The document discusses various topics related to dosage forms including their definition, classification, and examples. It begins by defining dosage forms as carriers that deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body. It then classifies dosage forms based on routes of administration and physical forms. Several common solid, liquid, and semi-solid dosage forms are described in detail, including their advantages and components. The document focuses on oral solid dosage forms like tablets, capsules, and powders as well as liquid forms like solutions, suspensions, and emulsions.
The means (or the form) by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body.
The drugs are rarely administered in their original pure state. They are administered in different dosage forms after converting them into a suitable formulation.
The dosage form is a combination of the drug and different kinds of non-drug compounds called “additives”.
This document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It begins by defining drugs and explaining that drugs are rarely administered in their crude forms, but rather are converted into suitable formulations through different dosage forms. It then discusses several key points about drug substances and active pharmaceutical ingredients. The remainder of the document is dedicated to describing various oral and topical dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, liquids, ointments, creams and more. It provides details on the composition, characteristics and examples of different dosage forms used to deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body.
The document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It discusses that drugs are rarely administered in their original forms and are converted into suitable formulations through different dosage forms. It explains that dosage forms combine drugs with excipients and provide various benefits like accurate dosing, stability, masking tastes etc.
It then classifies dosage forms based on their physical form like solids, semisolids and liquids. It also classifies them based on their route of administration like oral, topical etc. Finally, it provides details about various oral and topical dosage forms like tablets, capsules, ointments, creams etc. and discusses their composition, advantages and examples.
The document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It discusses that drugs are rarely administered in their original forms and are converted into suitable formulations through different dosage forms. It explains that dosage forms combine drugs with excipients to overcome difficulties like accurate dosing, stability issues, taste/smell masking etc.
It then classifies dosage forms based on route of administration and physical form. Several common oral dosage forms are described in detail like tablets, capsules, liquids. It also discusses topical dosage forms like ointments, creams, gels used to deliver drugs to the skin and mucous membranes. In summary, the document introduces the concept of dosage forms and provides examples of various oral and topical dosage forms
dosage forms and route of drug administrationAbubakar Fago
The document discusses different dosage forms and routes of drug administration. It describes how drugs are formulated with excipients into various dosage forms for efficacious delivery. The main dosage forms covered are solid forms like powders, granules, tablets, capsules; semi-solid forms like ointments, creams; and liquid forms like syrups, suspensions, emulsions. Each dosage form has unique characteristics depending on factors like physical appearance, how it is administered, and frequency of dosing. Common routes of administration include oral, topical, and injectable forms.
It includes the detail information about the different dosage form along with its example and the factors affecting the choice of different dosage form.
The document defines drugs and dosage forms. It explains that dosage forms transform pure drug compounds into predetermined forms mixed with non-drug components to aid drug delivery. Dosage forms provide accurate dosing, protection, masking of taste/odor, and controlled release. There are various types of dosage forms classified by route of administration and physical form including solids, liquids, semi-solids, and gases. Common solid dosage forms are tablets, capsules, powders, and granules while liquids include solutions, emulsions, suspensions, elixirs and linctuses. Semi-solid forms for external use are ointments, creams, pastes and jellies.
The means (or the form) by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body.
The drugs are rarely administered in their original pure state. They are administered in different dosage forms after converting them into a suitable formulation.
The dosage form is a combination of the drug and different kinds of non-drug compounds called “additives”.
This document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It begins by defining drugs and explaining that drugs are rarely administered in their crude forms, but rather are converted into suitable formulations through different dosage forms. It then discusses several key points about drug substances and active pharmaceutical ingredients. The remainder of the document is dedicated to describing various oral and topical dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, liquids, ointments, creams and more. It provides details on the composition, characteristics and examples of different dosage forms used to deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body.
The document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It discusses that drugs are rarely administered in their original forms and are converted into suitable formulations through different dosage forms. It explains that dosage forms combine drugs with excipients and provide various benefits like accurate dosing, stability, masking tastes etc.
It then classifies dosage forms based on their physical form like solids, semisolids and liquids. It also classifies them based on their route of administration like oral, topical etc. Finally, it provides details about various oral and topical dosage forms like tablets, capsules, ointments, creams etc. and discusses their composition, advantages and examples.
The document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It discusses that drugs are rarely administered in their original forms and are converted into suitable formulations through different dosage forms. It explains that dosage forms combine drugs with excipients to overcome difficulties like accurate dosing, stability issues, taste/smell masking etc.
It then classifies dosage forms based on route of administration and physical form. Several common oral dosage forms are described in detail like tablets, capsules, liquids. It also discusses topical dosage forms like ointments, creams, gels used to deliver drugs to the skin and mucous membranes. In summary, the document introduces the concept of dosage forms and provides examples of various oral and topical dosage forms
dosage forms and route of drug administrationAbubakar Fago
The document discusses different dosage forms and routes of drug administration. It describes how drugs are formulated with excipients into various dosage forms for efficacious delivery. The main dosage forms covered are solid forms like powders, granules, tablets, capsules; semi-solid forms like ointments, creams; and liquid forms like syrups, suspensions, emulsions. Each dosage form has unique characteristics depending on factors like physical appearance, how it is administered, and frequency of dosing. Common routes of administration include oral, topical, and injectable forms.
It includes the detail information about the different dosage form along with its example and the factors affecting the choice of different dosage form.
The document defines drugs and dosage forms. It explains that dosage forms transform pure drug compounds into predetermined forms mixed with non-drug components to aid drug delivery. Dosage forms provide accurate dosing, protection, masking of taste/odor, and controlled release. There are various types of dosage forms classified by route of administration and physical form including solids, liquids, semi-solids, and gases. Common solid dosage forms are tablets, capsules, powders, and granules while liquids include solutions, emulsions, suspensions, elixirs and linctuses. Semi-solid forms for external use are ointments, creams, pastes and jellies.
This document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It defines dosage forms as combinations of drugs and excipients that deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body. Dosage forms come in solid, liquid, and semi-solid forms and are classified based on their route of administration and drug release properties. The document discusses various types of solid dosage forms like tablets, capsules, and powders as well as liquid forms like solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. It provides examples of how dosage forms are tailored to meet specific drug delivery needs like sustained release or targeted delivery to tissues.
This document discusses drugs, dosage forms, and their importance. It begins by defining a drug as a chemical agent for treating disease in humans or animals. Dosage forms are means of delivering drugs to the body. Proper dosage forms are needed for accurate dosing, ease of administration, protection from degradation, and modifying drug effects. The document then covers various oral and topical dosage forms like tablets, capsules, liquids, ointments and creams. It describes their composition, characteristics and purposes. The goal is to educate students on preparation techniques and dosage form selection.
This document provides information about various solid and liquid dosage forms. It defines key terms like drugs, dosage forms, and discusses the need for dosage forms. It describes different types of solid dosage forms including tablets, capsules, powders, and granules. It explains characteristics of dosage forms like dusting powders, effervescent granules, and pills. It also summarizes different types of liquid dosage forms including solutions, emulsions, and suspensions. Overall, the document covers classification and details of various oral medication delivery forms.
