ABSTRACT: The present research has been undertaken with an objective to explore the potential of wood dust and chicken feather as reinforcing material in epoxy composites and to investigate the mechanical behaviour of the composites. Composites of teak wood dust (450 µm size) in 10,15 and 20 percentages of weight mixed with epoxy along with 5 % of chopped chicken feather have been prepared by hand lay up technique. The metallic mould developed in house was used to cast ASTM standard specimens. All the three samples have been tested in UTM for tensile strength and it is observed that composite with 15 % teak wood dust is having highest strength of 8.93 MPa. From water absorption tests in 24 hours the weight gain is very little and negligible for all the composites. Hence these composites can perform very well in moist atmosphere
Experimental study of behaviour of poultry feather fiber a reinforcing mate...eSAT Journals
Abstract Currently, the abundant quantity of chicken feather produced annually by the poultry industry as a waste in worldwide, is a serious solid agricultural waste problem. The traditional disposal strategies of chicken feather were not environmental friendly. Exploitation of secondary application alone is not a solution to the problem of environmental; also it enhances the commercial value of feathers. In this study, a review on the behaviour of the chicken feather fibers was made to understand their usability as a reinforcing material for composite fabrication. Fibers of some critical length were estimated experimentally and calculated relative density. Tensile property of fiber, dimensional and strength of the quill was estimated. It was observed that, the quill diameters were varying with length, and all of them were not weighing same. Chemical resistivity and burning tests were conducted, and results were reported. Morphology of the nonwoven mats was studied.
Experimental study of behaviour of poultry feather fiber a reinforcing mate...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Tensile and Flexural Properties of Sisal/Jute Hybrid Natural Fiber CompositesIJMER
During the last two decades using natural fiber as reinforcement in polymers has increased
drastically. The present research work has been carried out to make use of sisal/jute natural fibers. The
aim of this paper is to describe the development and characterization of new set of hybrid natural fiber
composites. It is made by reinforcing sisal/ jute fibers with epoxy resin in matrix by using hand layup
technique. The natural fibers were extracted by retting and combing process manually. Hybrid
composites were prepared using sisal/jute fibers of 0/40, 10/30, 20/20, 30/10, 40/0 weight fraction ratios
while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as 0.4 weight fraction. The tensile and flexural properties
were carried out using hybrid composite samples. The results indicated that addition of sisal fiber in
jute/epoxy composites up to 50% weight fraction results increasing the mechanical properties
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mechanical Properties Of Sisal And Pineapple Fiber Hybrid Composites Reinforc...IJMER
In this study, Work has been carried out to investigated tensile , bending and impact
properties of hybrid composite of material constitutes sisal fiber and less discovered pineapple fiber.
These composites are adhered using epoxy resin cosists HY951 resin and LY551 hardener suitably
mixed in appropriate volume. Hybrid composites were prepared using sisal/pineapple fibers of 100/0,
70/30, 50/50, 30/70, and 0/100 Weight fraction ratios, while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as
20gram. Here for preparing samples Hand lay up method is used , specimens are prepared , fibers are
arrenged in unidirectional manner and tests are carried out , which shows tensile and bending
strengths. The tensile & compressive test was applied on specimens of 300×50 & thickness varring
from 4-6 mm in dimensions but in different proportions of sisal and pineapple by weight. The test
result shows , the composite made by 50/50 fibers weight fraction of sisal & pineapple fiber has been
shown best impact strenght 47.2 N/mm2 as compare to other constitutes of sisal & pine fibers.this
constitute have good tensile & bending strength & their density is also less than sisal fibers. These
composites can be used in various purposes because of its unique features of recycleability, waste
utilization, environment friendly, bio-degradibility, good strength and a good alternative to plastics.
EVALUATION OFTENSILE PROPERTIESOF EPOXY RESIN BASED COMPOSITES REINFORCED WIT...IAEME Publication
In recent times the concern for the environmental pollution and the prevention of nonrenewable
and non- biodegradable resources has promoted research in the field of green
technologies, eco friendly, non polluting materials which can maximize energy and resource
savings. In the present work Jute fibres reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix,
alongside Banana fibres reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix and Flax fibres
reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix was prepared and mechanical properties were
evaluated and compared for two weight fractions, the samples were prepared by using the hand
lay-up process and applying pressure at room temperature. The samples were subjected to tensile
testing was performed on the samples to investigate the mechanical properties and to suggest a
material which could compete with synthetic materials and still be easily disposed. Results of
wear test showed that with increasing reinforcement concentration the wear rate decreases but
with increasing speed, sliding distance the wear increases, additional interesting observation was
that banana hybrid composite showed less wear than all the other composites.
IRJET - Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Laminat...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation into the mechanical properties of hybrid laminated composites reinforced with Kevlar, hemp fibers, and crab powder. Composites were fabricated with Kevlar fiber oriented at 0° and hemp fiber oriented at 0°, 30°, 45°, and 60° using hand layup. The tensile, flexural, and impact strengths of the composites were then tested according to appropriate standards. The composite with hemp fiber oriented at 60° exhibited the highest tensile strength (281.194 N/mm^2), flexural strength (1632.1N/mm^2), and impact strength (8.66J). In general, properties improved with increasing he
Experimental Investigation of Effect of Aluminum Filler Material on Thermal P...IJERA Editor
Natural fiber composites are renewable, cheap, completely or partially recyclable, carbon neutral and biodegradable. Their easy availability, lower density, higher specific properties, lower cost, satisfactory mechanical and thermal properties, non-corrosive nature, lesser abrasion to processing equipment, makes them an attractive ecological alternative to glass, carbon or other man-made synthetic fibers. Natural fiber composites are generally very good thermal insulators and thus cannot be used where thermal conduction is desirable. Increase in thermal conduction may be done by adding metal filler powders to the matrix. In this work, the effect of aluminum filler material on thermal properties of chemically treated palmyra fiber reinforced composites is investigated. Thermal properties studied include thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, thermal degradation and stability. Five different samples with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% aluminum powder are considered. With the addition of aluminum filler powder, thermal conductivity increases, specific heat capacity decreases, thermal diffusivity increases and thermal stability improves with maximum at 50% aluminum powder.
Experimental study of behaviour of poultry feather fiber a reinforcing mate...eSAT Journals
Abstract Currently, the abundant quantity of chicken feather produced annually by the poultry industry as a waste in worldwide, is a serious solid agricultural waste problem. The traditional disposal strategies of chicken feather were not environmental friendly. Exploitation of secondary application alone is not a solution to the problem of environmental; also it enhances the commercial value of feathers. In this study, a review on the behaviour of the chicken feather fibers was made to understand their usability as a reinforcing material for composite fabrication. Fibers of some critical length were estimated experimentally and calculated relative density. Tensile property of fiber, dimensional and strength of the quill was estimated. It was observed that, the quill diameters were varying with length, and all of them were not weighing same. Chemical resistivity and burning tests were conducted, and results were reported. Morphology of the nonwoven mats was studied.
Experimental study of behaviour of poultry feather fiber a reinforcing mate...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Tensile and Flexural Properties of Sisal/Jute Hybrid Natural Fiber CompositesIJMER
During the last two decades using natural fiber as reinforcement in polymers has increased
drastically. The present research work has been carried out to make use of sisal/jute natural fibers. The
aim of this paper is to describe the development and characterization of new set of hybrid natural fiber
composites. It is made by reinforcing sisal/ jute fibers with epoxy resin in matrix by using hand layup
technique. The natural fibers were extracted by retting and combing process manually. Hybrid
composites were prepared using sisal/jute fibers of 0/40, 10/30, 20/20, 30/10, 40/0 weight fraction ratios
while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as 0.4 weight fraction. The tensile and flexural properties
were carried out using hybrid composite samples. The results indicated that addition of sisal fiber in
jute/epoxy composites up to 50% weight fraction results increasing the mechanical properties
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mechanical Properties Of Sisal And Pineapple Fiber Hybrid Composites Reinforc...IJMER
In this study, Work has been carried out to investigated tensile , bending and impact
properties of hybrid composite of material constitutes sisal fiber and less discovered pineapple fiber.
These composites are adhered using epoxy resin cosists HY951 resin and LY551 hardener suitably
mixed in appropriate volume. Hybrid composites were prepared using sisal/pineapple fibers of 100/0,
70/30, 50/50, 30/70, and 0/100 Weight fraction ratios, while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as
20gram. Here for preparing samples Hand lay up method is used , specimens are prepared , fibers are
arrenged in unidirectional manner and tests are carried out , which shows tensile and bending
strengths. The tensile & compressive test was applied on specimens of 300×50 & thickness varring
from 4-6 mm in dimensions but in different proportions of sisal and pineapple by weight. The test
result shows , the composite made by 50/50 fibers weight fraction of sisal & pineapple fiber has been
shown best impact strenght 47.2 N/mm2 as compare to other constitutes of sisal & pine fibers.this
constitute have good tensile & bending strength & their density is also less than sisal fibers. These
composites can be used in various purposes because of its unique features of recycleability, waste
utilization, environment friendly, bio-degradibility, good strength and a good alternative to plastics.
