This document summarizes the key components and functions of the immune system, including: - The immune system specifically recognizes pathogens, effectively attacks them, and selectively eliminates them while displaying long-term memory. - It describes both the nonspecific and specific immune responses, and how antigen processing and presentation interfaces between the two systems. - Key cells and proteins involved in the nonspecific and specific humoral and cellular immune responses are identified and their roles explained.

1. Dr Alok Tripathi
Department of Biotechnology
aquaimmuno@yahoo.co.in

2. Cells of Immune Response

3. • Specifically recognizes
• Effectively Attack
• selectively eliminates
• displays a long-term memory
What
immune
System does?
Juncture point for Non Specific & Specific Immune
Response ↑
Showing the Significance of Specific & Non Specific IR

5. Is it The Environment which decides weather the
disease will occur or not ?
Host
Patho
gens
Environm
ent
Diseases
Immune
Response
VirulencyInteraction
meta
bolis
m

6. Components of immune system
Nonspecific
Cellular
Response
Nonspecific
Humoral
Specific
Humoral
Specific
Cellular
Properties •Present from birth
•Operate against any nonself
•Unaffected to prior exposure
•Acquired & Adoptive
•Tailored against individual
pathogens
•Enhanced by prior exposure
Who do it? Cells:
Macrophages,
Monocytes, PMN
Acute phase
proteins, like
CRP,
Ceruloplasmin,
Transferrine
Lysozymes etc
Immunoglobulin
e
T-Lymphocytes
What they do?Phagocytosis The whole
components
cause hindrance
in establishment
of pathogen
Form Ag-Ab
complex to
neutralized the
harmful
components
Apoptosis, Killing
by Cytotoxic
Lymphocytes

7. Disease
Virulency of
pathogen
Non Specific
Humoral
Immune
responses
Physiological
condition of
the
Interfaces
In order to establish , invade and thrive inside host the host A Pathogen has
to overcome the Nonspecific Immune Response of HOST

8. P
• 1-establishement of pathogen at
skin surface,
• 2- penetrate in side the host skin
Invasion
includes two
steps
Hindered in
establishment of
pathogen
Now if a
Pathogen
succeeded to
penetrate it
cause
Damage of Skin
release of certain
chemottaractents Phagocytosis

10. Release of chemoattractant instigate →Inflammation

11. Non specific Vs Specific Immune Response

12. • to complement the
Immune Response
Complement
System:
Definition
• A group of 20 serum
thermolabile proteins,
along with cells of the
immune system work
together to eliminate
foreign cells.
Introduction
• Cooperate with
antibodies to eliminate
bacteria, viruses, and
other pathogens
• Prevent the lysis of
normal host cells by
pathogens .
• It operates as a cascade
mechanism, just like
the blood-clotting
system.
• This sequential
activation usually

14. Extraction of peptide from pathogen
/antigen is key point between Non
specific & Specific Immune
Response
Elicits the Processing &
Presentation of Antigen
• Preparing a peptide from
pathogen (antigen) which
can be fix on peptide
presenting cleft of MHC
molecule
Ag
Processing
• The degraded peptide then
associated with MHC,
transported to membrane
surface and where they are
displayed to TCR
Antigen
Presentation

15. • Exogenous Pathways
• Endogenous pathways
Ag can be processed
in 2 ways:

16. Outline of Acquired
Immune Response

17. T Cell Activation
Kill
Endogenous
Antigen
Activate
CTL
Kill Infected
Cell
Exogenous
Antigen
Activate
Th
Stimulate
Macro
phage
Endosomal
Pathogens

18. APC [B-Cell]
Th
Cell
Y
Ag
MHC-II P
B7 CD-28
TCR
CD-40 CD-40L
CK
CO-STIMULATORY SIGNALS
Nucleus
Singling
Cascades

19. P-
Effect=Pathogen
Effect; H-Effect=
Host Effect; APP=
Acute Phage
Proteins;
Whole Process is Manifested as Inflammation
Innate Immunity Acquired Immunity Result
Humoral (APP) Cellular (Phagocytosis) Processing Presentation T Cell Response B-Cell Response
P-Effect H-Effect P-Effect H-Effect H-Effect H-Effect H-Effect H-Effect
1
External–internalenvironmentinterface
  X X X X X X Immunotolerence
2   X X X X X X Immunotolerence
3 
4        Normal IR
5        Normal IR
6        Normal IR
7        Normal IR
80       Autoimmunity
90        Hypersenstivity
100        Hypersenstivity
110       Autoimmunity
12        Normal IR
13        Normal IR
14        Normal IR
15        Normal IR
16 C C C C C C C
17 C C C C C C C
18 C C C C C C C

20. Graphical representation of
IR under different conditions
Pathogens
NsHR
NsCR
SHR
SCR
Complement
Inflammation
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Pathogens
NsHR
NsCR
SHR
SCR
Complement
Inflammation

21. Thus Immunology can be defined as……………….
Sum of responses offered
by the host body against
any invading pathogen to
nullify the impact exerted
by the pathogen/s

22. Thank you
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