1. The document introduces different types of dosage forms including solid, liquid, and semi-solid forms. Solid forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules. Liquid forms include solutions, emulsions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. Semi-solid forms include ointments, gels, creams and pastes.
2. Dosage forms deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body and provide benefits like accurate dosing, protecting drugs, and masking tastes. They are classified based on route of administration, physical form, and whether they are for oral, topical, inhaled or other uses.
3. Common excipients used in dosage forms are discussed
This document provides an overview of different dosage forms including solid, liquid, and semi-solid forms. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders for internal or external use. Liquid forms include monophasic liquids like syrups, drops, and biphasic liquids like emulsions and suspensions. Semi-solid forms include ointments, creams, and suppositories. The document discusses the classification, examples, and key properties of different dosage forms for safe delivery of drugs.
doses forms.pptx used in pharmaceutical formulationsRakesh Barik
This document provides an introduction and overview of dosage forms. It discusses the classification of dosage forms based on their route of administration (oral, parenteral, etc.), physical form (solid, liquid, semi-solid), and other characteristics. The main types of solid, liquid, and semi-solid dosage forms are described including tablets, capsules, oral solutions, suspensions, ointments, and others. The document emphasizes that dosage forms are designed to safely and effectively deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body.
Introduction to dosage forms.pptx power pointafsanamamedova
This document provides an introduction and overview of dosage forms. It begins by defining dosage forms as the means of delivering drug molecules to sites of action in the body. It then classifies dosage forms based on their physical state (solid, liquid, semi-solid), route of administration (oral, parenteral, topical), and other characteristics. The main body of the document describes various common solid, liquid, and semi-solid dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, creams and ointments. It provides examples of excipients used and how different dosage forms are designed to improve drug delivery or mask unpleasant characteristics. In closing, the document emphasizes dosage forms are needed to safely and conveniently deliver accurate drug
This document provides an introduction to dosage forms, which are the means by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body. It discusses the need for dosage forms due to challenges with direct clinical use of active drug substances. The document then classifies and describes various types of solid, liquid, semi-solid, inhaled, and parenteral dosage forms including tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, ointments, creams, suppositories, injections and more. Excipients are also discussed as inactive ingredients that aid drug delivery without affecting therapeutic action.
The document discusses different types of tablets including orally ingested tablets such as compressed, layered, enteric coated, and sugar coated tablets. It also describes tablets used in the oral cavity like buccal, sublingual, and lozenges. Tablets administered by other routes like implantation and vaginal tablets are mentioned. Finally, it covers tablets used to prepare solutions such as effervescent, dispensing, and tablet triturates tablets. The document provides details on the composition, use, and manufacturing process of various tablet types.
Drug dosage forms can be liquid, solid, or semisolid. Common solid dosage forms include capsules, tablets, and powders. Capsules contain medications inside a gelatin shell while tablets are compressed powders. Powders can be divided into individual doses or bulk. Liquid dosage forms include solutions, suspensions, drops, emulsions, and injections. Semisolid forms such as ointments, creams, gels, and pastes are applied topically to the skin or mucous membranes.
PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS : an overall introduction .pptxAdinathSangale2
Dosage forms are the mechanism by which drug molecules / APIs are administered to areas of action inside the body to generate maximum intended benefits and the lowest unwanted effects.
OR The Dosage form is the combination of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) and Excipients in the formulation.
The document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It discusses that drugs are rarely administered in their original form and are instead converted into suitable formulations through various dosage forms. It defines dosage forms as carriers that deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body. Dosage forms contain both drug substances and non-drug excipients. The document then discusses several common oral and topical dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, ointments, and creams. It explains the purpose and composition of different dosage forms.
ORAL ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION_Dr. Jeenal Mistry.pdfDr Jeenal Mistry
Oral Dosage Form practical session mainly for undergraduate students, those are learning competency based with PH 2.1: Demonstrate an understanding of use of various dosage forms(Oral/Local/Parenteral ;Solid/Liquid)
Specific Learning Objectives:
The student should be able to:
•Enlist the common dosage forms used for oral route of administration
•Instruct the patient about the correct method of using an oral dosage form
•Describe the advantages and disadvantages of various dosage forms
Dosage forms come in many types, depending on the method or route of administration. Solid dosage forms, semi-solid dosage forms, liquid dosage forms, and gaseous dosage forms are used for the diagnosis or treatment of the disease by various routes. Solid dosage forms are the most significant dosage forms in pharmaceuticals; it has one or more unit dose of medicament. The solid dosage form is the most commonly used and prescribed by doctors as compared to other dosage forms. It can be administered orally in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, etc. Of these, the tablet is one of the most commonly used oral solid dosage forms.
This document provides an introduction and overview of tablets, including their definition, general properties, advantages, disadvantages, and classification. It discusses the main types of tablets based on use, structure, and action. The document also covers tablet design and formulation, describing the various excipients used (diluents, binders, disintegrants, lubricants) and their functions. It provides examples of different tablet types and dosage forms, such as chewable, dispersible, effervescent, and sublingual tablets.
Various routes are used not only for the therapeutic purpose but also for the diagnosis purpose.
The various routes can be classified as follows into:
Enteral
Parenteral
Topical
The following dosage forms are commonly used for oral route of administration of a drug.
Solid oral dosage forms
Tablets, Capsules, Powders, Granules
Liquid dosage forms
Suspensions, Aqueous solutions
Both solid and liquid dosage forms can be administered via oral route.
Oral route or enteral route of drug administration is the most commonly employed route for drug administration
They provide a correct compact dosage, are portable, usually bland to taste and are convenient to market, store and administer
Solid oral dosage forms
Advantages
Available in correct compact dosage
Portable
Usually bland to taste
Convenient to market, store and administer
Disadvantages
Onset of action is tardy
Irritant and unpalatable drugs cannot be administered by oral route
Absorption of certain drugs can be irregular or negligible e.g. aminoglycoside.
This route may not be useful in presence of vomiting and diarrhea
This route cannot be employed in unconscious or uncooperative patients nor in emergency
Drugs destroyed by digestive juices cannot be administered orally. E.g. insulin
Liquid dosage forms
Advantages
Easy to administer in children and elderly.
Better absorbed and quickly effective.
Certain drugs may cause gastric pain when given in the dry form and hence are safer when administered as solution e.g. salts of potassium iodide and bromide.
Disadvantages
They are less stable.
They have unpleasant taste.
They are bulky and inconvenient to store and transport. Accidental breakage causes loss of drug.
Dose administered may not be accurate, especially when household measures are used.
Liquid dosage forms may contain one or more of the following:
Vehicle
It is used to dissolve or suspend the drugs. Commonly used vehicles are water, syrups and elixirs. An ideal vehicle should have the following properties:
Solvent action: A maximum number of substances should be dissolved to an optimum degree.
Chemically and pharmacologically inert.
Flavoring property: e.g. aromatic waters, rose water, menthol.