EVALUATION OFTENSILE PROPERTIESOF EPOXY RESIN BASED COMPOSITES REINFORCED WIT...IAEME Publication
In recent times the concern for the environmental pollution and the prevention of nonrenewable
and non- biodegradable resources has promoted research in the field of green
technologies, eco friendly, non polluting materials which can maximize energy and resource
savings. In the present work Jute fibres reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix,
alongside Banana fibres reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix and Flax fibres
reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix was prepared and mechanical properties were
evaluated and compared for two weight fractions, the samples were prepared by using the hand
lay-up process and applying pressure at room temperature. The samples were subjected to tensile
testing was performed on the samples to investigate the mechanical properties and to suggest a
material which could compete with synthetic materials and still be easily disposed. Results of
wear test showed that with increasing reinforcement concentration the wear rate decreases but
with increasing speed, sliding distance the wear increases, additional interesting observation was
that banana hybrid composite showed less wear than all the other composites.
IRJET - Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Laminat...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation into the mechanical properties of hybrid laminated composites reinforced with Kevlar, hemp fibers, and crab powder. Composites were fabricated with Kevlar fiber oriented at 0° and hemp fiber oriented at 0°, 30°, 45°, and 60° using hand layup. The tensile, flexural, and impact strengths of the composites were then tested according to appropriate standards. The composite with hemp fiber oriented at 60° exhibited the highest tensile strength (281.194 N/mm^2), flexural strength (1632.1N/mm^2), and impact strength (8.66J). In general, properties improved with increasing he
Experimental Investigation of Effect of Aluminum Filler Material on Thermal P...IJERA Editor
Natural fiber composites are renewable, cheap, completely or partially recyclable, carbon neutral and biodegradable. Their easy availability, lower density, higher specific properties, lower cost, satisfactory mechanical and thermal properties, non-corrosive nature, lesser abrasion to processing equipment, makes them an attractive ecological alternative to glass, carbon or other man-made synthetic fibers. Natural fiber composites are generally very good thermal insulators and thus cannot be used where thermal conduction is desirable. Increase in thermal conduction may be done by adding metal filler powders to the matrix. In this work, the effect of aluminum filler material on thermal properties of chemically treated palmyra fiber reinforced composites is investigated. Thermal properties studied include thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, thermal degradation and stability. Five different samples with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% aluminum powder are considered. With the addition of aluminum filler powder, thermal conductivity increases, specific heat capacity decreases, thermal diffusivity increases and thermal stability improves with maximum at 50% aluminum powder.
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Hemp-Bagasse Fibers Reinforced with Epoxy...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties of hemp-bagasse fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Composite laminates were fabricated using hemp, bagasse, and E-glass fibers in epoxy resin. The fibers were treated with alkali before being incorporated into laminates at 10% and 20% volume fractions using hand layup. Tensile, flexural, and hardness tests were conducted according to ASTM standards. The results showed that the 10% volume fraction laminate had higher ultimate tensile strength of 42MPa and the 20% fraction had higher flexural strength of 77.9MPa. Hardness was also evaluated. The study demonstrated that hybrid natural fiber composites can
PERFORMANCE STUDY ON HYBRID GLASS FIBER EPOXY COMPOSITEIjorat1
1) The document discusses a study on hybrid glass fiber-epoxy composites with the addition of chemically treated natural fibers like jute and bagasse.
2) Jute and bagasse fibers were treated with sodium hydroxide, potassium permanganate, and stearic acid solutions. Composite specimens with treated and untreated fibers were fabricated by compression molding with layers of natural and glass fibers in epoxy resin.
3) The study aims to identify the optimal chemically treated natural fiber material to enhance the tensile and flexural strength of the hybrid composites. Mechanical properties of specimens will be compared to determine the effect of fiber treatment.
Study on properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix pro...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The present research was designed to check the workability and strength properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix proportions and different percentage of fiber addition. The materials were chosen to improve the various strength properties of the structure to obtain sustainability and better quality structure. Short discrete vegetable fiber (sisal) was examined for its suitability for incorporation in cement concrete. The physical property of this fiber has shown no deterioration in a concrete medium. Fibers were brushed, lined up and cut to obtain 4cm length. Degree of workability of concrete mix with 0.2% super plasticizer and water cement ratio 0.45 had good workability with slump value 53mm and compaction factor 0.88, which is effective, was obtained. Materials were hand mixed with 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% addition of fiber in M20 and M25 mix design and casted in cubes and cylinders. The obtained specimens were subjected to tests aimed to check the compressive, tensile and flexural strength. An increase in compressive strength by 50.53% and tensile strength by 3.416% was observed for 1.5% addition of fiber in M20 mix design respectively. An increase in compressive strength by 52.51% and tensile strength by 3.904% was observed for 1.5% addition of fiber in M25 mix design respectively.
Keywords: Sisal fiber, workability, sustainability, mix design, compressive, tensile, flexural.
IRJET- Composite Material using Bamboo Fiber with Epoxy ResinIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that developed and tested a composite material made from bamboo fiber and epoxy resin. Bamboo fiber was extracted from bamboo using chemical digestion. The bamboo fiber was then used to reinforce an epoxy resin matrix. Tensile, hardness, and compressive tests were conducted on the composite material to analyze its mechanical properties. The results showed the bamboo fiber composite has good mechanical properties and strength comparable to conventional materials. As such, it could potentially be used in structural applications.
Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Po...ijtsrd
Usage of natural fiber reinforced polymeric composites has drastically increased in recent years for industrial applications. In this investigation, Composite specimens were prepared with polyester resin, cotton polyester resin, and cotton polyester resin with rice husk filler. The hand layup method was used to prepare composite sheets with specially prepared steel die. The specimens were prepared as per ASTMG99 standards and Friction coefficient and wear rate were measured for the proposed materials under dry sliding contact with steel counter face. Pin on disc wear testing machine used to perform the proposed tribological measurement and 20,40, and 60N applied normal loads. Suganth. V | Gabriel. A | Dr. S. Velumani "Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33635.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33635/investigation-of-wear-behavior-of-rice-husk-filled-cotton-fiber-reinforced-polyester-composites/suganth-v
Fabrication and Testing of Natural Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites Banana/...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Optimal performance characteristics and reinforcement combinationsEmeka Christian
This document investigates the optimal performance characteristics of coconut fibre reinforced high-density polyethylene (HDPE) polymer matrix composites. Three particle sizes of coconut fibre were used as filler material in HDPE at volume fractions up to 40%. Composite samples were prepared via injection moulding and tested according to ASTM standards for tensile strength, elastic modulus, flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness. The results showed that at an optimum volume fraction and particle size, the coconut fibre reinforced HDPE composite achieved tensile strength of 28.6 MPa, elastic modulus of 800 MPa, flexural strength of 22.3 MPa, impact strength of 55.0 J/m, and hardness of 54.0 HR.
Characterization of natural fiber reinforced composites bamboo and sisal a re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL HYBRID FIBER,...Journal For Research
Natural fibers are used to reinforce the materials. Many types of natural fibers are investigated for use in plastics, including flax, hemp, jute, sisal and banana. Hybrid fibers have the highest strength they are renewable resources and have marketing appeal. The waste product is used to prepare fiber reinforced polymer composites for useful process. Here the commonly 35% fiber and 65% polymer used to fabricate material in various ratios. Application of composite materials to structures has presented work focused the fabrication of polymer matrix composites by using natural fibers like flax, banana and sisal which are abundant nature in desired shape. With the help of various ASTM standards of patterns and calculating its material characteristics by conducting tests like flexural test, tensile test, impact test, and their results are measured on sections of the material and make use of hybrid natural fiber reinforced polymer composite material.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of E-Glass and Kenaf Fibre with Epoxy R...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental investigation of hybrid composites made from E-glass fibers, kenaf fibers, and epoxy resin. Specifically:
- Kenaf/fiber glass hybrid composites were manufactured using hand layup with varying fiber contents and the composites were tested for mechanical properties.
- The mechanical properties tested included compression strength, flexural strength, impact strength, hardness, and water absorption in sea water and distilled water.
- The results showed that the mechanical properties of the hybrid composites, such as compression and flexural strength, increased with fiber content up to 30% before leveling off or decreasing. Maximum impact strength was also found at 30% fiber content.
-
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTY ON PALM/COIR BASED POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITESmsejjournal
Now day’s natural fibres as reinforcement have received more attention from the research community all
over the world in preparing polymer composites. These natural fibres have lot of advantages over synthetic
fibres. In this paper two natural fibers palm and coir reinforced composites were fabricated using compression moulding method which was a new effort and was not done elsewhere. Specimens were cut from
the fabricated composite plates according to the ASTM standards. Universal Testing Machine was used for
testing tensile and flexural strength of the composites. The impact strength of the composites was analyzed
using Impact tester. Further wear and moisture absorption tests were also conducted on the prepared
specimen. The results obtained through experimentation of both composites were compared and presented.
