specifically refers to rights granted to plant breeders for new plant varieties they develop. The document outlines the history and development of PBR laws internationally and in India. It describes key aspects of PBR such as scope of protection, time period of rights, exceptions for farmers, and compliance with international trade agreements. Patent rights for inventions are also discussed and compared with PBR.
IPR in AGRICULTURE PLANT BREEDER'S FARMER'S RIGHTS
The document discusses intellectual property rights in agriculture, specifically plant breeders' rights and farmers' rights under Indian law. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts like intellectual property, plant varieties, criteria for protection, farmers' rights and breeders' rights. The main points covered are the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act 2001 which provides for registration of plant varieties and compensation for plant breeders and recognition of farmers' contributions to seed varieties.
IPR protection of plants
This document is a presentation on intellectual property protection for plants given by 10AB1R0042, Shajeeya Amren. It discusses various forms of intellectual property protection for plants including patents, plant breeder's rights, trademarks, and trade secrets. It provides information on requirements for different types of protection like patents requiring novelty, non-obviousness, and industrial applicability. The presentation also outlines different acts governing intellectual property in India and protection mechanisms provided by sample countries. In conclusion, it thanks the presenter's guides for their support.
Intellectual property rights(ipr)
The document discusses intellectual property rights (IPR) related to plant varieties in India. It provides a history of IPR in India and describes the main forms of IPR - patents, copyrights, trade secrets, and plant breeders' rights. It focuses on plant breeders' rights and the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act 2001 (PPVFR), which aims to recognize farmers' contributions and encourage new plant variety development. The PPVFR establishes rules for registering new varieties, extant varieties, farmers' varieties, and essentially derived varieties to protect plant breeders' and farmers' rights in India.
Protection of plant varieties and farmers' rights act
The Plant Variety Protection and Farmers' Rights Act provides legal protection for plant breeders' rights over new plant varieties in India, while also recognizing the rights of farmers. It establishes an effective sui generis system for protecting plant varieties that are new, distinct, uniform, and stable. The Act covers 18 plant species and provides breeders exclusive rights over a registered variety for 15-18 years. It allows exemptions for farmers to save and exchange seed, and for researchers to conduct experiments. Anyone can apply for variety registration, including farmers, universities, or private breeders. Applications require information about the variety and a sample for testing. The owner's rights include production, sale, marketing, distribution, import, and export
Criteria for protection of new plant varieties and Farmers right act 2001
Plant variety protection provides exclusive rights to breeders who develop new plant varieties. The Plant Variety Protection and Farmers Rights Act of 2001 established a system in India that recognizes the rights of both commercial breeders and farmers. It aims to encourage the development of new plant varieties and facilitate agricultural development by stimulating investment in plant breeding. Eligible varieties include new varieties, existing varieties, farmers' varieties, and essentially derived varieties. The act provides certain rights and exemptions to breeders and farmers.
Intellectual Property Rights in Plant Breeding
This document provides a summary of a presentation on intellectual property rights and their significance in plant breeding. It discusses various forms of intellectual property rights including patents, trademarks, copyrights, geographical indications, and plant variety rights. It describes India's Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Authority and the process for registering plant varieties in India, including eligibility criteria, application forms, fees, rights provided, and penalties for infringement.
ppvfra-150613132738-lva1-app6891 (1).pptx
The document discusses plant variety protection under the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act of India. It provides definitions for key terms like plant variety, plant breeder's rights, and essentially derived variety. It outlines the objectives of providing legal protection for new plant varieties, including recognizing farmers' contributions and encouraging investment in plant breeding. Eligible varieties include new varieties, extant varieties, and farmer varieties. The rights and exemptions afforded to plant breeders and farmers are also summarized.
Intellectual property rights agricultural extension
This document discusses intellectual property rights and innovation. It defines innovation as the creation of new ideas/processes that lead to economic or social change for an enterprise. It discusses obstacles to successful innovation like competitive position and financial resources. It also discusses classification of innovations, the innovation process, new product development stages, intellectual property rights like patents and copyrights, intellectual property trends in India, and organizations like WIPO that administer intellectual property treaties.
Intellectual property Rights in India
the slide include all aspects of IPR in india.
-Basics of IPR
-IPR regime in Indian Constitution
-procedure of application
-Current issues related to IPR
-India's Changing IPR and Effects
-Personalities of Indian IPR
Protection of plant vareities and farmers right act, 2001
REGISTERABLE PLANT VARIETIES (slide no.8)
(i) NEW VARIETY is a variety which is not in public domain
> In India earlier than 1 year before the date of filling the application;
> outside India, in the case of trees or vines earlier than 6 years or in any other case earlier than 4 years.
(ii) EXTANT VARIETY is a Variety available in India which is -
> Notified under section 5 of the Seeds Act, 1996; or
> A Farmers variety
> A variety about which there is common knowledge
(iii) FARMERS VARIETY is a variety which-
> Has been traditionally cultivated and evolved by the farmers in their fields;
> Is a wild relative or land race of a variety about which the farmers possess the common knowledge.
(iv) ESSENTIALLY DERIVED VARIETY in respect of a variety (the initial variety), shall be called when it -
> Is predominantly derived from a variety that itself is predominantly derived from an initial variety, while retaining the expression of the essential characteristics that result from the genotype or combination of genotype of such initial variety;
> Is clearly distinguishable from initial variety.
