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Several parasites can infect the human liver, including helminths like Fasciola hepatica and Schistosoma mansoni, protozoa like Plasmodium spp. and Leishmania spp., and arthropods. These parasites may cause hepatomegaly, portal hypertension, hepatic dysfunction, splenomegaly, ascites, and jaundice during their maturation stages in the liver or as adult worms. Common symptoms include right hypochondrial pain and fever, epigastric pain, enlarged liver, bilious vomiting, and jaundice.
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Schistosoma ppt dr somesh 2015 - Parasitology - Trematodes
Schistosomiasis - Parasitology - trematodes -SECOND MBBS STUDENTS - UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS - MEDICAL COLLEGE - POWERPOINT
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(2) It provides details on the life cycles, symptoms, geographic distribution, diagnosis, and treatment of these parasites. For many species, it describes the eggs, adult worms, and larval stages as seen under microscopy.
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This document discusses Schistosoma haematobium, a species of blood fluke that causes urinary schistosomiasis. It covers the organism's morphology, life cycle, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points include:
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- Its life cycle involves freshwater snails as an intermediate host and humans as the definitive host. Larval cercariae penetrate the skin and develop into adult worms.
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Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. It is transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The malaria parasite has a complex life cycle involving a mosquito vector and a human host. Symptoms include cyclic fever, chills, and sweats. Diagnosis is made by blood smear examination. Treatment depends on the Plasmodium species and includes antimalarial drugs like chloroquine, quinine, and artemisinin combinations. Supportive care and chemoprophylaxis are also important aspects of malaria management.
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1) Clonorchis sinensis is a food-borne trematode parasite known as the oriental liver fluke. It infects over 30 million people in Asia, mainly in China and Taiwan.
2) It has a complex life cycle involving freshwater snails and fish as intermediate hosts. Humans become infected by eating raw or undercooked freshwater fish containing the infective metacercariae.
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Soil-transmitted helminths like Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworms infect approximately 2 billion people worldwide. They are transmitted through contaminated soil and water. The worms cause diseases by inhabiting the intestines and feeding on tissues or blood, potentially leading to anemia, malnutrition, and impaired development. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples microscopically for worm eggs. Treatment involves anthelmintic drugs, while prevention focuses on improved sanitation and hygiene to reduce environmental contamination.
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This document provides an overview of schistosomiasis (snail fever) including its history, epidemiology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and complications. It notes that schistosomiasis is commonly found in places with poor sanitation and affects school-aged children. The main types that infect humans are S. mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum, which are found throughout Africa and parts of Asia. Acute schistosomiasis presents with fever and myalgia while chronic infection can lead to organ damage like hepatic fibrosis, bladder cancer, and pulmonary hypertension. Diagnosis involves finding parasite eggs microscopically in stool or
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The document discusses malaria, caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus transmitted via mosquito bites. It affects over 100 countries and kills approximately 2,000 people per day. The most common species causing malaria in India are P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. ovale, and P. knowlesi, with P. falciparum being the most lethal. Malaria symptoms include fever, fatigue, nausea, and in severe cases can include cerebral malaria, acidosis, anemia, renal failure, pulmonary edema, hypoglycemia, and death. Diagnosis involves examining blood smears under a microscope for parasites. Treatment depends on the Plasmodium species and may include chloroquine,
Human para influenza virus
Human Parainfluenza Virus (HPIV) is a common cause of respiratory infections, especially in children. There are 4 types of HPIV that can cause illnesses ranging from mild upper respiratory infections to severe croup. HPIV is an enveloped RNA virus that enters host cells and replicates through transcription and translation of viral proteins. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms like cough and stridor. Precautions like masks and handwashing are recommended to prevent transmission through respiratory droplets.
Malaria
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. The most serious form is caused by P. falciparum. Symptoms include fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Parasites initially develop in the liver then infect red blood cells. Treatment depends on the parasite species and includes chloroquine, primaquine, artemisinins, and others to eliminate symptoms and completely clear the infection. Multiple drugs may be used in combination to combat drug resistance. Prevention involves mosquito control and chemoprophylaxis with drugs like mefloquine, doxycycline or atovaquone-proguanil.