It can be concluded that the developed palm based composite possess superior property and can be recommended for fabrication of light weight high strength automobile parts.
IRJET- Hybridization of in Composite MaterialsIRJET Journal
This document discusses hybrid composite materials made from both natural and synthetic fibers to improve mechanical properties. It begins by introducing composite materials and their benefits of high strength and stiffness but lack of ductility. To address this, hybrid composites containing multiple fibers are proposed. Common hybrid configurations include interlayer, yarn-by-yarn, and layer-by-layer designs. Both natural fibers like jute, sisal, and kenaf and synthetic fibers like glass and carbon fibers are discussed. Chemical treatments are used to clean natural fibers and increase bonding to the polymer matrix. The mechanical properties of natural fiber composites are then evaluated based on previous studies, finding properties like strength and stiffness increase with higher fiber content or improved surface treatments
IRJET - A Review on Multi-Layered Armour using Sugarcane Bagasse WasteIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of sugarcane bagasse waste as a material for multi-layered ballistic armor. It first discusses sugarcane bagasse composites, including their mechanical properties and prior research examining their reinforcement in polymer matrices. It then discusses multi-layered armor systems, noting that they provide weight advantages over monolithic plates but can have reduced ballistic resistance. The document surveys previous research comparing the performance of mono-layered and multi-layered armor configurations. Finally, it discusses the potential use of sugarcane bagasse composites as the secondary layer in a multi-layered armor system.
IRJET-Thermal Characterization of Bamboo and Flax (BFBF) Mat Reinforced Epoxy...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the thermal characterization of bamboo and flax mat reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. The researchers fabricated hybrid composites using bamboo and flax mats reinforced in an epoxy matrix via hand lay-up technique. They characterized the thermal properties of the composites using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The TGA results showed the initial degradation temperature was 215.6°C and final degradation temperature was 860°C, with 6.815% char left at 860°C. DSC was used to detect phase transitions of the hybrid composites during heating. The thermal properties were analyzed as the mat reinforcement content in
Fabrication and Characterization of Kevlar/Jute Reinforced EpoxyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research conducted on Kevlar/Jute fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Composite laminates were fabricated using hand layup with various combinations of Kevlar fiber, jute fiber, and epoxy resin. Specimens from the laminates underwent tensile, compression, and bending tests. The 3mm thick laminates exhibited the highest tensile, compressive, and bending strengths compared to 2mm and 4mm thick laminates. Increasing the Kevlar content improved the mechanical properties while reducing the weight and cost of the composites. The stacking sequence was found to significantly impact the flexural strength but had little effect on tensile properties. Further research on other natural fibers, polymers
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties and microstructural analysis of composites made from high density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with different agro-wastes (groundnut shell, coconut shell, palm kernel shell). Tensile tests, flexural tests, and environmental scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the composites. The results showed that coconut shell composites exhibited the best mechanical properties overall. Microstructural analysis indicated even distribution of the agro-waste fillers within the HDPE matrix and good interfacial adhesion between the phases. The study demonstrates the potential of using agricultural waste materials to reinforce plastics and produce cost-effective composite materials.
A Study on Effect of Carbon and Ash Fillers on Flexural Properties in GFRP Co...IRJET Journal
The document studies the effect of carbon and ash fillers on the flexural properties of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Composites were fabricated with hand layup using glass fibers, epoxy resin, and either carbon or ash fillers added at 10% by volume. Flexural testing found that composites with carbon filler had slightly higher flexural strength than composites with ash filler, but both fillers improved flexural strength over composites without filler. In conclusion, carbon and ash fillers can significantly increase the flexural strength of glass fiber epoxy composites when added at 10% by volume.
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review SR
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the
development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste
agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced
with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup
technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using
different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic
resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar
behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester
resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the
increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the
agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document evaluates the mechanical properties of hybrid composite materials made from metallic, carbon, and glass fibers reinforced with a polymer matrix. The composites are produced using hand layup and compression molding. Tensile, impact, flexural, and compression tests will be conducted according to various ASTM standards to determine the mechanical properties of the different fiber combinations. The goal is to develop a hybrid composite that can be used for automobile and sports applications.
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Hemp-Bagasse Fibers Reinforced with Epoxy...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties of hemp-bagasse fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Composite laminates were fabricated using hemp, bagasse, and E-glass fibers in epoxy resin. The fibers were treated with alkali before being incorporated into laminates at 10% and 20% volume fractions using hand layup. Tensile, flexural, and hardness tests were conducted according to ASTM standards. The results showed that the 10% volume fraction laminate had higher ultimate tensile strength of 42MPa and the 20% fraction had higher flexural strength of 77.9MPa. Hardness was also evaluated. The study demonstrated that hybrid natural fiber composites can
PERFORMANCE STUDY ON HYBRID GLASS FIBER EPOXY COMPOSITEIjorat1
1) The document discusses a study on hybrid glass fiber-epoxy composites with the addition of chemically treated natural fibers like jute and bagasse.
2) Jute and bagasse fibers were treated with sodium hydroxide, potassium permanganate, and stearic acid solutions. Composite specimens with treated and untreated fibers were fabricated by compression molding with layers of natural and glass fibers in epoxy resin.
3) The study aims to identify the optimal chemically treated natural fiber material to enhance the tensile and flexural strength of the hybrid composites. Mechanical properties of specimens will be compared to determine the effect of fiber treatment.
Study on properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix pro...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The present research was designed to check the workability and strength properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix proportions and different percentage of fiber addition. The materials were chosen to improve the various strength properties of the structure to obtain sustainability and better quality structure. Short discrete vegetable fiber (sisal) was examined for its suitability for incorporation in cement concrete. The physical property of this fiber has shown no deterioration in a concrete medium. Fibers were brushed, lined up and cut to obtain 4cm length. Degree of workability of concrete mix with 0.2% super plasticizer and water cement ratio 0.45 had good workability with slump value 53mm and compaction factor 0.88, which is effective, was obtained. Materials were hand mixed with 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% addition of fiber in M20 and M25 mix design and casted in cubes and cylinders. The obtained specimens were subjected to tests aimed to check the compressive, tensile and flexural strength. An increase in compressive strength by 50.53% and tensile strength by 3.416% was observed for 1.5% addition of fiber in M20 mix design respectively. An increase in compressive strength by 52.51% and tensile strength by 3.904% was observed for 1.5% addition of fiber in M25 mix design respectively.
Keywords: Sisal fiber, workability, sustainability, mix design, compressive, tensile, flexural.
IRJET- Composite Material using Bamboo Fiber with Epoxy ResinIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that developed and tested a composite material made from bamboo fiber and epoxy resin. Bamboo fiber was extracted from bamboo using chemical digestion. The bamboo fiber was then used to reinforce an epoxy resin matrix. Tensile, hardness, and compressive tests were conducted on the composite material to analyze its mechanical properties. The results showed the bamboo fiber composite has good mechanical properties and strength comparable to conventional materials. As such, it could potentially be used in structural applications.
Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Po...ijtsrd
Usage of natural fiber reinforced polymeric composites has drastically increased in recent years for industrial applications. In this investigation, Composite specimens were prepared with polyester resin, cotton polyester resin, and cotton polyester resin with rice husk filler. The hand layup method was used to prepare composite sheets with specially prepared steel die. The specimens were prepared as per ASTMG99 standards and Friction coefficient and wear rate were measured for the proposed materials under dry sliding contact with steel counter face. Pin on disc wear testing machine used to perform the proposed tribological measurement and 20,40, and 60N applied normal loads. Suganth. V | Gabriel. A | Dr. S. Velumani "Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33635.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33635/investigation-of-wear-behavior-of-rice-husk-filled-cotton-fiber-reinforced-polyester-composites/suganth-v
Fabrication and Testing of Natural Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites Banana/...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Optimal performance characteristics and reinforcement combinationsEmeka Christian
This document investigates the optimal performance characteristics of coconut fibre reinforced high-density polyethylene (HDPE) polymer matrix composites. Three particle sizes of coconut fibre were used as filler material in HDPE at volume fractions up to 40%. Composite samples were prepared via injection moulding and tested according to ASTM standards for tensile strength, elastic modulus, flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness. The results showed that at an optimum volume fraction and particle size, the coconut fibre reinforced HDPE composite achieved tensile strength of 28.6 MPa, elastic modulus of 800 MPa, flexural strength of 22.3 MPa, impact strength of 55.0 J/m, and hardness of 54.0 HR.