Sweetening property: e.g. syrup, glycerin.
Preservative property: e.g. syrup, chlorobutanol.
Should be economical
Many of these requirements are fulfilled by water. Hence, it is called an ideal vehicle
. Coloring agents
They are harmless substances used for lending color to the preparation to make them more acceptable to the patient e.g. amaranth-red, caramel-brown, cochineal-bright red, tartrazinegreen, titanium dioxide-white, indigo carmin-blue.
Sweetening agents
They are added to mask the bitter or unpleasant taste of the drug and make it more palatable e.g. sugar, saccharin, aspartame, sorbitol, sucrose.
Flavoring agents
They mask the bad taste of medicines e.g. raspberry syrup, orange syrup.
This document provides an overview of tablets, including their advantages and disadvantages, types, excipients used, manufacturing process, coating methods, and evaluation. Tablets are the most popular oral solid dosage form, comprising 70% of total medicines. They are easy to administer and stable, but some drugs are not suitable due to solubility or stability issues. Tablet types include immediate and sustained release, as well as those for oral, buccal, vaginal, and other routes of administration. Excipients like diluents, binders, and lubricants are necessary for tablet production. Granulation and compression are the main manufacturing steps. Tablet coating helps mask taste and protects the drug.
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This document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It defines dosage forms as combinations of drugs and excipients that deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body. Dosage forms come in solid, liquid, and semi-solid forms and are classified based on their route of administration and drug release properties. The document discusses various types of solid dosage forms like tablets, capsules, and powders as well as liquid forms like solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. It provides examples of how dosage forms are tailored to meet specific drug delivery needs like sustained release or targeted delivery to tissues.
This document discusses drugs, dosage forms, and their importance. It begins by defining a drug as a chemical agent for treating disease in humans or animals. Dosage forms are means of delivering drugs to the body. Proper dosage forms are needed for accurate dosing, ease of administration, protection from degradation, and modifying drug effects. The document then covers various oral and topical dosage forms like tablets, capsules, liquids, ointments and creams. It describes their composition, characteristics and purposes. The goal is to educate students on preparation techniques and dosage form selection.
This document provides information about various solid and liquid dosage forms. It defines key terms like drugs, dosage forms, and discusses the need for dosage forms. It describes different types of solid dosage forms including tablets, capsules, powders, and granules. It explains characteristics of dosage forms like dusting powders, effervescent granules, and pills. It also summarizes different types of liquid dosage forms including solutions, emulsions, and suspensions. Overall, the document covers classification and details of various oral medication delivery forms.
1. The document introduces different types of dosage forms including solid, liquid, and semi-solid forms. Solid forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules. Liquid forms include solutions, emulsions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. Semi-solid forms include ointments, gels, creams and pastes.
2. Dosage forms deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body and provide benefits like accurate dosing, protecting drugs, and masking tastes. They are classified based on route of administration, physical form, and whether they are for oral, topical, inhaled or other uses.
3. Common excipients used in dosage forms are discussed
This document provides an overview of different dosage forms including solid, liquid, and semi-solid forms. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders for internal or external use. Liquid forms include monophasic liquids like syrups, drops, and biphasic liquids like emulsions and suspensions. Semi-solid forms include ointments, creams, and suppositories. The document discusses the classification, examples, and key properties of different dosage forms for safe delivery of drugs.
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This document provides an introduction and overview of dosage forms. It discusses the classification of dosage forms based on their route of administration (oral, parenteral, etc.), physical form (solid, liquid, semi-solid), and other characteristics. The main types of solid, liquid, and semi-solid dosage forms are described including tablets, capsules, oral solutions, suspensions, ointments, and others. The document emphasizes that dosage forms are designed to safely and effectively deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body.
Introduction to dosage forms.pptx power pointafsanamamedova
This document provides an introduction and overview of dosage forms. It begins by defining dosage forms as the means of delivering drug molecules to sites of action in the body. It then classifies dosage forms based on their physical state (solid, liquid, semi-solid), route of administration (oral, parenteral, topical), and other characteristics. The main body of the document describes various common solid, liquid, and semi-solid dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, creams and ointments. It provides examples of excipients used and how different dosage forms are designed to improve drug delivery or mask unpleasant characteristics. In closing, the document emphasizes dosage forms are needed to safely and conveniently deliver accurate drug
This document provides an introduction to dosage forms, which are the means by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body. It discusses the need for dosage forms due to challenges with direct clinical use of active drug substances. The document then classifies and describes various types of solid, liquid, semi-solid, inhaled, and parenteral dosage forms including tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, ointments, creams, suppositories, injections and more. Excipients are also discussed as inactive ingredients that aid drug delivery without affecting therapeutic action.
The document discusses different types of tablets including orally ingested tablets such as compressed, layered, enteric coated, and sugar coated tablets. It also describes tablets used in the oral cavity like buccal, sublingual, and lozenges. Tablets administered by other routes like implantation and vaginal tablets are mentioned. Finally, it covers tablets used to prepare solutions such as effervescent, dispensing, and tablet triturates tablets. The document provides details on the composition, use, and manufacturing process of various tablet types.
Drug dosage forms can be liquid, solid, or semisolid. Common solid dosage forms include capsules, tablets, and powders. Capsules contain medications inside a gelatin shell while tablets are compressed powders. Powders can be divided into individual doses or bulk. Liquid dosage forms include solutions, suspensions, drops, emulsions, and injections. Semisolid forms such as ointments, creams, gels, and pastes are applied topically to the skin or mucous membranes.
PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS : an overall introduction .pptxAdinathSangale2
Dosage forms are the mechanism by which drug molecules / APIs are administered to areas of action inside the body to generate maximum intended benefits and the lowest unwanted effects.
OR The Dosage form is the combination of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) and Excipients in the formulation.
The document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It discusses that drugs are rarely administered in their original form and are instead converted into suitable formulations through various dosage forms. It defines dosage forms as carriers that deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body. Dosage forms contain both drug substances and non-drug excipients. The document then discusses several common oral and topical dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, ointments, and creams. It explains the purpose and composition of different dosage forms.
ORAL ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION_Dr. Jeenal Mistry.pdfDr Jeenal Mistry
Oral Dosage Form practical session mainly for undergraduate students, those are learning competency based with PH 2.1: Demonstrate an understanding of use of various dosage forms(Oral/Local/Parenteral ;Solid/Liquid)
Specific Learning Objectives:
The student should be able to:
•Enlist the common dosage forms used for oral route of administration
•Instruct the patient about the correct method of using an oral dosage form
•Describe the advantages and disadvantages of various dosage forms
Dosage forms come in many types, depending on the method or route of administration. Solid dosage forms, semi-solid dosage forms, liquid dosage forms, and gaseous dosage forms are used for the diagnosis or treatment of the disease by various routes. Solid dosage forms are the most significant dosage forms in pharmaceuticals; it has one or more unit dose of medicament. The solid dosage form is the most commonly used and prescribed by doctors as compared to other dosage forms. It can be administered orally in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, etc. Of these, the tablet is one of the most commonly used oral solid dosage forms.