TEST TO BE CONDUCTED (slide no.12)
Every applicant shall, along with the application for registration, make available to the Registrar some quantity of seeds of a variety for registration of which such application is made for the purpose of conduction of test to evaluate whether the seeds of such variety along with parental material conform to the standards as may be specified by regulations.
The seeds samples received by the Authority will be properly tested for its purity and germination. A part of the seed sample will be sent to the test center for conduction of DUS tests and a part of it is kept by the Authority in the National Gene Bank to maintain the seeds samples of the registered varieties for their entire period of protection.
The DUS testing shall be field and multi-location based for at least 2 similar crop seasons. Special tests (laboratory based) shall be conducted only when DUS testing fails to establish the requirement of the distinctiveness.
Provided that in the case of trees and vines there shall be an option on the manner of the DUS testing that a panel of 3 experts shall visit the on-farm test sites for 2 similar crop seasons as may be specified.
The DUS test shall be necessary for all new and extant varieties except essentially derived varieties and it shall be conducted on a minimum of 2 locations. There are special guidelines for the DUS test for each crop.
IPR 123.pptx
Intellectual property rights (IPR) refer to the legal ownership of intellectual property such as inventions, literary works, symbols and designs. IPR is limited by duration, scope, and geography. The importance of IPR was first recognized in the Paris Convention of 1883 and Berne Convention of 1886, which are administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). IPR promotes innovation and creativity by granting time-limited ownership rights over intellectual commodities and creations of the mind.
The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act
The document discusses the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act of India. It provides an overview of intellectual property rights as they relate to plant varieties, summarizes key aspects of the Act including rights granted to breeders and farmers, and eligibility criteria for plant variety registration. The Act aims to encourage development of new plant varieties while also protecting traditional farming practices and benefitting farming communities.
Bhawna presentation.pptx
The document discusses PepsiCo's claim of rights over a potato variety used in its Lays chips in India and the subsequent revocation of that rights registration. It provides context on India's Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, which aims to protect farmer's rights to save and exchange seed while also providing intellectual property protections. The registration of PepsiCo's potato variety was revoked due to a lack of proper documentation and because enforcing the registration would infringe on farmer's rights and public interest. The decision affirms farmer's rights to exchange seed and maintains seed sovereignty, setting an important precedent. Moving forward, the document argues farmer's rights and seed sovereignty must not be compromised and loopholes in the law need
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IPR in breeding
- 1. Submitted To: Dr. Prakash singh VEER KUNWAR SINGH COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE,DUMRAON Course - Commercial plant breeding
- 2. TOPIC IPR issues in commercial plant Breeding, Variety testing, release and notification system.
- 3. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Intellectual property is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect. There are many types of intellectual property, and some countries recognize more than others. The best-known types are patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets.
- 5. Intellectual Property Rights According to the Constitution of India, the owner of intellectual property can use his property as he wants. No other person can use this property without his permission. This is called intellectual property right.
- 6. IPR ISSUES IN COMMERCIAL PLANT BREEDING. The right of an inventor to get economic benefits from his invention (intellectual property) is called IPR. No other person can get benefit from this invention.
- 7. Plant Breeders' Rights are also a form of intellectual property which is specifically designed to protect new plant varieties. The right as defined by UPOV is, an exclusive right over the commercial production and marketing of the reproductive or vegetative propagating material of the protected variety.
- 9. The Protection of Plant Variety and Farmers Right Act, 2001 (PPVFR Act) is an Act of the Parliament of India that was enacted to provide for the establishment of an effective system for protection of plant varieties, the rights of farmers and plant breeders, and to encourage the development and cultivation of new varieties of plants. This act received the assent of the President of India on the 30 October 2001.
- 10. ● An Act to provide for the establishment of an effective system for protection of plant varieties, the rights of farmers and plant breeders and to encourage the development of new varieties of plants.
- 11. THE VARIETY MUST POSSESS THE FOLLOWING PROPERTIES TO OBTAIN PBR ● Novelty in the variety ● Distinctness from existing varieties ● Uniformity in characters
- 12. ADVANTAGES OF PBR ● Encourages the Breeders ● Encourage the investment by private companies ● Benefit to society and nation
- 13. DISADVANTAGES OF PBR ● The seed companies are monopolized. This makes the seeds expensive. ● More expensive seeds leads to low sowing. This reduces production.
- 14. Variety testing Candidate variety is officially tested under AICCIP. AICCIP = All India Coordinated Crop Improvement Project (All tests under this project are conducted at the following experimental centers:-) i. ICAR Research Institute ii. State Agricultural University iii. Private Seed Companies
- 16. Variety Release by: 1.CVRC (Central Variety Release committee.) 1.SVRC (State Variety Release committee.)
- 17. BY SVRC (STATE VARIETY RELEASE COMMITTEE To release the variety, a specific form has to be filled and sent to the VRC There are a total of 16 main points in this form, in which complete information related to the variety has to be given such as:
- 18. 1.NAME OF SPECIES 2.NAME OF VARIETY 3.SPONSORED BY 4.BREEDING METHOD USED 5.VARIETY DESCRIPTION ETC.
- 19. VARIETY NOTIFICATION After releasing the variety, it is necessary to notify it under the Seeds Act so that the quality of the seeds can be regulated. Variety notification is mandatory for certified seed production. The seed cannot be certified without notifying the variety.
- 20. . ● The notification is made by the Central Government. ● The state in which the variety is released, the state government makes a proposal for notification and sends it to the Central Seed committee. ● After that the Central Government makes notification.
- 21. THANK YOU…..