Characterization of natural fiber reinforced composites bamboo and sisal a re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL HYBRID FIBER,...Journal For Research
Natural fibers are used to reinforce the materials. Many types of natural fibers are investigated for use in plastics, including flax, hemp, jute, sisal and banana. Hybrid fibers have the highest strength they are renewable resources and have marketing appeal. The waste product is used to prepare fiber reinforced polymer composites for useful process. Here the commonly 35% fiber and 65% polymer used to fabricate material in various ratios. Application of composite materials to structures has presented work focused the fabrication of polymer matrix composites by using natural fibers like flax, banana and sisal which are abundant nature in desired shape. With the help of various ASTM standards of patterns and calculating its material characteristics by conducting tests like flexural test, tensile test, impact test, and their results are measured on sections of the material and make use of hybrid natural fiber reinforced polymer composite material.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of E-Glass and Kenaf Fibre with Epoxy R...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental investigation of hybrid composites made from E-glass fibers, kenaf fibers, and epoxy resin. Specifically:
- Kenaf/fiber glass hybrid composites were manufactured using hand layup with varying fiber contents and the composites were tested for mechanical properties.
- The mechanical properties tested included compression strength, flexural strength, impact strength, hardness, and water absorption in sea water and distilled water.
- The results showed that the mechanical properties of the hybrid composites, such as compression and flexural strength, increased with fiber content up to 30% before leveling off or decreasing. Maximum impact strength was also found at 30% fiber content.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTY ON PALM/COIR BASED POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITESmsejjournal
Now day’s natural fibres as reinforcement have received more attention from the research community all
over the world in preparing polymer composites. These natural fibres have lot of advantages over synthetic
fibres. In this paper two natural fibers palm and coir reinforced composites were fabricated using compression moulding method which was a new effort and was not done elsewhere. Specimens were cut from
the fabricated composite plates according to the ASTM standards. Universal Testing Machine was used for
testing tensile and flexural strength of the composites. The impact strength of the composites was analyzed
using Impact tester. Further wear and moisture absorption tests were also conducted on the prepared
specimen. The results obtained through experimentation of both composites were compared and presented.
It can be concluded that the developed palm based composite possess superior property and can be recommended for fabrication of light weight high strength automobile parts.
IRJET- Hybridization of in Composite MaterialsIRJET Journal
This document discusses hybrid composite materials made from both natural and synthetic fibers to improve mechanical properties. It begins by introducing composite materials and their benefits of high strength and stiffness but lack of ductility. To address this, hybrid composites containing multiple fibers are proposed. Common hybrid configurations include interlayer, yarn-by-yarn, and layer-by-layer designs. Both natural fibers like jute, sisal, and kenaf and synthetic fibers like glass and carbon fibers are discussed. Chemical treatments are used to clean natural fibers and increase bonding to the polymer matrix. The mechanical properties of natural fiber composites are then evaluated based on previous studies, finding properties like strength and stiffness increase with higher fiber content or improved surface treatments
IRJET - A Review on Multi-Layered Armour using Sugarcane Bagasse WasteIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of sugarcane bagasse waste as a material for multi-layered ballistic armor. It first discusses sugarcane bagasse composites, including their mechanical properties and prior research examining their reinforcement in polymer matrices. It then discusses multi-layered armor systems, noting that they provide weight advantages over monolithic plates but can have reduced ballistic resistance. The document surveys previous research comparing the performance of mono-layered and multi-layered armor configurations. Finally, it discusses the potential use of sugarcane bagasse composites as the secondary layer in a multi-layered armor system.
IRJET-Thermal Characterization of Bamboo and Flax (BFBF) Mat Reinforced Epoxy...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the thermal characterization of bamboo and flax mat reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. The researchers fabricated hybrid composites using bamboo and flax mats reinforced in an epoxy matrix via hand lay-up technique. They characterized the thermal properties of the composites using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The TGA results showed the initial degradation temperature was 215.6°C and final degradation temperature was 860°C, with 6.815% char left at 860°C. DSC was used to detect phase transitions of the hybrid composites during heating. The thermal properties were analyzed as the mat reinforcement content in
Fabrication and Characterization of Kevlar/Jute Reinforced EpoxyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research conducted on Kevlar/Jute fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Composite laminates were fabricated using hand layup with various combinations of Kevlar fiber, jute fiber, and epoxy resin. Specimens from the laminates underwent tensile, compression, and bending tests. The 3mm thick laminates exhibited the highest tensile, compressive, and bending strengths compared to 2mm and 4mm thick laminates. Increasing the Kevlar content improved the mechanical properties while reducing the weight and cost of the composites. The stacking sequence was found to significantly impact the flexural strength but had little effect on tensile properties. Further research on other natural fibers, polymers
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties and microstructural analysis of composites made from high density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with different agro-wastes (groundnut shell, coconut shell, palm kernel shell). Tensile tests, flexural tests, and environmental scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the composites. The results showed that coconut shell composites exhibited the best mechanical properties overall. Microstructural analysis indicated even distribution of the agro-waste fillers within the HDPE matrix and good interfacial adhesion between the phases. The study demonstrates the potential of using agricultural waste materials to reinforce plastics and produce cost-effective composite materials.
A Study on Effect of Carbon and Ash Fillers on Flexural Properties in GFRP Co...IRJET Journal
The document studies the effect of carbon and ash fillers on the flexural properties of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Composites were fabricated with hand layup using glass fibers, epoxy resin, and either carbon or ash fillers added at 10% by volume. Flexural testing found that composites with carbon filler had slightly higher flexural strength than composites with ash filler, but both fillers improved flexural strength over composites without filler. In conclusion, carbon and ash fillers can significantly increase the flexural strength of glass fiber epoxy composites when added at 10% by volume.
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review SR
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the
development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste
agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced
with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup
technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using
different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic
resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar
behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester
resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the
increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the
agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document evaluates the mechanical properties of hybrid composite materials made from metallic, carbon, and glass fibers reinforced with a polymer matrix. The composites are produced using hand layup and compression molding. Tensile, impact, flexural, and compression tests will be conducted according to various ASTM standards to determine the mechanical properties of the different fiber combinations. The goal is to develop a hybrid composite that can be used for automobile and sports applications.
Thermal conductivity Characterization of Bamboo fiber reinforced in Epoxy ResinIOSR Journals
Over a past few decades composites, plastics, ceramics have been the dominant engineering material. The areas of applications of composites materials have grown rapidly and have even found new markets. The current challenge is to make the durable in tough conditions to replace other materials and also to make them cost effective .This has resulted in development of many new techniques currently being used in the industry. While the use of composites it is clear choice in many applications but the selection of material will depend on the factor such as working life, lifetime requirement, complexity of product shape produced, saving the term cost. The availability of natural fiber is abundances and also they are very inexpensive when compared to other advanced manmade fibers. The primary advantage of natural fibers are low density, low cost, biodegradability, acceptable specific properties, less wear during extracting as well as manufacturing composites and wide varieties of natural fibers are locally available. The main focus of this investigation is to determine the thermal conductivity of bamboo fiber reinforced in epoxy resin composites. The test samples were prepared as per ASTM standards using simple hand-layup technique at different fiber weight fractions (10%, 20%30%, 40%50%, 60%). Thermal conductivity (K) of the composites material were determined experimentally and is validated by the results obtained by rule of mixture, E-S model and also by finite element modeling
This document provides an overview of mechanical property evaluation of natural fiber reinforced polymers. It discusses how natural fibers like jute, sisal and hemp can be used to reinforce polymers, giving composites with good mechanical properties. The mechanical properties discussed include tensile, flexural and impact properties. The document also outlines some applications of natural fiber composites in areas like construction, automotive and packaging industries. In conclusion, it states that natural fiber composites possess good mechanical properties and can be used in different applications.
This document summarizes research on optimizing the mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy composites using response surface methodology. Bamboo fiber mats were mixed with varying amounts of nano-silica and epoxy resin to create composite samples. Mechanical tests evaluated properties like tensile, flexural, and impact strength. Response surface methodology was used to determine the optimal composite composition. A quadratic regression model found the 32H composite, with 3 layers of bamboo fiber and 2% nano-silica, performed best in tensile tests and had high energy absorption. The study concluded a composite with 2 wt.% silica and 2 layers of natural bamboo fiber provided high quality mechanical properties.
This document evaluates the tensile properties of epoxy resin composites reinforced with different natural fibers like jute, banana, and flax fibers, as well as uniaxial glass fibers. Samples were prepared with two different weight fractions using hand lay-up and tested for tensile properties. Results showed that wear rate decreased with higher reinforcement concentration but increased with higher speed and sliding distance. Additionally, banana fiber hybrid composites exhibited less wear than the other composites. The study aimed to design sustainable composite materials that can compete with synthetic materials while being environmentally friendly.
IRJET- Synthesis and Analyse the Physical Properties of Sugarcane Bagasse Gla...IRJET Journal
This document describes research into synthesizing and analyzing the physical properties of sugarcane bagasse glassfiber epoxy composites. Specimens of the composite material were created using compression molding. The specimens were then tested for their mechanical properties, including tensile strength, flexural strength, impact resistance, and hardness, according to ASTM standards. The results of the mechanical tests on the sugarcane bagasse glassfiber epoxy composite were analyzed and discussed.