This document provides an introduction and overview of tablets, including their definition, general properties, advantages, disadvantages, and classification. It discusses the main types of tablets based on use, structure, and action. The document also covers tablet design and formulation, describing the various excipients used (diluents, binders, disintegrants, lubricants) and their functions. It provides examples of different tablet types and dosage forms, such as chewable, dispersible, effervescent, and sublingual tablets.
Various routes are used not only for the therapeutic purpose but also for the diagnosis purpose.
The various routes can be classified as follows into:
Enteral
Parenteral
Topical
The following dosage forms are commonly used for oral route of administration of a drug.
Solid oral dosage forms
Tablets, Capsules, Powders, Granules
Liquid dosage forms
Suspensions, Aqueous solutions
Both solid and liquid dosage forms can be administered via oral route.
Oral route or enteral route of drug administration is the most commonly employed route for drug administration
They provide a correct compact dosage, are portable, usually bland to taste and are convenient to market, store and administer
Solid oral dosage forms
Advantages
Available in correct compact dosage
Portable
Usually bland to taste
Convenient to market, store and administer
Disadvantages
Onset of action is tardy
Irritant and unpalatable drugs cannot be administered by oral route
Absorption of certain drugs can be irregular or negligible e.g. aminoglycoside.
This route may not be useful in presence of vomiting and diarrhea
This route cannot be employed in unconscious or uncooperative patients nor in emergency
Drugs destroyed by digestive juices cannot be administered orally. E.g. insulin
Liquid dosage forms
Advantages
Easy to administer in children and elderly.
Better absorbed and quickly effective.
Certain drugs may cause gastric pain when given in the dry form and hence are safer when administered as solution e.g. salts of potassium iodide and bromide.
Disadvantages
They are less stable.
They have unpleasant taste.
They are bulky and inconvenient to store and transport. Accidental breakage causes loss of drug.
Dose administered may not be accurate, especially when household measures are used.
Liquid dosage forms may contain one or more of the following:
Vehicle
It is used to dissolve or suspend the drugs. Commonly used vehicles are water, syrups and elixirs. An ideal vehicle should have the following properties:
Solvent action: A maximum number of substances should be dissolved to an optimum degree.
Chemically and pharmacologically inert.
Flavoring property: e.g. aromatic waters, rose water, menthol.
Sweetening property: e.g. syrup, glycerin.
Preservative property: e.g. syrup, chlorobutanol.
Should be economical
Many of these requirements are fulfilled by water. Hence, it is called an ideal vehicle
. Coloring agents
They are harmless substances used for lending color to the preparation to make them more acceptable to the patient e.g. amaranth-red, caramel-brown, cochineal-bright red, tartrazinegreen, titanium dioxide-white, indigo carmin-blue.
Sweetening agents
They are added to mask the bitter or unpleasant taste of the drug and make it more palatable e.g. sugar, saccharin, aspartame, sorbitol, sucrose.
Flavoring agents
They mask the bad taste of medicines e.g. raspberry syrup, orange syrup.
This document provides an overview of tablets, including their advantages and disadvantages, types, excipients used, manufacturing process, coating methods, and evaluation. Tablets are the most popular oral solid dosage form, comprising 70% of total medicines. They are easy to administer and stable, but some drugs are not suitable due to solubility or stability issues. Tablet types include immediate and sustained release, as well as those for oral, buccal, vaginal, and other routes of administration. Excipients like diluents, binders, and lubricants are necessary for tablet production. Granulation and compression are the main manufacturing steps. Tablet coating helps mask taste and protects the drug.
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This document discusses various drugs used to treat gastrointestinal conditions. It covers drugs that act on the gastrointestinal tract like antacids, H2 receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors, cytoprotectants, antidiarrheals, and antibiotics for H. pylori eradication. It discusses their mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects. Laxatives are also covered, with classifications and mechanisms of different types.
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This document discusses gynecological emergencies, which require urgent management. Common presentations include pelvic pain, abnormal vaginal bleeding, discharge, and swelling. Potential causes are infections like pelvic inflammatory disease, ruptured cysts, ectopic pregnancy, and hemorrhage from fibroids. Evaluation involves history, exam, and potential imaging and labs. Management depends on the underlying cause but often involves antibiotics, pain management, and monitoring for potential surgery or complications. Sexual assault victims require counseling, testing/prevention for STIs and pregnancy, and treatment of injuries.
This document discusses drugs used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. It covers proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor antagonists, prostaglandin analogues, mucosal protectants, antacids, laxatives, and antidiarrheal drugs. The goals of treatment for peptic ulcer disease are to reduce acid secretion, protect the mucosal lining, and use antibiotics to treat Helicobacter pylori infections. Common proton pump inhibitors include omeprazole and pantoprazole, while ranitidine and cimetidine are H2 receptor antagonists. Sucralfate and bismuth compounds protect ulcers. Laxatives include bulk formers like psyllium while antidiarrhe
The document discusses several endocrine disorders and conditions involving hormone imbalances. It covers disorders of the pituitary gland like gigantism and acromegaly caused by excess growth hormone, as well as diabetes insipidus caused by excess antidiuretic hormone. Disorders of the thyroid like Graves' disease, and of the adrenal glands like Cushing's syndrome and Addison's disease are also outlined. The effects and roles of various hormones produced by these and other endocrine glands like the pancreas and gonads are described.
This document outlines the course for a gynaecology course. It will cover anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system, gynaecological assessment, and various gynaecological disorders. Specific disorders that will be discussed include menstruation disorders, abortion, ectopic pregnancy, endometriosis, infertility, and cancers of the reproductive organs. Each disorder will be defined, types/classes described, causes/risk factors explained, pathophysiology outlined, signs and symptoms detailed, management strategies provided, and potential complications noted. The course will provide an in-depth review of female reproductive health and common gynaecological issues.
This document discusses sexually transmitted infections and gynaecologic infections. It begins by defining lower genital tract infections and outlining their causes and management. Specific infections discussed include trichomoniasis, candidiasis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, bacterial vaginosis, herpes, HIV, and pelvic inflammatory disease. The document emphasizes the importance of screening, case management using a syndromic approach, and targeted interventions to control sexually transmitted infections.
This document outlines the course content for a gynaecology course. It will cover topics such as anatomy and physiology, gynaecological assessment, common disorders including menstrual disorders, abortions, pelvic congestion syndrome and ectopic pregnancy. Specific conditions like dysfunctional uterine bleeding, threatened abortion and septic abortion will also be described in terms of definition, causes, signs/symptoms, management and complications.
This document provides an overview of hematological disorders and the anatomy and physiology of blood cells. It discusses hematopoiesis, the constituents of blood including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. Erythrocytes are red blood cells that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide without a nucleus. Leukocytes are white blood cells that help fight infection, and come in two types: granulocytes with granules and lymphocytes/monocytes without. Platelets are disk-shaped cell fragments involved in clotting. The document also reviews the formation and functions of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in more detail.