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Ebola virus disease
This document provides information on Ebola virus disease (EVD), including its history, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention. It notes that EVD is caused by one of five viruses in the family Filoviridae, is highly fatal in humans and nonhuman primates, and is transmitted through direct contact with bodily fluids. Symptoms include fever, headache, vomiting and severe hemorrhaging. While there are no approved vaccines, prevention focuses on avoiding contact with infected hosts and bodily fluids through safe burial practices and hygiene.
Leishmaniasis
This document describes Leishmania donovani, the parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar. It discusses the parasite's classification, life cycle within human and sand fly hosts, geographic distribution, morphology in amastigote and promastigote forms, transmission via phlebotomine sand fly bites, pathology in organs like the spleen and liver, clinical features of kala-azar infection, and treatments like liposomal amphotericin B and miltefosine. It also briefly summarizes Leishmania species complexes that cause cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.
Typhus
Typhus is caused by Rickettsia bacteria, which are intracellular parasites carried by arthropod hosts like lice and ticks. There are several types of typhus including epidemic typhus spread by human lice and Rocky Mountain spotted fever spread by ticks. Symptoms can range from mild to severe fever, headache, rash and organ damage. Diagnosis involves identifying the bacteria through PCR testing, antibody levels or tissue staining. Treatment is with doxycycline or chloramphenicol antibiotics.
Schistosoma ppt dr somesh 2015 - Parasitology - Trematodes
Schistosomiasis - Parasitology - trematodes -SECOND MBBS STUDENTS - UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS - MEDICAL COLLEGE - POWERPOINT
Parasitic infection
Parasitic infections are caused by protozoa and helminth worms. They enter the body through ingestion, arthropod bites, or skin/mucous membrane penetration. Common human parasites include Plasmodium (malaria), Entamoeba histolytica (amoebiasis), Giardia lamblia (giardiasis), and various helminths such as tapeworms and roundworms. Symptoms vary depending on the infecting parasite but may include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and organ damage. Treatment involves antiprotozoal or anthelmintic medications.
Malaria
Malaria is caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. It is widespread in tropical regions and causes hundreds of thousands of deaths annually, mostly among African children. The parasite has complex life cycles between human and mosquito hosts. Symptoms include fever, headaches, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves blood smear microscopy or antigen/DNA tests. Treatment depends on parasite species but commonly involves antimalarial drugs. Prevention strategies target eliminating mosquitoes or using prophylaxis for travelers.
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Schistosoma ppt dr somesh 2015 - Parasitology - Trematodes
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(1) The document discusses various parasites that can infect the liver and biliary tree, including tapeworms (Echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocularis, E. vogeli), flukes (Fasciola hepatica), and trematodes (Schistosoma japonicum, S. mansoni).
(2) It provides details on the life cycles, symptoms, geographic distribution, diagnosis, and treatment of these parasites. For many species, it describes the eggs, adult worms, and larval stages as seen under microscopy.
(3) Imaging findings (e.g. CT, MRI) and serological tests are also discussed as important diagnostic tools for
4 deadly parasites
1) Four deadly parasites are discussed: the larva of a botfly, Leishmania, the lancet liver fluke, and the Japanese lung fluke.
2) The botfly larva grows inside the flesh of mammals, with eggs deposited directly on the skin or through an intermediate host like a mosquito. It remains for 5-6 weeks until emerging.
3) Leishmania is a parasite spread through sandfly bites that can cause deadly skin or systemic diseases. It is treated with antimony compounds.
4) The lancet liver fluke manipulates ants through mind control to be eaten by grazing animals and reach its host liver.
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Liverfluke
Liver fluke outbreaks in cattle and sheep in Scotland have been increasing since the early 2000s, with 29% of cattle affected in early 2004. Warmer and wetter weather due to global warming, combined with changes in farming practices such as dosing sheep but not cattle, have contributed to the rise in cases. To control outbreaks, farmers must consider local environmental factors that support fluke habitats and implement targeted dosing plans using effective flukicides at key times of the year. Monitoring for resistance is also important given some reports of triclabendazole resistance in fluke affecting sheep.