IRJET- Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews natural fiber reinforced composites. It discusses how natural fibers like jute, sisal, banana and hemp can be used as reinforcements in polymer matrices as sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional composites. These natural fiber composites have properties like high strength, low weight and biodegradability. The document summarizes several studies that examined mechanical properties of different natural fiber composites and their potential applications in construction, automotive and other industries. It also specifically reviews research on using jute fiber as reinforcement and its advantages in terms of energy usage, emissions and cost compared to synthetic fibers.
Shellfish shell as a Bio-filler: Preparation, characterization and its effec...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
A Survey on Mechanical Activities on Coir Fiber Resistant Polymer Matrix Comp...IJARIIE JOURNAL
This document summarizes research on coconut fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites. It discusses how natural fibers like coconut fibers can be used to reinforce composites and improve their mechanical properties. The document outlines different types of composites based on the matrix material (metal, ceramic, polymer). It then focuses on research done using coconut fibers to reinforce polymer matrices like polyester and epoxy. The objectives of the research discussed are to develop new natural fiber reinforced polymer composites and to study the effect of fiber content, fiber treatment, and loading on the mechanical properties of coconut fiber composites.
A Study on Properties of Natural Fibres - A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews the properties of natural fibres and natural fibre composites. It discusses how factors like fibre diameter, density, geometry, and coupling agents can influence the mechanical, thermal, and water absorption properties of natural fibre composites. Surface treatments and coupling agents are shown to improve properties. The document examines different types of natural plant fibres and provides examples of studies that tested the tensile strength of various natural fibre composites, showing how treatments and fibre content can increase strength and modulus. It demonstrates that natural fibre composites show promising properties for structural applications.
Mechanical properties analysis of basalt, hemp, carbon, and glass fiber- rein...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that analyzed the mechanical properties of hybrid composites made from basalt, hemp, carbon, and glass fibers reinforced with an epoxy matrix. Five different fiber combinations were tested: C1 with layered hemp, basalt, glass, and carbon fibers; C2 with basalt, glass, and hemp fibers; C3 with basalt, hemp, and glass fibers; C4 with glass, hemp, and carbon fibers; and C5 with basalt, hemp, and glass fibers. The hemp and basalt fibers were treated with alkaline and silane solutions prior to composite fabrication to improve fiber-matrix adhesion. Mechanical testing showed that combination C1 had the
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the dry sliding wear behavior of epoxy composites filled with different weight percentages of bone powder and reinforced with E-glass and jute fibers. Samples were fabricated with 0%, 10%, and 15% bone powder content. Tests were conducted using a pin-on-disc apparatus under varying loads, velocities, and sliding distances. The results showed that wear resistance initially increased then decreased with higher bone powder content. Surface analysis using SEM correlated wear mechanisms with test results. The study aimed to understand the effect of bone powder filler on wear characteristics of these hybrid fiber composites.
Experimental Determination of Impact Strength of Aluminium, Borassus Flabelli...IOSRJMCE
The usage of natural fibres like borassus flabellifer fiber, flax, sisal, jute, kenaf, etc. as replacement to manmade fibers in fiber-reinforced composites have increased now a days due to advantages like low density, low cost and biodegradability .In addition to this poor compatibility with the matrix and high absorption content of natural fibers, focus is diverted to fiber reinforced composites. In this research, the standard test method of ASTM D256M is used to prepare specimens for testing Impact strength properties of fiber-resin composites. The test specimen has a constant cross section with tabs bonded at the ends. The specimens were incorporated with borassus flabellifer fiber. Five identical specimens were prepared for each weight by varying fiber content in grams i.e. 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5. Impact strength of fabricated composites were calculated.It is found that the Impact strength is increased with increase in weight of fiber. The Impact strength of pure polyester is also determined experimentally. The impact strength of pure polyester is 12.5 J/m. The Impact strength of fibered composite is 460 J/m (for maximum loading fiber)
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document describes an experimental investigation into the tensile and compressive strengths of composite materials made of fly ash cores sandwiched between epoxy matrix skins. Three different compositions of fly ash and epoxy were tested: 65%-35%, 60%-40%, and 55%-45%. The composites were produced using a hand layup process and tested according to ASTM standards to determine their density, flat-wise compressive strength, and tensile strength. The 60%-40% composite material showed the best results, with higher strength and stiffness values in both tensile and compression tests compared to the other compositions.
This document discusses the design and analysis of a composite bolt made of glass fiber and epoxy resin. It begins with an abstract that outlines the objectives of creating a low-cost composite bolt using glass fiber reinforcement in an epoxy matrix. It then reviews previous literature on composite materials and bolted joints, which found that addition of glass fibers increases strength and stiffness. The document describes the materials and methods used, including hand lay-up of epoxy resin reinforced with glass fibers. It presents results of testing the composite bolts and comparing the mechanical properties of unidirectional and bidirectional fiber orientations.
IRJET- Synthesis and Analyse the Physical Properties of Sugarcane Bagasse Coc...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a study that synthesized and analyzed the physical properties of sugarcane bagasse-coconut coir-epoxy composites. Samples were manufactured with 40% fiber content and tested according to ASTM standards. Results showed that tensile strength and flexural strength were higher than for pure epoxy, indicating improved properties from the natural fiber reinforcement. The document also reviews previous literature on using natural fibers like jute and sisal to reinforce composites, and techniques like fiber surface treatments and compatibilizers to improve mechanical properties of natural fiber composites.
Similar to Investigations of Mechanical Characteristics of Chicken Feather-Teak wood Dust Filled Epoxy Composites (20)
Predictive Data Mining with Normalized Adaptive Training Method for Neural Ne...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- Predictive data mining is an upcoming and fast-growing field and offers a competitive edge for the benefit of organization. In recent decades, researchers have developed new techniques and intelligent algorithms for predictive data mining. In this research paper, we have proposed a novel training algorithm for optimizing neural networks for prediction purpose and to utilize it for the development of prediction models. Models developed in MATLAB Neural Network Toolbox have been tested for insurance datasets taken from a live data warehouse. A comparative study of the proposed algorithm with other popular first and second order algorithms has been presented to judge the predictive accuracy of the suggested technique. Various graphs have been presented to analyse the convergence behaviour of different algorithms towards point of minimum error.
The development of the Islamic Heritage in Southeast Asia tradition and futur...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This research explores the historical development of Islamic architecture in Southeast Asia from the first idea to design a mosque by the Prophet Mohammad until the development at these days with the various purism passages And as developed up these days with the passages of the development of the traditional type to the postmodern, finally to modern Southeast Asia. The Islamic architecture has been developed in six traditional typologies of types of mosques is renowned throughout the world. Southeast Asia mosques are divided into various types according to the regional culture as Arabic type, Turkish type, the Iranian type, the Indian type, the Chinese type and South East Asian type. This research describes the main characteristics of these types. The main purpose of this research is to draw a correlation between the descriptions of the mosques in Malaysia as presented in the traditional typology that contains in its features in main types, relations in common throughout the Islamic world, however, distinguishes itself with the architectural form according to the local tradition.
An Iot Based Smart Manifold Attendance SystemIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- Attendance has been an age old procedure employed in different disciplines of educational institutions. While attendance systems have witnessed growth right from manual techniques to biometrics, plight of taking attendance is undeniable. In fingerprint based attendance monitoring, if fingers get roughed / scratched, it leads to misreading. Also for face recognition, students will have to make a queue and each one will have to wait until their face gets recognised. Our proposed system is employing “manifold attendance” that means employing passive attendance, where at a time, the attendance of multiple people can get captured. We have eliminated the need of queue system / paper-pen system of attendance, and just with a single click the attendance is not only captured, but monitored as well, that too without any human intervention. In the proposed system, creation of database and face detection is done by using the concepts of bounding box, whereas for face recognition we employ histogram equalization and matching technique.
A Novel Approach To Detect Trustworthy Nodes Using Audit Based Scheme For WSNIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In multi-hop ad hoc networks there exists a problem of identifying and isolating misbehaving nodes which refuses to forward packets. Audit-based Misbehavior Detection (AMD) is a comprehensive system that effectively and efficiently isolates both continuous and selective packet droppers. The AMD system integrates reputation management, trustworthy route discovery, and identification of misbehaving nodes based on behavioral audits. Compared to previous methods, AMD evaluates node behavior on a per-packet basis, without employing energy-expensive overhearing techniques or intensive acknowledgment schemes. Moreover, AMD can detect selective dropping attacks even if end-to-end traffic is encrypted and can be applied to multichannel networks or networks consisting of nodes with directional antennas. This work implements the AMD approach by considering the rushing attack. The analysis of the results confirms that AMD based method with rushing attack performs better as compared to the non rushing attack.