This document discusses bleeding disorders and specifically hemophilia. It defines hemophilia as a hereditary bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII or IX. Males are typically affected as it is an X-linked trait. Symptoms include prolonged bleeding after injury or surgery and spontaneous bleeding into joints and muscles. The condition ranges from mild to severe depending on level of clotting factor deficiency. Treatment involves replacing the missing clotting factor through transfusions or concentrates. Nursing care focuses on education to prevent injury and bleeding episodes as well as pain management during episodes.
This document provides information on iron deficiency anemia, including its definition, causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines iron deficiency anemia as a type of anemia that occurs when the supply of iron is inadequate to support optimal red blood cell production. The main causes listed are poor diet, increased demand, blood loss, and decreased iron absorption. Clinical features include general anemia symptoms as well as pale skin and abnormalities of the mouth, tongue, and nails. Diagnosis involves blood tests to check hemoglobin and iron levels. Treatment focuses on iron replacement through supplements or injections as well as treating the underlying cause.
The document discusses immunization and vaccination programs in Kenya, including definitions of key terms, descriptions of vaccine-preventable diseases, immunization schedules, the roles of healthcare workers in immunization, and strategies for maintaining vaccine potency and the cold chain necessary to deliver effective immunization services. Proper administration and storage of vaccines like BCG and measles are outlined to ensure optimal protection against tuberculosis and other illnesses.
This document provides information on domiciliary midwifery care and home visiting. It discusses the requirements for home visiting kits, principles of home visiting, procedures for home visits, record keeping, and advantages and challenges of home visits. The key aspects are providing midwifery care to pregnant women in their homes, including antenatal, intranatal and postnatal care and management. Regular planned home visits allow midwives to monitor pregnancies and provide health education and counseling.
This document discusses budgeting for food and factors that influence food budgeting. It outlines steps in food budgeting such as establishing the amount of money available, listing food items needed, and calculating costs. The document also covers food habits and patterns, roles of community health nurses, measurements of food security, pillars of food security, and challenges to achieving food security such as climate change and food waste. Safe food preparation and storage techniques are also summarized.
The facial nerve, also known as cranial nerve VII, is one of the 12 cranial nerves originating from the brain. It's a mixed nerve, meaning it contains both sensory and motor fibres, and it plays a crucial role in controlling various facial muscles, as well as conveying sensory information from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
The Importance of Black Women Understanding the Chemicals in Their Personal C...bkling
Certain chemicals, such as phthalates and parabens, can disrupt the body's hormones and have significant effects on health. According to data, hormone-related health issues such as uterine fibroids, infertility, early puberty and more aggressive forms of breast and endometrial cancers disproportionately affect Black women. Our guest speaker, Jasmine A. McDonald, PhD, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Epidemiology at Columbia University in New York City, discusses the scientific reasons why Black women should pay attention to specific chemicals in their personal care products, like hair care, and ways to minimize their exposure.
English Drug and Alcohol Commissioners June 2024.pptxMatSouthwell1
Presentation made by Mat Southwell to the Harm Reduction Working Group of the English Drug and Alcohol Commissioners. Discuss stimulants, OAMT, NSP coverage and community-led approach to DCRs. Focussing on active drug user perspectives and interests
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson educati...rightmanforbloodline
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson education
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson education
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson education
As Mumbai's premier kidney transplant and donation center, L H Hiranandani Hospital Powai is not just a medical facility; it's a beacon of hope where cutting-edge science meets compassionate care, transforming lives and redefining the standards of kidney health in India.
This particular slides consist of- what is Pneumothorax,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is a summary of Pneumothorax:
Pneumothorax, also known as a collapsed lung, is a condition that occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air buildup puts pressure on the lung, preventing it from expanding fully when you breathe. A pneumothorax can cause a complete or partial collapse of the lung.
Emotional and Behavioural Problems in Children - Counselling and Family Thera...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
nursing management of patient with Empyema pptblessyjannu21
prepared by Prof. BLESSY THOMAS, SPN
Empyema is a disease of respiratory system It is defines as the accumulation of thick, purulent fluid within the pleural space, often with fibrin development.
Empyema is also called pyothorax or purulent pleuritis.
It’s a condition in which pus gathers in the area between the lungs and the inner surface of the chest wall. This area is known as the pleural space.
Pus is a fluid that’s filled with immune cells, dead cells, and bacteria.
Pus in the pleural space can’t be coughed out. Instead, it needs to be drained by a needle or surgery.
Empyema usually develops after pneumonia, which is an infection of the lung tissue. it is mainly caused due in infectious micro-organisms. It can be treated with medications and other measures.
This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
India Medical Devices Market: Size, Share, and In-Depth Competitive Analysis ...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, “India Medical Devices Market Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition, Opportunity and Forecast, 2019-2029,” the India Medical Devices Market was valued at USD 15.35 billion in 2023 and is anticipated to witness impressive growth in the forecast period, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5.35% through 2029. This growth is driven by various factors, including strategic collaborations and partnerships among leading companies, a growing population, and the increasing demand for advanced healthcare solutions.
Recent Trends
Strategic Collaborations and Partnerships
One of the most significant trends driving the India Medical Devices Market is the increasing number of collaborations and partnerships among leading companies. These alliances aim to merge the expertise of individual companies to strengthen their market position and enhance their product offerings. For instance, partnerships between local manufacturers and international companies bring advanced technologies and manufacturing techniques to the Indian market, fostering innovation and improving product quality.
Browse over XX market data Figures and spread through XX Pages and an in-depth TOC on " India Medical Devices Market.” - https://www.techsciresearch.com/report/india-medical-devices-market/8161.html
The Ultimate Guide in Setting Up Market Research System in Health-TechGokul Rangarajan
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
"In fact, a survey by CB Insights found that 42% of startups fail due to no market need, which is like building a spaceship to Mars only to realise you forgot the fuel."
Sudharsan Srinivasan
Operational Partner Pitchworks VC Studio
Overconfidence in their product’s success leads founders to assume it will naturally find its market, especially in health tech where patient needs, entire system issues and regulatory requirements are as complex as trying to perform brain surgery with a butter knife. Additionally, the pressure to launch quickly and the belief in their own intuition further contribute to this oversight. Yet, thorough market research in health tech could be the key to transforming a startup's vision into a life-saving reality, instead of a medical mishap waiting to happen.
Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
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2. WHAT IS PHARMACEUTICS?
• “Pharmaceutics is the discipline of
pharmacy that deals
• with the process of turning a new
chemical entity (NCE)
• or old drugs into a medication to be
used safely and effectively by patients.”
• It is also called the science of dosage
form design.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
3. DOSAGE FORMS
• Dosage forms are the carrier through which
drug molecules are delivered to sites of action
within the body.
• Every dosage forms is a combination of the
drug and different kinds of non–drug
components called as Excipients or additives.