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This document summarizes several important digenetic trematodes (flukes) that infect mammals in different organs. It describes the morphology, life cycles, pathology and epidemiology of liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica, Fascioloides magna), intestinal flukes (Fasciolopsis buski), lung flukes, and reproductive system flukes. Key details are provided for each fluke, including the definitive host, intermediate hosts, sites of infection, and symptoms caused.
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Liver anatomy - history, lobes, segments (by Armata manus)
Liver anatomy - history, lobes, segments (by D. Shamrai, Armata manus). Lecture plan: 1)History; 2) Basic knowledge about liver anatomy; 3) Classifications of liver segments; 4) Brisbane terminology; 5) Lodus caudatus (few words about cauda); 6) Arteries part I – variant anatomy of celial trunk.
Contact me: shamraydv@gmail.com
Liver fluke
Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. Its complex life cycle involves freshwater snails acting as intermediate hosts. Humans can become accidentally infected by consuming raw freshwater plants containing the fluke larvae. The flukes mature and reproduce in the bile ducts of the liver, causing a disease called fascioliasis. Symptoms range from asymptomatic to abdominal pain and liver damage. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples for fluke eggs or conducting imaging tests and antibody tests. Treatment primarily involves administering deworming medications like triclabendazole or bithionol.
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Liver anatomy - history, lobes, segments (by Armata manus)
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1. Parasitology is the study of parasites, including intestinal and blood parasites. Trematodes, also known as flukes, are leaf-shaped parasites that can live in the intestines, liver, lungs and other organs.
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(a) Life cycle of parasite:
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No suckers or hooks
Present but incomplete
Absent
Elongated;
cylindrical;
unsegmented
Separate
(dioecious)
No suckers or hooks
Complete
Present
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introduction-to-parasite-affecting-liver
- 1. DiNa Maklad 471 Introduction to parasites affecting liver
- 2. to Parasites affecting the LiverIntroduction Parasites are defined as those organisms living on or within another organismknown as its hostat whoseexpense it obtains food and protection. There are three main classes of parasites that can cause diseasein rthopodsAelminths, andHrotozoa,Phumans: either-zoaainly helminthes and protom-Several parasites infect liver , for example (Fasciola,wormsduring their maturation stages or as adult s granulosus, Toxocara species,, EchinococcumansoniSchistosoma -, PlasmodiumspeciesvisceralLeishmania,Entamoeba histolytica .and Toxoplasma gondii)-Malaria parasites ing human liver.Here are a classification of Parasites mainly those affect Parasitic organisms Helminths Protozoa Arthropods
- 3. Helminths Phylum platyhelminthes Phylum Nematoda Class Trematoda Class Cestoidea Pseudophyllidea Cyclophyllidea Fasciola hepatica/ gigantica Right hypochondrial pain & fever (during migratory stage ) . Acute epigastric pain /Hepatomegaly/repeated attack of Jaundice & fever ( whenestablished infection) Schistosoma mansoni Hepatomegaly/portal hypertension/Hepatic dysfunction /splenomegaly/ Ascites/Haematemesis/Melena Echinococcus granulosus Hydatiddisease Hydatid Cyst in the liver ( commonest site 70% ) / painless enlargement inthe abdomen withright hypochondrial pain .
- 4. Phylum Nematoda Class Adenophorea Class Secernentea Toxocara Canis / Cati Larva Migrans (Visceral ) Hepatomegaly
- 5. Protozoa Sarcodina Phylum Sarcomastigophora Phylum Ciliophora Phylum Apicomplexa Mastigophora Leishmania species (Visceral ) leishmania donovani complex ( old world ) & L.chagasi (new world ) Hepatomegaly Plasmodium Species (Malaria Parasites) Slight enlargement and tenderness of the liver ( during exoerythrocytic cycle ) Localizedpernicious syndromes Hepatobiliary :Epigastric pain/ enlargedliver /bilious vomiting / jaundice . Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis ) Hepatosplenomegaly /Jaundice Entamoeba histolytica Extraintestinal amoebiasis ( Ameobic hepatitis /Amoebic liver abscess )
- 6. References : 1) Medical parasitology Notes 2) Centre for disease control and prevention http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/about.html 3) Pubmed : Parasitic disease of the liver and biliary tree http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19864809