Human Resource Competencies: An Empirical AssessmentIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Human beings are the essential part of the process. Today, technology and machines are taking over the human resource, as claimed by many people; but technology and machines can never replace human resource entirely. Humans are required for operating and maintaining these machines. Human resource is extremely important for developing or bringing about new and required changes to these machines and technologies. The study of the history and the current Human Resource Management trends points out some important facts
Prospects and Problems of Non-Governmental Organizations in Poverty Alleviati...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The World Bank sponsored Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), launched in 1990 envisaged a world free of poverty by the year 2015. The North-East (where Gombe State is centrally located) is experiencing significantly higher poverty and lack of progress in poverty reduction efforts. With coming to end of 2015, much still need to be done to attain the MDGs. With over 62.6% Nigerian population still very poor, there is need for a continuous search for alternative planning & development options that would help ameliorate poverty and sustained our dream for a world free of poverty and wants. This study examines the prospects and investigates the constraints of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in poverty alleviation and community development. Literature review, questionnaire and interview methods were used for the study. The findings revealed that: finance, continuity of projects/programmes, conflicts and insecurity were the major problems confronting the NGOs. An interesting revelation is that majority of the respondents indicated that they wait for the NGOs or Government to initiate poverty alleviation programmes/projects. The implication is that the community dwellers need attitudinal change necessary for self reliance. The prospect of NGOs in poverty alleviation and community development in the study area is very bright due to rapid population growth & increasing poverty levels with the attendant positive effects on urban planning and regional development. The study recommends that NGOs should (1) form an association to enable them work together, and utilize social capital in their operation/services. (2) seek to explore avenues for funding from donor agencies. Finally, the Government needs to address some of its short comings.
Development of Regression Model Using Lasso And Optimisation of Process Param...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- Metal Spinning is a concept of describing the forming of metal into seamless, axisymmetric shapes by a combination of rotational motion and force. Sheet metal spinning is one of the metal forming processes, which a flat metal blank is rotated at a high speed and formed into an axisymmetric part by a roller which gradually forces the blank on to a mandrel, bearing the final shape of the spun part. Over the last few decades, sheet metal spinning has developed significantly and spun products have been used in various industries. Nowadays the process has been expanded to new horizons in industries, since tendency to use minimum tool and equipment costs and also using lower forces with the output of excellent surface quality and good mechanical properties. The automation of the process is of greater importance, due to its wider applications like decorative household‟s goods, rocket nose cones, gas cylinders etc. The objective of the current work is to develop the mathematical model for the spinning process with surface roughness as response and the input parameters as Mandrel speed (rpm), geometry of the Roller and Thickness of sheet (mm). Type of mandrel (EN8 Material) considered in the spinning process has the geometrical profile of parabola and single roller and double roller tools (EN8 Material) are used to deform the Al2024-T3 sheet metal paper aims to understand the process parameters that affect the surface finish of the spun component. Full factorial Design of Experiments technique is used to find the minimum number of experimental trials that are required to develop the regression model. A regression model using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (Lasso) is developed to further deepen the understanding between the input parameters and the surface roughness. The model was optimised using Sequential Quadratic Programming.
Use of Satellite Data for Feasibility Study And Preliminary Design Project Re...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In the developing countries like India, need of infrastructure is very high as compared to the available resources. The various organizations put their demands to state and center government for sanction of their project, government depends upon its various department to provide an approximate cost so that priorities can be assigned. The conventional procedure depends upon the land surveying, collection of data from various departments resulting in delay in necessary decision making or some time shelving due to unreasonable cost estimate due to field data being very old. Survey of India, The National Survey and Mapping Organization single handily taking this responsibility thus up gradation of data is far behind the actual development. From the satellite data, which is available in the form of images and terrains (even in 3d LiDAR points for some areas) is very useful for Feasibility Study, and Preliminary Project Report. In the present study natural drain named „Chai Nala‟ meanders through the prime property of Greater Mohali Area Development Authority (GMADA) thus making a big chunk of commercial land inoperative. It was proposed to straighten and channelize to reclaim the land from drain regime. Being the precious land department wanted the most economical and technically sound design without taking any risk. It was decided to counter check the hydraulic data, ground profile, acquired from the Punjab Irrigation Department with the satellite data and Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS). The data from the Google Earth was acquired using Cad Earth software and water shed analysis was carried out using Autodesk Civil 3D software. Comparison of results shows that this technique is quite useful and can be for preliminary feasibility and project preparation. Thus saving huge money and time.
Microwave Assisted Sol Gel Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide(Mgo)IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles have been synthesized by Microwave assisted Sol gel synthesis method by using the precursors citric acid (C2O4H2) and magnesium chloride (Mgcl2.6H2O). It is a simple, novel and cost effective method. The structure, morphology and crystalline phase of the magnesium oxide nanocrystals have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD).Presence of functional groups and optical characters are analyzed by using FTIR and UV- visible techniques
Development of Enhanced Frequency Drive for 3-Phase Induction Motors Submitte...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Three-phase induction motors produce mechanical power by electromagnetic induction and run on a 3-phase ac supply. They require efficient speed control, to enable them do variable speed operations, save power consumption and reduce machine noise. In this dissertation, a new switching device called MosControlled Thyristor (MCT) for frequency drive is introduced. Based on the new switching device and AT89C52 microcontroller, an enhanced frequency drive for controlling the speed and torque of 3-phase 15kW squirrel cage induction motor is modeled. Different voltages ranging from 342V to 415V and frequencies ranging from 50Hz to 60Hz are used in a systematic manner to simulate the system based on the new switching device. The simulation program is written in C language and tested with Proteus 7.6 simulation software. Voltage and frequency have significant impact on the actual speed and torque of the motor. Simulation results show that with the new model, the torque (56.66Nm) developed by the motor which is constant throughout each speed range is directly proportional to the ratio (6.7:1) of the applied voltage and the frequency of the supply and the selected speeds (1450, 1510, 1570, 1630, 1690 and 1750 rpm) are locked irrespective of change in load. This is unlike other models where magnetic saturation and conduction drop of IGBT lead to voltage/frequency imbalance resulting in excessive drawing of current by the motor and overheating. This new control method has a speed regulation of ±2 to 3% of maximum frequency, speed response of 3Hz, speed control range of 1: 40 and efficiency of 88%, as further advantages. Comparison of the system with other speed control techniques shows improved energy-saving, cost effectiveness and safety in operation. The contributions of this research aim to make Volts per Hertz speed control method based on MCT a reliable better alternative to other well known methods in speed control of three-phase induction motors
Short-Term Load Forecasting Using ARIMA Model For Karnataka State Electrical ...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Short-term load forecasting is a key issue for reliable and economic operation of power systems. This paper aims to develop short-term electric load forecasting ARIMA Model for Karnataka Electrical Load pattern based on Stochastic Time Series Analysis. The logical and organised procedures for model development using Autocorrelation Function and Partial Autocorrelation Function make ARIMA Model particularly attractive. The methodology involves Initial Model Development Phase, Parameter Estimation Phase and Forecasting Phase. To confirm the effectiveness, the proposed model is developed and tested using the historical data of Karnataka Electrical Load pattern (2016). The forecasting error of ARIMA Model is computed and results have shown favourable forecasting accuracy.
Optimal Pricing Policy for a Manufacturing Inventory Model with Two Productio...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: When a new product is launched, a manufacturer applies the strategy of offering a quantity incentive initially for some time to boost up the demand of the product. The present paper describes a manufacturing inventory model with price sensitive demand enhanced by a quantity incentive. Later on demand becomes time increasing also. Inventory cycle starts with low production rate which is followed by higher production rate when demand is boosted up. Shortages are not allowed in this model. Presentation of numerical examples, tables, graphs and sensitivity analysis describes the model very well. Lastly case without incentive illustrates that usually the quantity incentive offered initially is beneficial.
Analysis of failure behavior of shear connection in push-out specimen by thre...IJERDJOURNAL
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Investigations of Mechanical Characteristics of Chicken Feather-Teak wood Dust Filled Epoxy Composites
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 13, Issue 4 (April 2017), PP.01-09
1
Investigations of Mechanical Characteristics of Chicken
Feather-Teak wood Dust Filled Epoxy Composites
Antaryami Mishra
Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology, Sarang, Odisha, India
ABSTRACT: The present research has been undertaken with an objective to explore the potential of wood
dust and chicken feather as reinforcing material in epoxy composites and to investigate the mechanical
behaviour of the composites. Composites of teak wood dust (450 µm size) in 10,15 and 20 percentages of
weight mixed with epoxy along with 5 % of chopped chicken feather have been prepared by hand lay up
technique. The metallic mould developed in house was used to cast ASTM standard specimens. All the three
samples have been tested in UTM for tensile strength and it is observed that composite with 15 % teak wood
dust is having highest strength of 8.93 MPa. From water absorption tests in 24 hours the weight gain is very
little and negligible for all the composites. Hence these composites can perform very well in moist atmosphere.