• The additives are used to give a particular
shape to the formulation, to increase stability,
palatability & more elegance to preparations.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
4. DRUG
• Drug may be defined as an agent or substance, intended for
use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure or
prevention of disease in human beings or animals. Drugs
are rarely administered in their original or crude forms.
They are administered in different dosage forms by
converting them into suitable formulations.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
5. NEEDFOR DOSAGEFORMS
1. Accurate dose.
2. Protection e.g. coated tablets, sealed ampoules.
3. Protection from gastric juice, e.g. enteric coated tablets.
4. Masking unpleasant taste and odor.
5. Provide drugs within body tissues, e.g. injection
6. Sustained release medication.
8. Facilitation of Insertion of drugs into body cavities
(rectal, vaginal) Provide optimum drug action through
inhalation therapy.
9. Provide drug action through topical administration at
local area of body. e.g. creams, ointment, emulsion,
lotions etc.
10. Use of desired vehicle for insoluble drugs.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
6. Dosage form classification according
Routes of administration
Oral
Topical
Rectal, Vaginal
Parenteral
Inhalation
Opthalmic
Nasal
Physical Forms
Solid
Liquids
Semisolids
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
7. Classification
1. Solid
dosage
forms
1. Unit dosage
forms
Tablets
Capsule
Powders
Pills
2. Bulk Internal: Fine powders
and granules
External: Dusting
powders
Insufflations
Dentifrice
Snuffs
Ear powders
2. Liquid
dosage
forms
1. Biphasic
2. Monophasic
Internal: Syrups, Elixirs, Linctus, Drops
External: Lotions, Gargles, Throat paints
Mouth washes, Sprays, Eye lotions, Eye
drops, Nasal drops
Emulsion
Suspension
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
10. SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
• Solid dosage forms one of the oldest dosage forms and
most of the solid dosage forms are available in Unit dose.
• Unit dose may be defined as a exact quantity of the drug
administered at once. e.g. Tablets, Capsule, pills, cachets,
powders etc.
• When drugs are to be administered orally in dry state,
then tablets, capsules are most convenient dosage forms.
• Some solids are supplied in bulk (Means quantity available in
large). Bulk powders can be supplied as Internal (Granules,
Fine powders) as well as External (Dusting Powders,
Insufflations etc)
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
12. TABLETS
1. These are solid unit dosage forms of medicaments
intended for oral administration which are prepared by
Molding or by compression with or without excipients.
2. The tablets can be prepared by two methods namely as a
I) Dry granulation, II) Wet Granulation
• 3. The excipients include:
Binders, glidants (flow aids) and lubricants to ensure efficient
tabletting.
Disintegrants to ensure that the tablet breaks up in the
digestive tract.
Sweeteners or flavours to mask the taste of bad-tasting active
ingredients (Drug/API).
Pigments to make uncoated tablets visually attractive.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
13. A coating may be applied to:
1- hide the taste of the tablet's
components.
2- make the tablet smoother and
easier to swallow .
3- make it more resistant to the
environment.
4- extending its shelf life.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
14. Capsule:
1. Capsules are solid unit dosage forms in
which one or more medicaments
enclosed within a gelatin shell.
2. Capsules mainly divided in to two parts
namely as – Body (Longest part of
capsule shell), Cap (Smallest part
ofcapsule shell)
1. The capsule are generally prepared by
gelatin.
2. Depending on their formulation, two
types of gelatin are
used namely as – I) Hard gelatin, II) Soft
gelatin.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
15. Buccal and Sublingual Tablet
- Sublingual and buccal medications are
administered by
placing them in the mouth, either under
the tongue (sublingual) or between the
gum and the cheek (buccal).
- The medications dissolve rapidly and are
absorbed through the mucous
membranes of the mouth, where they
enter into the bloodstream.
- Avoid the acid and enzymatic environment
of the stomach and the drug metabolizing
enzymes of the liver.
- Examples of drugs administered by this
route: e.g. vasodilators, steroidal
hormones.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
16. Lozenges
1. It is a solid preparation
consisting of sugar and gum, the
latter giving strength and
cohesiveness to the lozenge
and facilitating slow release of
the medicament.
2. It is used to medicate the
mouth and throat for the slow
administration of indigestion or
cough remedies.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
17. PILLS
1. These are small, rounded solid dosage
forms containing medicaments
intended for oral use.
2. The medicaments are mixed with
excipients to forms a firms plastic mass.
3. The mass is rolled to uniform pill pipe,
which cut into numbers of uniform pills.
The pills are spherical in shape &
produced by rolling them under wooden
pill rounder.
4. Sometimes pills are coated with varnish,
gold leaf, etc to improve finish,
unpleasant taste & stability.
5. Now a days pills are outdated
preparations because of number of
disadvantages such as -
6. Disintegration time of pill
is uncertain means freshly
prepared pills are
disintegrates readily rather
than old dried pills.
7. It is difficult to prepare
pills of uniform size &
weight.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
18. Effervescent Tablets:
Are uncoated tablets that
generally contain acid
substances (citric and tartaric
acids) and carbonates or
bicarbonates and which react
rapidly in the presence of water
by releasing carbon dioxide.
They are intended to be dissolved
or dispersed in water before
use providing:
A- Very rapid tablet dispersion
and dissolution.
B- pleasant tasting carbonated
drink.
Chewable Tablet:
- They are tablets that chewed prior
to swallowing.
- They are designed for
administration to children e.g.
vitamin products.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
19. GRANULES
1. Granulation is the process in which primary
powder particles are made to adhere to form
larger multiparticle or large particles entities
called granules.
2. The bitter, nauseous, unpleasant powders
can not be given tablets, capsule due to bulk
quantity are required to be taken, as well as
they are not given in liquid dosage forms due
to their stability such powders are given in
the granules forms.
3. These powders are mixed with suitable
exicipent along with granulating agent,
prepare a coherent mass then dried &
passed through the sieve to obtained desired
size of granules. E.g. Effervescent granules
20. POWDER (ORAL)
There are two kinds of powder
intended for internal use.
1-Bulk Powders: are multidose preparations
consisting of
solid, loose, dry particles of varying degrees
of fineness.
They contain one or more active
ingredients with or without excipients
and, if necessary, coloring matter and
flavoring substances.
- e.g. antacids since the patient measures a
dose by volume using a 5ml medicine
spoon. The powder is then usually
dispersed in water or, in the case of
effervescent powders, dissolved before
taking.
2-Divided Powders: are
single-dose
presentations of powder
(for example, a small
sachet) that are intended
to be issued to the
patient as such, to be
taken in or with water.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
24. LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS
It may be defined as ““a solution is a liquid-preparation
that contains one or more soluble chemical substances
dissolved in a specified solvent”
2. liquid dosage forms are intended for external, internal or
parenteral use.
3. The component of the solution which is present in a
large quantity is known as “solvent” where as the
component present in small quantity is termed as
“solute”
4. They mainly classified in to two category namely as –
I) Monophasic liquid dosage forms.
II) Biphasic liquid dosage forms.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
25. ADVANTAGE
1.Immediately available for absorption.
2. Administration convenient,
particularly for infants, psychotic
patients.
