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1. INTRODUCTION2
SOCIOLINGUISTICS
 WHAT IS SOCIOLINGUISTICS?
 MAJOR TERMS IN
SOCIOLINGUISTI CS
 WHAT IS SOCIOLINGUISTICS
ANALYSIS?
 EXAMPLE OF
SOCIOLINGUISTI CS
 MICRO-SOCIOLI NGUISTI CS
 MACRO -SOCIOLINGUI STI CS

2. SOCIOLINGUISTICS- A STUDY
OF LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY
Sociolinguistics is made up of two words
“socio” means society and “linguistics”
means scientific study of language, so it
studies;
i. How society affects language?
ii. How language affects society?
The interaction between the two creates
changes in language and the way we use
language. So, it is the study of language in
its social context.

3. WILLIAM LABOV
Sociolinguistics was first developed in
19th century and appeared in 1960. it
was pioneered by William Labov in
U.S.A . He is regarded as the father
of variationist sociolinguistics,
which is a discipline dedicated to
understanding and researching
languages in relation to social
factors that include region, race ,
class, and gender.

4. MAIN CONCEPTS
Speech Community:
Discrete group of people who use
language in a unique and mutually
accepted way among themselves is
called speech community.(
urdu/English)
High and Low Prestige:
Speech habits are assigned a positive
or a negative value which is then
applied to the speaker.( lowUrdu/ high
English)

5. Social NETWORK:
Social network refer to a particular speech community
in terms of relations between individual members in a
community.( which social group and with whom is
interaction)
I-Language And E-Language:
I-Language:
All which happens inside our minds is known as I-
Language. Internal language applies to the study of
syntax and sementics in language on the abstract
level.
E-Language :( application in real llife)
All that happens among people in social contexts is
called External Language. It applies to the language
in social context.i.e behavioral habit shared by the
community.

6. METHODOLOGY IN SOCIOLINGUISTICS
There are five different style ranging from formal to
casual.
Word List Reading:
Having a subject read, the word list will elicit a
formal register but generally not as formal as
minimal pair.
Reading passage Style:
This style is next down on the formal register.
Interview Style:
It is when an interviewer can finally get into eliciting
a more casual speech from the subject.

7. Casual Style:
Tis type of speech is more difficult if not
impossible to elicit because of the observer’s
paradox.
Contact Language or Contact
Linguistics:
Language contact occurs when two or more
languages or varieties interact. The study of
language contact is called contact Linguistics.
Borrowing of Vocabulary:
The most common way through which
languages influence each other is by exchange
of words.

8. Adoption of other Language
Features:
The influence can go deeper extendingto even
exchanging basic characteristics of a language
such as morphology and grammar.
Language Shift:
The results of the contact of two languages can be
the replacement of one by other(supra_srtatum
over substratum)
Stratal Influence:
When the people retain the features of substratum
as they learn the new language and pass these
features on to their children , leading to
development of a new variety.
Pidginization And Creolization:

9. MICRO SOCIOLINGUISTICS
As a linguistics dimension of society. It refers to
research with linguistics slant, often focusing on
dialect and stylistic register variation.
It is concerned with internal view of language itself(
structure of language system/ fields of it are ;
phonatics, sytax,morphology etc)
Register: It refers to the variety of a language used in a
particular social setting or for particular reason.
Micro Sociolinguistics refers to research with a
linguistics perception.
It discusses phonological differences between dialact
and discourse variation between male and female
speakers.

10. MACRO SOCIOLINGUISTICS
It looks at the behaviors of entire speech
communication exploring issues such as why
immigrant communities retain their native
language in some context but not in others. It
focuses more on society as a whole.
It is concerned about the external view of the
language and how to apply it in daily life.
According to Coulmas;
 Linguistics Dimension of society
 It is a part of L2(SECOND LANGUAGE)

11. Macro- Sociolinguistics focuses as social factors.
It interactions between language and dialect.
Stabilization of minority language.
It is the study of language in relation to society and
culture in comparative sense.
Some major fields of Macro Sociolinguistics are:
1. Sylistics: the linguistics study of style in
language. It aims to account for how texts project
meaning, how readers construct meanings and
why the readers respond to text in the way that
they do.
2. Developmental linguistics
3. Historical linguistics
4. Pycholinguistics
5. Biolinguistics etc ( it is the study of natural as
well as human taught communication systems in
animal scompared to human

12. THANK YOU ALL
BY MS. LAILA
AFRIDI