Keywords: Chicken feather-teak wood dust-epoxy composites, tensile, water absorption tests
I. INTRODUCTION
In the past few decades, research and engineering interest has been shifting from monolithic materials
to fiber-reinforced polymeric materials at macroscopic level or even nano level. The quest for light weight and
high strength materials is never ending for due consideration owing to their wide applications. Therefore a
polymeric composite material has its importance in the applications of light structures. These composite
materials (notably aramid, carbon and glass fiber reinforced plastics etc.) now dominate the aerospace,
automotive, construction and sporting industries. However, these fibers have serious drawbacks such as non-
renewability, non-recyclability, non-bio-degradability etc. These shortcomings have been highly exploited
by proponents of natural fiber composites. Though mechanical properties of natural fibers are much
inferior to those of artificial fibers, their specific properties, especially stiffness, are comparable to the
stated values of artificial fibers. Various kinds of polymer matrix composites reinforced with metal particles,
fibres, whiskers and particles have a wide range of industrial applications. These engineering composites
are desired due to their low density, high corrosion resistance, ease of fabrication and low cost. Further the
waste products of poultry like chicken feathers are available in million tonnes per day polluting the
environment. Similarly effective utilization of wood dust as waste from saw mills may be thought of for
developing natural fibre reinforced composites. Therefore an attempt has been made to prepare composites
taking chopped chicken feather and teak wood dust as reinforcements in epoxy matrix in this investigation. The
strength characterization and water absorption capacity of these composites are tested as per standards so that
proper conclusions can be drawn for their use in structural applications. The various applications of such
composites may be in automobiles like seat frame, doors and interior lining etc. They can also be used as
packing materials in transportation of delicate articles and household decorating products.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Much of published work as regards to mechanical characterization of chicken feather composites is not
available. However recent published works of a few researchers have been referred here as under. Barone and
Schmidt [1] worked on composites of polyethylene reinforced with keratin fibers obtained from chicken
feathers. In the experiment fibers of similar diameter but varying aspect ratio were mixed into low-density
polyethylene (LDPE) using a Brabender mixing head. Scanning electron microscopy revealed some interaction
between the fiber and polymer without the need for coupling agents or chemical treatment of the fibers. The
density of the composite upon introduction of keratin feather fiber is not increased, but reduced by 2%.The
results obtained from mechanical testing are compared to theoretical predictions based on a simple composite
material micromechanical model. Kock and Jeffery [2] studied the physical and mechanical properties of
chicken feather materials and recommended that materials derived from chicken feather could be used
advantageously in composite building material application. Results describing the moisture content, aspect ratio,
apparent specific gravity, chemical durability, Young's modulus and tensile strength for processed CFM
specifically their fibre and quill component was studied and presented by them. Fibre fraction has greater
Young's Modulus than quill fraction. It is comparable to that of other fibres such as jute and flax. Quill fraction
has lower tensile strength than fibre fraction. Evans and Vance [3] recommended that the physical properties of
2. Investigations Of Mechanical Characteristics Of Chicken Feather-Teak Wood….
2
most of the feather fiber-containing greenhouse root substrates differed from the 0% feather fiber control
substrates, but the total pore space and the water-holding capacity values were within recommended ranges for
greenhouse crops. Air-filled pore space was higher than recommended levels, but this did not result in
suboptimal water-holding capacities. Feather fiber could be used at rates up to at least 30% with peat and perlite
substrates without negatively affecting the physical properties of the substrate. However, at 30% feather fiber
with peat and bark, aggregation or clumping of the feather fiber occurred during mixing of the final substrate.
Anandrao et al. [4] studied behaviour of polymer composites reinforced with short fibres obtained from poultry
feather. Although poor tensile and flexural strength was exhibited but erosion wear performance showed
significant improvement with reinforcement of short fibers. Erosion resistance was successfully analysed using
Taguchi experimental design .impingement angle, erodent size and impact velocity affected the erosion
behaviour of these composites. Martinez-Harnandez et al. [5] studied dynamical–mechanical and thermal
analysis of polymeric composites reinforced with Keratin bio fibres from chicken feathers. Hydrophobic nature
of keratin fiber allowed even distribution within and exhibited good adherence to polymer. From measurement
of transition temperature Tg and decomposition temperature it was clearly observed that PMMA composites had
good thermal stability. Composites with 1 wt% and 2 wt% of bio fibre showed higher storage modulus and
elastic behaviour (E) at higher temperatures. A study on development of an eco-friendly chicken feather
fiber/poly lactic acid bio composite was conducted by Lam et al. [6]. Flight feather fiber and down feather fiber
were separated from chicken feather and added to PLA matrix to fabricate bio composite. It was found that
down feather reinforcement improved the stiffness of PLA. Various tests on samples containing different CFF
wt% (2 to10) were conducted. Tests revealed that Young‟s modulus and ductility increased significantly.
Interfacial bonding was also improved. Acda [7] worked on waste chicken feather as reinforcement in cement-
bonded composites. Study showed that waste chicken feather could be used as reinforcement in cement bonded
composites but only up to about 10% feather content. Boards containing 5% to 10% fiber and/or ground feather
were comparable in stiffness and strength properties to commercial wood fiber cement board of similar
thickness and density. Increasing the proportion of chicken feather above 10% resulted in significant reduction
of elastic modulus, rigidity modulus and decreased dimensional stability. Krystyna et al. [8] prepared composite
of chicken feather, cotton linters, synthetic fibres and resin by blending all of them. Mechanical properties,
water absorption tests and organoleptic tests were carried out. It was observed that with higher content of feather
(70%) the wet strength increased. Technology for manufacturing paper like composites has been developed
through this process. Uzun et al. studied the mechanical behaviour of chicken quills and chicken feather fibres
reinforced polymeric composites. Study showed that impact properties of CFF reinforced composite were
significantly better than control composites. For 10% CFF reinforced vinyl composite, impact value was found
to be 4.42 kg/mm2
which was 25% higher than control vinylester composite. However tensile and flexural
properties had poorer value compared to control composites. Chinta et al. [10] examined the application of
chicken feather in technical textiles. Feathers of chicken possessing properties like- good thermal insulation,
porosity and light weight used in production of erosion control fabrics utilizing latex bonding were found to be
suitable for fabricating technical textiles. Ganesh and Rekha. [11] made a comparative study on tensile
behaviour of plant and animal fiber reinforced composite. Hybrid composite samples were prepared using rice
straw, chicken feather and polyester resin matrix with different volume proportions. It was observed that tensile
property of hybrid composite exhibited higher value than individual. Further proper orientation of fibre yielded
better tensile strength. It was concluded that increase in tensile strength of the order of 28% and 85% of hybrid
composites made it suitable in manufacture of automobile components. Kiew et al. [12] worked on comparative
study of dielectric properties of chicken feather-Kenaf fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites It was
judged that the chicken feather fibre composites would be suitable for application as high speed printed circuit
board material basing on the result that the dielectric value increments were high at low frequencies and they
gradually reached significantly lower values at higher frequencies. The chicken feather fibre unsaturated
polyester composite exhibited an overall lower dielectric constant, dissipation factor and loss factor compared to
the Kenaf fibre unsaturated polyester composites. Arun kumar et al. [1314studied recycling of chicken feather
and wool fibre waste reinforced in multilayer composite. Tensile and flexural strength could be enhanced with
increasing percentage of chicken feather and different resin. Oladele et al. [14] studied the mechanical properties
of chicken feather and cow hair fibre reinforced high density polyethylene composites. Fowl feather and cow
tail hair were sourced from poultry and abattoir respectively. Various tests were carried out and the results
showed that fowl feather reinforced samples at 1-2 wt % gave a promising results in flexural properties while 3
wt % gave a promising result in tensile property. It was concluded that the strength decreases as the fibre
content increases. However, the strength was mostly enhanced by chicken feather than cow hair. Naggireddy et
al. [15] evaluated performance of Emu feather fiber reinforced composite materials. The specimens were
produced by varying the weight percentages 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% of fiber loadings. The mechanical properties
such as tensile strength, impact strength and flexural strength were evaluated. Its resistance to chemicals such as
HCl, NaOH, NaCl, and H2O was also tested and compared with epoxy and polyester resins. It was revealed that
3. Investigations Of Mechanical Characteristics Of Chicken Feather-Teak Wood….
3
as the fiber loading is increased from 0 to 8%, the tensile strength was reduced from51.21MPa to 26MPa. The
Flexural strength is also reduced from 79.6MPa to18.71MPa, but the impact strength increased from 8J/mm2
to
18 J/mm2
. The samples were immersed in water for 24hrs.It is observed that the moisture absorption capacity is
increased along with swelling thereby decreasing the water resistance strength. Thermo gravimetric analysis
(TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), Degradation Temperatures Gradient (DTG) properties of
epoxy composites reinforced with feather fiber of „emu‟ bird was studied by Chandrasekhar et al. [16].
Transition temperature Tg of pure epoxy was found to be 140.4 °C, but in composite Tg value was lowered. With
fibre length of 1 cm to 3 cm Tg value was found to be 96 °C to 73.3 °C and for length of 5 cm, it was further
reduced.
III. THEORETICAL FORMULATION
The composite is usually prepared based on calculation of weight fractions or Volume fractions. The
density and other properties of the composite are found out by rule of mixtures as mentioned below.
Weight fraction of the reinforcement: wr=Wr / (Wr + Wm +Wf) *100,
Weight fraction of the matrix: wm = Wm/ (Wr + Wm + Wf)*100
Weight fraction of the chicken feather: wf = Wf/ (Wr + Wm + Wf)*100
whereWr= Weight of reinforcement, Wm = Weight of matrix, Wf = Weight of chicken feather .