3. Easy to color, flavor & sweeten.
4. Liquids are easier to swallow than
solids and are therefore particularly
acceptable for pediatric patient.
5. A solution is an homogeneous
system and therefore the drug will
be uniformly distributed throughout
the preparation.
6. Some drugs like aspirin, KCl can
irritate gastric mucosa if used orally
as a solid dosage forms. But this
effect can be reduce by solution
system.
Disadvantage
1. Less stable in aqueous system.
Incompatibility is faster
in solution than solid dosage form.
2. Patients have no accurate
measuring device.
3. Accident breakage of container
results in complete loss.
4. Solution often provide suitable
media for the growth of
micro organisms.
5. The taste of a drug, which is
often unpleasant, is always
more pronounced when in solution
than in a solid form.
6. Bulky than tablets or capsule, so
difficult to carry
transport.
26. BIPHASIC LIQUIDDOSAGE FORMS
1. The liquid which consist of two phases
are known as a biphasic liquid dosage
forms.
2. They are sub categorized into two
different forms namely as –
I) Emulsion
II) Suspension
1. In emulsion both phases are available
in liquid where as in suspension, finely
divided solid particles are suspended in
liquid medium.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
27. EMULSION
1. Emulsion is a biphasic liquid preparations
containing two immiscible liquid (Continuous
Phase & dispersed phase) made missicible.
2. The liquid which is converted into minute
globules is called as dispersed phase & the liquid
in which the globules are dispersed is called the
continuous phase
Dispersed phase
Continuous phase
Two immiscible
liquids:
Dispersed phase
(Internal phase)
continuous phase
(External phase)
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
28. 3. An emulsion is a thermodynamically unstable
system consisting of at least two immiscible
liquid phases one of which is dispersed as
globules in the other liquid phase stabilized by
a third substance called emulsifying agent.
4. The globule size in emulsion varies from 0.25
to 25 μm.
A. Two immiscible liquids not emulsified
B. An emulsion of Phase A dispersed in Phase B
C. Unstable emulsion slowly separates.
D. The emulsifying agent (white film) places it
self on the interface between Phase A and
Phase B and stabilizes the emulsion by
preventing phase separation.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
29. Water in Oil (W/O) Emulsion:
1. In this types of emulsion water
is dispersed phase & oil is
continuous phase
2. W/O types of emulsion
generally meant for External
use.
3. Examples are butter, lotions,
creams etc.
4. In rare case they are used
internally.
Oil in Water (O/W) Emulsion:
1. In this types of emulsion oil is
dispersed phase & water is
continuous phase
2. O/W types of emulsion meant for
both Internal use & External use.
3. Examples for internal use are
Vitamin A in corn oil, liquid
paraffin in water etc.
4. Examples for External use are
Benzyl benzonate emulsion.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant
professor
ICPR, Kalyan
30. MULTIPLE EMULSION
1. These are emulsion with in
emulsion & designated as
W/O/W or O/W/O.
2. The drugs that is
incorporated in the
innermost phase must cross
two phase boundaries before
getting absorbed.
3. It is generally used in oral
sustained release or
intramuscular therapy. Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
31. SUSPENSION
1. Suspensions are the biphasic liquid dosage
forms of medicament in which finely
divided solid particles ranging from 0.5 to 5
micron are dispersed in a liquid or semisolid
vehicle, with aid of single or combination of
suspending agent.
2. In which solid particles acts as disperse
phase where as liquid vehicle acts as
continuous phase
3. The external phase (suspending medium) is
generally aqueous in some instance, may be
an organic or oily liquid for non oral use.
4. The particle size for non oral suspension is
so important to avoid grittiness to skin.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
33. LINIMENTS
1. Liniments are liquid or semi- liquid preparations
meant for external application to the skin.
2. They are usually applied to the skin with friction &
rubbing of the skin.
3. They are usually alcoholic and oily liquid preparations
(Monophasic) or emulsion (Biphasic).
4. Alcoholic liniments are used generally for their
rubefacient and counterirritant effects. Such
liniments penetrate the skin more readily than do
those with an oil base.
5. The oily liniments are milder in their action and may
function solely as protective coatings
6. Liniments should not be applied to skin that are
bruised or broken.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
34. LOTIONS
1. They are usually aqueous, alcoholic or oily liquid
preparations.
2. They are intended for external application
without friction or rubbing to the affected area
3. Usually applied with the help of some absorbent
material such as cotton wool or gauze.
4. It is generally used to provide cooling, soothing
and protective & antiseptic action.
35. GARGLES
1. Gargles are aqueous solutions used for treating throat
infection (pharynx and nasopharynx part).
2. Supplied in concentrated forms with directions of
dilution with warm water before use.
3. They are used into intimate contact with the mucous
membrane of throat for few seconds, before they are
thrown out of the mouth.
4. They are used to relieve soreness in mild throat
infection and mouth fresheners .
5. They are also used for their antiseptics, antibiotics
and/or anesthetics.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
36. MOUTHWASH
1.These are aqueous solutions with
pleasant or acceptable taste & odor.
2. These are used to make clean &
deodorize the buccal cavity or used for oral
hygiene and to treat infections of the
mouth.
3. They mainly contain antibacterial agent,
alcohol, glycerin, sweetening agent,
flavoring agent & colouring agent.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
37. THROAT PAINTS
• 1. Throat paints are viscous liquid
preparations used for mouth and
throat infections.
• 2. Glycerin is commonly used as a
base because being viscous it
adheres to mucous membrane for
long period and it possess a sweet
taste.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
38. SPRAYS
1. These are the preparations of drugs in
media which may be aqueous, alcoholic,
or glycerin.
2. They are applied to the mucous
membrane of throat or nose with an
atomizer.
3. The throat sprays must be sprayed
from a special type of atomizer known
as a nebulizer, which removes the large
droplets by baffling system. Only
precaution should be taken that the fine
droplet will used to easily reach the
lungs.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
40. TOPICAL DOSAGE FORMS
OINTMENTS
1. Ointment are semisolid preparation
meant for application to skin or mucous
membrane. 2. The ointments are mainly
used for their protective or emollient
properties 3. It may be defined as a
medicament or medicaments dissolved,
suspended or emulsified in ointment
base. 4. There is no single ointment base
which possesses all the qualities of ideal
ointment base, so it become necessary
to use more than one ointment base in
the preparation of ointment.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
41. CREAMS
1. These are viscous semisolid emulsions
which are meant for external use. 2. Cream
is divided in to two types namely as I)
Aqueous creams (O/W) II) Oily creams
(W/O) 3. In case of aqueous creams the
emulsions are o/w type & it is relatively non
greasy. The emulsifying waxes are anionic,
cationic & non–ionic used. Generally
polysorbate, triethanolamine soap are used
as emulsifying agent. 4. In case of oily
creams w/o type & it is relatively greasy.
The emulsifying agent such as wool fat,
wool alcohols, beeswax & calcium soap is
used.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
42. PASTES
1. Pastes are semisolid preparations
intended for external application to skin.