Weight of the composite = Wc = Wr+ Wm+ Wf
Further as per rule of mixtures, the density of the composite is obtained by
ρc= ρmvm + ρrvr+ ρfvf .....(Eqn.1)
where ρc= Density of the composite, ρm = Density of the matrix, ρr= Density of the reinforcement, ρf =
Density of the chicken feather.
vm = Volume fraction of the matrix, vr = Volume fraction of the reinforcement,
vf = Volume fraction of the chicken feather
Further
vm =Vm / (Vm + Vr + Vf+ Vv )*100,
vr = Vr / (Vm + Vr+ Vf + Vv)*100,
vf =Vf / (Vm + Vr + Vf+ Vv )*100,
Volume of the composite = Vc = Vm + Vr + Vf + Vv
Where Vm = Volume of the matrix, Vr = Volume of the reinforcement, Vf= Volume of the chicken feather and
Vv = Volume of voids.
Assuming modulus reinforcing efficiency as unity and as per rule of mixtures:
Modulus of elasticity of the composite,
Ec= Ervr + Emvm + Efvf …. (Eqn.2)
Where Er = Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, Ef = Modulus of elasticity of chicken feather and Em=
Modulus of elasticity of matrix
Strength of the composite,
σc = σrvr + σmvm + σfvf ….. (Eqn.3)
Where σr = Strength of the reinforcement, σm= Strength of the matrix, σf= Strength of the chicken feather.
Table 1.Properties of Teak wood dust
Properties Value
Density (g/cc) 0.8
Young‟s modulus of elasticity(GPa) 10.5
Tensile Strength(MPa) 95
Table 2. Properties of Epoxy
Properties Value
Density (Kg/m3
) 1.2*103
Young‟s modulus of elasticity(GPa) 20
Tensile Strength(MPa) 75
Table 3. Properties of Chicken Feather
Properties Value
Density(g/cc) 0.89
Young‟s modulus of elasticity (GPa) 3
Tensile strength (MPa) 70
4. Investigations Of Mechanical Characteristics Of Chicken Feather-Teak Wood….
4
Table 4. Properties of Composite with 5 % chicken feather and 450 µm Teak wood dust
Type of composite Density(g/cc) Modulus of
elasticity(GPa)
Strength(MPa)
Sp-A (10%) 1.13 17.89 77.19
Sp-B (15%) 1.11 17.46 78.22
Sp-C (20%) 1.10 17.08 79.14
Specimen A – Sp-A-10 % teak wood dust
Specimen B – Sp-B-15 % Teak wood dust
Specimen C – Sp-C- 20 % Teak wood dust
IV. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
Specimen preparation:
At the outset teak wood saw dust has been collected from Sharma Furniture, Bhubaneswar (Fig.1). The
dusts so collected were separated by sieve shaker depending on their mesh size (450 microns). Chicken feathers
(Fig. 2) were collected from Mayurbhanj District of Odisha. The chicken feathers were separated from the stem
(quill) by using scissors. Different sizes of chicken feather dust have been prepared by grinding as shown in the
Fig. 3(a,b,c and d).
Fig. 1. Teak wood dust Fig. 2. Chicken feather
(a) (b)
5. Investigations Of Mechanical Characteristics Of Chicken Feather-Teak Wood….
5
(c) (d)
Fig.3(a,b,c,d). Sizes of chicken feather and dust
After measuring four samples of chicken feather sizes the average size considered is 18µm.Metallic
mould was prepared out of aluminium for casting the standard specimen as per ASTM. The dimensions of
standard specimen are given in Fig. 4.The metallic mould so prepared has been shown in Fig 5. Shrinkage
allowance as per norms has been provided in the moulds taking epoxy as the matrix material.
Fig.4. ASTM standard specimen
Table 5. Recommended dimensions of the specimen
Specimen l1 l2 l3 l w1 w2 w3 w4 w5 w6 w7 t1 t2 t3
Standard 42 100 42 204 25 25 13 13 13 25 25 - - -
Fig.5. Metallic mould with ejector for standard specimen
6. Investigations Of Mechanical Characteristics Of Chicken Feather-Teak Wood….
6
Fig. 6. Mould with specimen
Fig. 7. Cast specimens , (a) 10%, (b) 15 % and (c) 20 % teak wood dust and 5% constant chicken feather
Fig. 8. Sample for water absorption test,(a) 10%, (b) 15 % and (c) 20 % teak wood dust and 5% constant
chicken feather
The recommended dimensions of the specimen as per standard are shown in Table 5. The mould with ejector
(Fig. 5) specimen in cast condition (Fig..6) and the ejected specimens are shown in Fig. 7. The deviations in
dimensions with respect to standard are also given in Table 6.
Table 6. Comparison of dimensions with respect to standard
Specimen
nomenclature
l1 l2 l3 l w1 w2 w3 w4 w5 w6 w7 t1 t2 t3
Standard 42 100 42 204 25 25 13 13 13 25 25 - - -
Cast specimen 41.5 100 40.5 204 25.5 25.1 13.9 13.1 13.3 25.3 25.2 13.1 13 13.1
Deviation -0.5 - -1.5 - 0.5 0.1 0.9 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 - 0.1
For water absorption test the rectangular specimens having size 40x25x10 mm for each composite are shown in
Fig. 8.
Tensile test
The standard tensile test specimens so prepared were tested in Universal Testing Machine (TINIUS OLSEN,
model no.- H50KS, 50 KN capacity-Fig. 9) and the Stress- Strain curves are plotted.
7. Investigations Of Mechanical Characteristics Of Chicken Feather-Teak Wood….
7
Fig. 9. UTM for tensile test (TINIUS OLSEN, model no.- H50KS, 50 KN capacity)
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results obtained from tensile tests are interpreted in Table 7. Further the stress-strain curves so obtained are
also shown in Fig. 10 to 12 for Specimen A, B and C.
Table 7. Results of tensile tests
Speci-
men
Rate
(mm/
min)
Width
(mm)
Thick-
Ness
(mm)
Area
(mm2
)
Lengt
h
(mm)
Max.
Load
(N)
Tensile
Strength
(MPa)
Extension at
Break
(mm)
Tensile
Strain at
Break
(%)
A 2 13.8 8.7 120.06 115 474 3.95 0.35 0.33
B 2 14.4 7.45 107.28 115 958.17 8.93 0.85 0.74
C 2 14.3 8.95 127.98 115 1070.29 8.36 0.88 0.77
2 14.17 8.37 118.44 115 834.15 6.44 0.7 0.61
Fig. 10. Stress-strain curve for 10 % teak wood dust composite
Fig. 11. Stress- Strain curve for 15 % Teak wood dust composite
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
Stress(MPa)
Strain
Specimen A
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008
Stress(MPa)
Strain
Specimen B
8. Investigations Of Mechanical Characteristics Of Chicken Feather-Teak Wood….
8
Fig. 12. Stress- strain curve for 20 % teak wood dust composites
Fig. 13. Superimposed curves for comparison
The superimposed curves are also shown for comparison in Fig. 13.
Water absorption tests
The specimens of the required sizes were immersed in water for 24 hours for checking the moisture
absorption capacity. The difference in final weight after soaking and initial dry weight gives the weight gain.
These results are give in Table 8.
Table 8. Results of water absorption tests
Specimen Length x
width(mm)
Thickness in
mm
Initial dry
weight in
gm
Final Weight after
soaking for 24
hours in gm
Gain in
weight
in gm
Moisture
absorption
capacity in %
A 39 x 26 11 11.240 11.280 0.040 0.356
B 39x 25 08 8.070 8.130 0.060 0.744
C 39 x 25 9.5 10.110 10.180 0.070 0.692
It is seen from the results that strength is increasing up to 15 % teak wood filler composite but
decreases with 20 % dust composite. Further the composite with 15 % teak wood dust has exhibited highest
strength of 8.93MPa.More addition of dust has resulted in decrease in strength. Similarly from the moisture
absorption tests it is revealed that all the composites have excellent properties as far as water absorption capacity
is concerned. Very little moisture is absorbed in 24 hours of test.
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Stress(MPa)
Strain
Specimen C
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Stress(MPa)
Strain
Stress Vs Strain
A
B
C
9. Investigations Of Mechanical Characteristics Of Chicken Feather-Teak Wood….
9
VI. CONCLUSIONS
During these investigations it has been seen that the composite with 15 % teak wood dust and 5 %
chicken feather is a good proposition for application as packing materials, instrument casings, light decorative
fittings and other such applications as it has shown highest tensile strength amongst all the materials considered.
From moisture absorption test all the composites under consideration can be used in moist atmosphere as gain in
weight is negligible.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author wishes to thank the staff of Mechanical Engineering Department of Indira Gandhi Institute of
Technology, Sarang for their support and cooperation to execute this work. The authorities of this institution
have also rendered whole hearted support for carrying out this research.
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