2. The pastes are generally very thick &
stiff. 3. They do not melt at ordinary
temperature & thus forms a protective
coating over the area where they are
applied. 4. Pastes are different from
ointment as they contain a high
proportion of finely powdered
medicaments. 5. They are mainly used as
a antiseptic, protective, soothing
dressings. 6. Pastes should be stored &
supplied in containers made of materials
which do not allow absorption or
diffusion of content.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
43. GELS
Gels are semisolid system in which a
liquid phase is constrained within a 3-
D polymeric matrix (consisting of
natural or synthetic gum) having a
high degree of physical or chemical
cross-linking. They are used for
medication, lubrication and some
miscellaneous applications like
carrier for spermicidal agents to be
used intra vaginally.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
44. POULTICE
It is soft, viscous, pasty preparation
for external use. They are applied to
skin while they are hot. Poultice
must retain heat for a considerable
time because they are intended to
supply warmth to inflamed parts of
body. E.g. Kaolin poultice (B.P.C.)
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
45. JELLIES
1. Jellies are transparent or
translucent, non greasy, semi solid
preparations mainly used for
external application to skin. 2. These
are also used for lubricating
catheters, surgical gloves & rectal
thermometer. 3. The substance like
gelatin, starch, tragacanth, sodium
alginate & cellulose derivatives are
used for the formulation of jellies. 4.
Jellies are of three types namely as:
a)Medicated jellies b) Lubricating
jellies c)Miscellaneous jellies
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
46. DUSTING POWDERS
1. Dusting powders are applied
externally to skin, so they should be
applied in very fine state to avoid local
irritation. 2. Dusting powders are
prepared by mixing of more than one
ingredients. 3. Generally talc or kaolin
are used because they are inert in
nature. 4. Dusting powders are used for
antiseptic, astringent, absorbent,
antiperspirant etc. 5. Dusting powders
are of two sub type they are as I)
Medical dusting powder II) Surgical
Dusting powders
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
47. TRANSDERMAL PATCH
A transdermal patch or skin patch is
a medicated adhesive patch that is
placed on the skin to deliver a
specific dose of medication through
the skin and into the bloodstream.
An advantage of a transdermal drug
delivery route over other types such
as oral, topical, etc is that it
provides a controlled release of the
medicament into the patient. The
first commercially available patch
was scopolamine for motion
sickness.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
48. RECTAL DOSAGE FORMS
Suppository: It is a small
solid medicated mass,
usually cone shaped, that is
inserted either into the
rectum (rectal suppository),
vagina (vaginal suppository
or pessaries) where it melts
at body temperature.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
49. VAGINAL DOSAGE FORMS
PESSARY
Pessaries are solid medicated
preparations designed for insertion into
the vagina where they melt or dissolve. -
There are three types: A- Moulded
pessaries: they are cone shaped and
prepared in a similar way to moulded
suppositories. B- Compressed pessaries:
made in a variety of shapes and are
prepared by compression in a similar
manner to oral tablets. C- Vaginal
capsules: are similar to soft gelatin oral
capsules differing only in size and shape.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
50. PARENTERAL DOSAGE FORMS
An injection is an infusion method
of putting liquid into the body,
usually with a hollow needle and a
syringe which is pierced through
the skin to a sufficient depth for
the material to be forced into the
body.
There are several methods of
injection, including: 1. Intravenous
injection: It is a liquid administered
directly into the bloodstream via a
vein. It is advantageous when a
rapid onset of action is needed.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
51. INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION
It is the injection of a substance directly into a
muscle. Many vaccines are administered
intramuscularly. Depending on the chemical
properties of the drug, the medication may
either be absorbed fairly quickly or more
gradually. Intramuscular injections are often
given in the deltoid, vastus lateralis,
ventrogluteal and dorso gluteal muscles.
Injection fibrosis is a complication that may
occur if the injections are delivered with
great frequency or with improper technique.
3. Subcutaneous injection: Subcutaneous
injections are given by injecting a fluid into
the subcutis, the layer of skin directly below
the dermis and epidermis.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
52. INHALED DOSAGE FORMS:
Inhaler : Inhalers are solutions,
suspensions or emulsion of drugs
in a mixture of inert propellants
held under pressure in an aerosol
dispenser. Release of a dose of the
medicament in the form of
droplets of 50 um diameter or less
from the container. In some types,
the valve is actuated by finger
pressure, in other types the valve is
actuated by the patient breathing
in through the mouthpiece. It is
commonly used to treat asthma
and other respiratory problems.
53. 2- Nebulizer or (atomizer): A nebulizer is
a device used to administer medication
to people in forms of a liquid mist to the
airways. It is commonly used in treating
asthma, and other respiratory diseases.
It pumps air or oxygen through a liquid
medicine to turn it into a vapor, which is
then inhaled by the patient. As a general
rule, doctors generally prefer to prescribe
inhalers for their patients, because: 1-
These are cheaper 2- more portable 3-
carry less risk of side effects. Nebulizers,
for that reason, are usually reserved only
for serious cases of respiratory disease,
or severe attacks.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
54. OPHTHALMIC DOSAGE FORMS
1. Sterile, aqueous/oily solutions or suspensions
intended for instillation in eye sac. 2. Eye drops may
contain buffers, stabilizing agents, dispersing
agents, solubilising agents, anti-oxidants & agents
required for tonicity/ viscosity adjustment 3. Single
dose container should not contain anti-microbial
preservative. 4. In case of multi dose container a
dropper should be supplied with it for
administration. Maximum size of such containers is
10 ml.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
55. Eye Drops: Eye drops are saline-
containing drops used as a vehicle to
administer medication in the eye.
Depending on the condition being
treated, they may contain steroids,
antihistamines or topical anesthetics.
Eye drops sometimes do not have
medications in them and are only
lubricating and tear-replacing
solution.
Ophthalmic Ointment & Gel: These are
sterile semi-solid preparations
intended for application to the
conjunctiva or eyelid margin.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
56. EYE LOTIONS
1. These are the aqueous solutions used
for washing the eyes. 2. These are
supplied in concentrated forms & are
required to diluted with warm water
immediately before use. 3. They should
be free from foreign particles to avoids
irritation to the eye. 4. They are required
to prepared fresh & should not be stored
for more than two days to avoid microbial
contaminations. Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan
57. NASAL DOSAGE FORMS
Drugs in solution may be instilled into the
nose from a dropper or from a plastic
squeeze bottle. 2. The drug may have a
local effect, e.g. antihistamine,
decongestant. 3. Alternatively the drug
may be absorbed through the nasal
mucosa to exert a systemic effect. 4. The
use of oily nasal drops should be avoided
because of possible damage to the cilia of
the nasal mucosa & if it is used for long
period may reach the lungs & cause lipoid
pneumonia. 5. Aqueous nasal solutions
usually are isotonic and slightly buffered
to maintain a pH of 5.5 to 6.5.
Suchita Gokhale Assistant professor
ICPR, Kalyan